Kersal Moor
Kersal Moor | |
---|---|
Highest point | |
Elevation | 30 ft (9.1 m) to 75 feet (23 m) |
Coordinates | 53°30′55″N 2°16′35″W / 53.51528°N 2.27639°W |
Geography | |
Location of Kersal Moor in Greater Manchester | |
Location | Kersal, Greater Manchester, England |
OS grid | SD816021 |
Kersal Moor is a recreation area in Kersal, Greater Manchester, England which consists of eight hectares of moorland[1] bounded by Moor Lane, Heathlands Road, St. Paul's Churchyard and Singleton Brook.
Kersal Moor, first called Karsey or Carsall Moor,[2] originally covered a much larger area, running down to the River Irwell.[3] Evidence of activity during the Neolithic period has been discovered and the area was used by the Romans. It was the site of the first Manchester Racecourse and the second golf course to be built outside Scotland. It has been extensively used for other sporting pursuits, military manoeuvres and public gatherings such as the Great Chartist Meeting of 1838, prompting the political theorist Friedrich Engels to dub it "the Mons Sacer of Manchester".
With the increasing industrialisation and urbanisation of
Geography
Kersal Moor is one of the many
History
The 18th century historian John Whitaker said of the moor:
"The moor of Kersal was in the time of the Romans, perhaps in that of the Britons before them, and for many ages after both, a thicket of oaks and a pasture for hogs; and the little knolls, that so remarkably diversify the plain, and are annually covered with mingled crowds rising in ranks over ranks to the top, were once the occasional seats of the herdsmen that superintended these droves into the woods."[14]
However, the last of these trees were burnt around 1880.[14]
Sport on the moor
The first Manchester racecourse was sited on the moor. The earliest record of horse-racing is contained in the following notice in the
On Carsall Moore near Manchester in Lancashire on the 18th instant, a 20£. plate will be run for to carry ten stone and ride three heats, four miles each heat. And the next day another plate of 40£. will be run for at the same moore, riding the same heats and carrying the same weight. The horses marks are to be given in four days before to Mr. William Swarbrick at the King's Arms in Manchester.[2]
The racecourse is shown on the map of 1848
During the 18th century the moor was also used for nude male races, allowing females to study the form before choosing their mates. Indeed, in 1796
The moor has also been used for a number of other sporting activities. In the 18th and early 19th century
were renowned countrywide. The Broughton archers practised their sport on Kersal Moor and in 1793 the Manchester writer, James Ogden, composed a poem in praise of them, which begins:The Broughton Archers, and the bowmen good
Of Lancashire, keep up the former name
Their sires acquir'd, for skill in archery ...
and ends with:
... Near Kersal Moor the Broughton archers fix
Their targets pierced with many a well aimed shot.[19]
By 1830, however, archery had become the sport of gentlemen and an exclusive club called the "Broughton Archers" was formed, the membership of which included some of the most influential men in the town. They originally met at a
The archery ground became Kersal Cricket Ground in 1847 and in 1881 the Northern Tennis Tournament was staged there. In 1919 the ground became the home of Manchester's oldest rugby club, Manchester Football Club. When Manchester F.C. moved in 1968 they were replaced briefly by Langworthy Juniors and then Salford City F.C., who still lease the ground today.[22]
Public gatherings and military use
As one of the largest open spaces close to Manchester, the moor has a history of use for army manoeuvres and large public gatherings. In his book
In 1789 and 1790 there had been a spate of highway and house robberies. Gangs of armed men had entered houses in the middle of the night and taken away all they could carry. Armed patrols were placed around the neighbourhood to little effect until, at last, a man named James Macnamara was arrested with three others for burglary at the Dog and Partridge Inn on Stretford Road. Macnamara was tried at Lancaster Assizes and sentenced to be hanged on Kersal Moor as a warning to other criminals. A large number of people came to watch the execution but, as Joseph Aston said in his Metrical Records of Manchester "no one could suppose that the example had any use ... as several persons had their pockets picked within sight of the gallows and the following night a house was broken into and robbed in Manchester".[14]
The
A duel was fought on the moor in July 1804 between Mr. Jones and Mr. Shakspere Philips. Mr. Jones fired at Mr. Philips without effect and Mr. Philips then fired his pistol in the air, upon which the seconds interfered, the two man shook hands and honour was satisfied. Two weeks later, two other men who had been quarrelling in the newspapers met on the moor to gain satisfaction. However, the magistrates had been informed and the men were arrested before the duel could take place.[14]
On 12 April 1831 the
In 1848, the moor was used as an encampment for the
The largest of a series of
THE GREAT MEETING OF THE RADICALS OF LANCASHIRE (abridged from the Morning Advertiser)
Monday night, half-past six o'clock.
The morning was a lowering one but, notwithstanding this, crowds of persons began to assemble in the streets shortly after daybreak and many processions from the country had arrived by nine o'clock. The various trades of Manchester assembled in Smithfield, and previous to their marching to Kersal Moor, presented a formidable appearance in respect to numbers. The moor is nearly four miles distant from Manchester, and the ground fixed for the meeting is that upon which the Manchester Races take place. The hustings were erected near the Stand-House and in such a position that they were surrounded by an amphitheatre of at least fifteen acres, every person on any portion of the ground being enabled to see all that passed. All along the roads to Manchester the footpaths were thronged to excess, and in the area before the old Collegiate Church, which overlooked the procession, there were many thousands of females assembled. By twelve o'clock one half of the ground was occupied, and the immense multitude even at that time presented a truly awful appearance. Before one o'clock however the ground was completely occupied and the meeting then was certainly the largest that has ever taken place in the British Empire. – not less than 300,000 people could have been present. As the various speakers arrived upon the hustings they were loudly cheered ... – Freeman's Journal and Daily Commercial Advertiser (Dublin, Ireland) [31]
The Chartists were active for the next eight months but the poor attendance at a second meeting, held on the moor at the same time as a racing fixture on 25 May 1839, signalled the end of the movement. Although the movement was not successful initially, most of the Chartists' demands were eventually met by Parliament.[32]
Other pursuits
As a relatively rural environment in an increasingly urbanised area, Kersal Moor was also used for more peaceful pursuits. During the 18th and 19th centuries it was much frequented by amateur naturalists and botanists. One of the botanists was Richard Buxton who went on to write A Botanical Guide to Manchester.
The only specimen I have seen of this beautiful Moth, which is larger than the others, is a female; it was taken on Kersall-moor the middle of last June by Mr. R. Wood, of Manchester, to whom I have the pleasure of dedicating it;—a most zealous and successful naturalist, to whose liberality I am indebted for many valuable insects. – John Curtis writing in British Entomology 1830 [33]
Enraged by this, and by accusations of fraudulently passing off foreign moths as British, Cribb gave up collecting and left the rest of the specimens with his landlady as security for a debt. Here the stories from Manchester University
Towards the end of the 19th century, a Mr. Cosmo Melvill contributed an article to the Journal of Botany in which he gave a list of more than 240 plants and flowers, not including mosses, that he had found on the moor.[14]
Shortly after 6:00 pm on 10 September 1848, the "celebrated aeronaut" George Gale ascended in a hot air balloon from Pomona Gardens in Hulme. After discharging a number of fireworks from a height of over 1,000 feet, Lieutenant Gale drifted in various directions and made abortive attempts to land in a number of locations. Eventually, at about 10:00 pm, the balloon descended safely in the farmyard of Mr Josiah Taylor on Kersal Moor.[36]
In 1852, Queen Victoria commissioned a painting by the artist William Wyld which became A view of Manchester from Kersal Moor (pictured). The painting, which depicts the moor as a beautiful pastoral scene overlooking Castle Irwell racecourse and the industrial landscape of Manchester, is now in the Royal Collection, where it is listed as Manchester from Higher Broughton.[37] A steel line engraving of the painting by the engraver Edward Goodall was also commissioned.[38]
Literary references
The English radical and writer Samuel Bamford mentions Kersal Moor in his book Passages in the Life of a Radical (1840–1844) when he advises one of his friends to make his way from Middleton to Bolton via Kersal Moor to avoid the authorities:
Healey I advised to go to his brother at Bolton, and get some money, and keep out of sight entirely, until something further was known. His best way would be to avoid Manchester, and go over Kersal moor and Agecroft bridge; and as I had a relation in that quarter who wished to see me, I would keep him company as far as Agecroft.[39]
The races on the moor were mentioned in the 19th-century novel The Manchester Man by Mrs. G Linnaeus Banks (1874). The hero of the story, Jabez Clegg, meets a street boy named Kit Townley, of whom Mrs. Banks says:
He knew him to be not over-scrupulous. He had seen him at Knott Mill Fair and Dirt Fair (so called from its being held in muddy November), or at Kersal Moor Races, with more money to spend in pop, nuts, and gingerbread, shows and merry-go-rounds, flying boats and flying boxes,
fighting cocksand fighting men, than he could possibly have saved out of the sum his father allowed him for pocket-money, even if he had been of the saving kind; and, coupling all these things together, Jabez was far from satisfied.[40]
It is also mentioned in a collection of poems by Philip Connell called "Poaching on Parnassus" published in 1865.
Lines to Mr. Isaac Holden by Philip Connell on his Drawing of the Prestwich Lunatic Asylum:
And Southward at due distance the huge hive,
Of busy Manchester is all alive,
Its towering chimnies, domes and steeples rise,
In strange confusion thro' the hazy skies;
There Broughton glimmers in the evening sun;
Here Cheetham Hill o'ertops the vapours dun;
There Kersal Moor the same bleak front doth shew,
That met the view Eight hundred years ago,
Where Clunian Monks there with their God did dwell,
Within the precincts of its holy cell.[41]
In 1876 the
Kersal Moor
Sweet falls the blackbird's evening song,
in Kersal's poised dell;
But the skylarks trill makes the dewdrops thrill,
In the bonny heather;
Wild and free
Wild and free
Where the moorland breezes blow.Oft have I roved you craggy steeps,
Where the tinkling moorland rills,
Sing all day long their low sweet song,
To the lonely listening hills;
And croon at night
In the pale moonlight
While mountain breezes blow.[42]
As his health declined, Waugh moved to the seaside town of New Brighton. On his death in 1890, his body was brought back to be buried in the graveyard of St. Paul's Church, on the edge of the moorland he loved so well.[43]
...Oh lay me down in moorland ground,
And make it my last bed,
With the heathery wilderness around,
And the bonny lark o'erhead:
Let fern and ling around me cling,
And green moss o'er me creep;
And the sweet wild mountain breezes sing,
Above my slumbers deep. – from The Moorland Breeze, Edwin Waugh (1889)[44]
Notes
- ISBN 978-0-554-72373-0. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
References
- ^ Anon (September 2004). "Kersal Moor — proposed LNR". Natural England — Special sites. Natural England. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
- ^ a b Farrer, William and Brownbill, J. (editors) (1911). 'Townships: Broughton', A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4, pp. 217–222. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41408. Date accessed: 20 February 2008
- ^ a b c 1848 - LANCASHIRE AND FURNESS 1:10,560. old-maps.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- ^ "Sites of Biological importance". Retrieved 28 February 2013.
- ^ "Salford City Council Supplementary planning Document: Nature Conservation and Biodiversity: Adopted 19 July 2006" (PDF). Salford City Council. 19 July 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2007.
- ^ Hindle, P.(1998) (21 August 2003). "Exploring Greater Manchester — a fieldwork guide: The fluvioglacial gravel ridges of Salford and flooding on the River Irwell" (PDF). Manchester Geographical Society. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Buxton, Richard (1849). "2". A botanical guide to the flowering plants, ferns, mosses, and algæ, found indigenous within sixteen miles of Manchester: with some information as to their agricultural, medicinal and other uses. Manchester: Longman and Co. pp. xviii.
- ^ Anon (2006). "Local Nature Reserves". Special sites. Natural England. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
- ^ Wright, John (2004). "Roeder, Charles (1848–1911)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
- ISBN 0-9546564-0-7.
- ^ a b Anon (2005). "MAMVCIVM Minor Romano-British Settlement Manchester, Greater Manchester". Roman Britain. roman-britain.org. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
- ^ "Archaeological sites and monuments". Metropolitan Borough of Bury. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
- ^ Higson, John. "PRESTWICH, Lancashire (Gtr Manchester), ENGLAND:History". Retrieved 24 April 2008.
- ^ ISBN 0-85409-721-X.
- ^ Proctor, Richard Wright (1866). Manchester in holiday dress. Manchester: Abel Heywood and Son. p. 153. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ "Kersal Dale Video". Salford City Council. 27 June 2007. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2008.
- ISBN 1-873592-78-7.
- ^ History of Kersal 2007-10-27
- ^ ISBN 1-85216-131-0.
- ^ "A Brief History of Golf: Early golf organisations". Tradition. Athens Golf Club. 12 August 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
- ^ Anon. "Kersal Vale Video". Salford City Council – The Cliff/ Kersal Vale. Salford City Council. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
- ISBN 1-873592-78-7.
- ISBN 978-0-8047-0633-9. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-631-23312-1. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-14-044690-6.
- ^ William A.E. Axon, ed. (1885). The annals of Manchester: a chronological record from the earliest times to the end of 1885. p. 124.
- ^ William E.A. Axon, ed. (1886). The annals of Manchester: a chronological record from the earliest times to the end of 1885. Manchester: John Heywood, Deansgate and Ridgefield. p. 143. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
- ^ Peacock, Douglas (12 August 2007). "Luddites: War against the machines – page 2". Cotton Times. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
- ^ Anon (16 April 1831). "Fall of the Broughton Suspension Bridge, near Manchester". The Manchester Guardian. The Manchester Guardian.
- ISBN 0-387-97894-1. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
- ^ Anon (28 September 1838). "Freeman's Journal and Daily Commercial Advertiser". Dublin.
- ^ Bloy, Marjorie. "A Web of English History: Manchester Chartism". Retrieved 6 April 2008.
- ^ Curtis, John (1830). "Panacalia Woodiella: The Manchester Tinea". British Entomology. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2009. see also http://delta-intkey.com/britin/images/text3041.gif Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Museum home to "Manchester Moth"" (PDF). UniLife. 3 (10). Manchester: The University of Manchester: 4. 3 July 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
- ^ "The John Curtis British Insects Collection". Retrieved 24 January 2008.
- ^ Anon (12 September 1849). "Lieut Gale's Balloon Ascent (subscription required)". Manchester Times. Manchester, England. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
- ^ "The Royal Collection: Royal Palaces, Residences and Art Collection". Retrieved 6 April 2008.
- ^ "Edward Goodall 1795–1870" (JPG). Retrieved 6 April 2008.
- ^ Bamford, Samuel (1841). "XII". Passages in the life of a radical. London: T. Fisher Unwin. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-85972-054-0. Archived from the original(PDF) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
- ^ Connell, Philip (1865). Poaching on Parnassus. John Heywood. p. 29. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-9561691-1-2.
- ^ "Edwin Waugh". Minor Victorian poets and Authors. gerald-massey.org.uk. Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2008.
- ^ waugh, Edwin (1889). Poems and Songs (2 ed.). Oldham: W.E. Clegg. p. 4. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
External links
- "Kersal Moor". Local Nature Reserves. Natural England.
- "Map of Kersal Moor". Local Nature Reserves. Natural England.