Kerkrade dialect

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Kerkrade dialect (natively Kirchröadsj plat

The name Ripuarisch is strictly a scientific term on both sides of the border. Especially on the Dutch side of the border, the speakers of the Kerkrade dialect consider it to be a Limburgish dialect (see Southeast Limburgish dialect) and call it Limburgsj [ˈlembøʁəçʃ]^[tone?] ('Limburgish'), Kirchröadsj ('Kerkradish') or simply plat ('dialect').^{[citation needed]}

Grammar

Nouns

There are three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. The corresponding definite articles are d'r /dər/, de /də/ and 't /ət/. The plural form takes the feminine article de regardless of the gender.^[6]

The plural form of nouns is formed with by adding ⟨-e⟩, ⟨-er⟩ or ⟨-s⟩ to the stem or by umlauting. Examples: sjtrief /ˈʃtriːf/ - sjtriefe /ˈʃtriːfə/, hats /ˈɦats/ - hatser /ˈɦatsər/, plavong /plaːˈvɔŋ/^[tone?] - plavongs /plaːˈvɔŋs/,^[tone?] pansj /ˈpanʃ/^[tone?] - pensj /ˈpɛnʃ/.^[tone?][7]

The plural form can also be differentiated from the singular by tone, as in 't peëd /ət ˈpéət/ - de peëd /də ˈpeət/. This can be combined with other differences, such as umlaut: sjtórm /ˈʃtórəm/ - sjturm /ˈʃtørəm/.^[8]

As in German, the plural form can be unmarked: eëpel - eëpel.^[9]

The ending ⟨-er⟩ is used mainly for neuter nouns.^[6]

Vocabulary

The Kerkrade dialect has many loanwords from Standard High German, a language formerly used in school and church. However, not all German loanwords are used by every speaker.^[10]

An example sentence:

This example sentence illustrates both the High German consonant shift (èse, tsezame) and the [ɣ] → [j] shift (jód).

Phonology

As most other

• The Kerkrade dialect features
  t, k, f, s, ʃ, χ ~ ç] at the end of a word. Voiced affricates are not affected by this as they occur only in the intervocalic position. The underlying voiced stops and fricatives are realized as voiced before the plural markers /-ə/ and /-ər/: rub [ˈʁøp] - rubbe [ˈʁøbə], vroag [ˈvʁoəχ]^[tone?] 'question' - vroage [ˈvʁoəʁə]^[tone?] 'questions', wief [ˈβiːf]^[tone?] - wiever [ˈβiːvəʁ],^[tone?] or in verbal conjugation (iech loog [ˈloːχ] - ze loge [ˈlóːʁə]). The voiced [ɡ] appears only in this context. /ɣ/ has two voiced allophones: a uvular fricative [ʁ], which appears after back vowels, and a palatal approximant [j], which occurs after front vowels. They are devoiced to [χ] and [ç] in the word-final position. Phonetically, the voiced variants are the same as /r/ and /j/, which are phonological sonorants (and thus cannot participate in final-obstruent devoicing), whereas the voiceless variants are the same as the voiceless allophones of /x/.^[14]
• /dz/ is rare as a phoneme and occurs only in a few words, such as ködzele /ˈkœdzələ/ 'to drool'. This mirrors the situation in Luxembourgish.
• The sounds corresponding to Limburgish /x, ɣ/ are very back after back vowels, being uvular [χ, ʁ] (as in Luxembourgish), rather than velar as in Limburgish.^[15][16]
• Most instances of the historical [ɣ] have merged with [j], so that the word for green in the Kerkrade dialect is jreun /ˈjrøːn/ (compare Standard Dutch groen /ˈɣrun/). As explained above, many intervocalic instances of [j] are still phonemically /ɣ/ as it behaves like an obstruent.^[17]

• /i/ and /u/ appear only in stressed closed syllables and when unstressed.^[19]
• /iː/ and /uː/ appear only in stressed syllables.^[19]
• /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.^[19]
• Both /a/ and /aː/ are phonological back vowels, but only the short /a/ is phonetically back: [ɑ]. The long /aː/ is phonetically central [äː] (hereafter represented without the diacritic).^[20]

Spelling

The spelling presented here, which is to a large extent Dutch-based is used in Kirchröadsjer dieksiejoneer, the only dictionary of the Kerkrade dialect. There is no official German-based orthography.

Furthermore, there is ⟨ë⟩, which never appears as a separate letter, but only in the centering diphthongs ⟨eë⟩, ⟨ieë⟩ and ⟨oeë⟩ (phonetically /eə/, /iə/ and /uə/). However, only half of the centering diphthongs are spelled this way; the remaining /yə/, /œə/ and /oə/ are spelled ⟨üe⟩, ⟨öa⟩ and ⟨oa⟩. In other dialects and regional languages of the Netherlands, ⟨oa⟩ is sometimes used for the long open /ɔː/, which is always spelled ⟨ao⟩ in this orthography.

As the orthography is Dutch-based, it does not make use of the Eszett ⟨ß⟩, which is extensively used on the other side of the border. It represents the phoneme /s/. In turn, German-based orthographies use ⟨s⟩ for the /z/ sound, whereas ⟨z⟩ is restricted for the voiceless alveolar affricate /ts/, though it can also be spelled ⟨tz⟩. Furthermore, the letter ⟨ä⟩ found in those orthographies is also not used. It stands for either /ɛ/ or /ɛː/ in German-based orthographies.

In this orthography, /s/ is spelled ⟨s⟩, /z/ is spelled ⟨z⟩ (although ⟨s⟩ is used in the stem-final position), /ts/ is spelled ⟨ts⟩, /ɛ/ is spelled ⟨e⟩, whereas /ɛː/ is spelled ⟨è⟩ (rather than ⟨ae⟩, which is a common spelling in Dutch-based orthographies of Limburgish).

The orthography is highly phonemic, with the exception of the spelling of /ɡ, v, z, ɣ, ʒ/ which, for the most part, are spelled phonetically. As in Limburgish, Swedish and Norwegian, stress and tone are not marked, blurring the distinction between /eː/ and /ə/ in open syllables and between /ɛ/ and /ə/ in closed syllables, where the distinction between the short /i, u/ on the one hand and the long /iː, uː/ on the other is also blurred. The grapheme-phoneme correspondence is as follows:

Bibliography