Kevin Warwick
Kevin Warwick | |
---|---|
Born | [1] Coventry, England | 9 February 1954
Other names | "Captain Cyborg"[4][5][6][7] |
Alma mater |
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Known for | Project Cyborg |
Awards |
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Scientific career | |
Fields | |
Institutions | |
Thesis | Self-tuning controllers via the state space (1982) |
Doctoral advisor | John Hugh Westcott[3] |
Doctoral students | Mark Gasson[3] |
Kevin Warwick (born 9 February 1954) is an English engineer and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research) at
Biography
Kevin Warwick was born in 1954 in
He took up positions at Somerville College in Oxford, Newcastle University, the University of Warwick, and the University of Reading, before relocating to Coventry University in 2014.
Warwick is a
By the age of 40, Warwick had been awarded a DSc degree by both Imperial College London and the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague, for his research output in two entirely unrelated areas. He has received the IET Achievement Medal, the IET Mountbatten Medal, and in 2011 the Ellison-Cliffe Medal from the Royal Society of Medicine.[15] In 2000, Warwick presented the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, entitled The Rise of Robots.[16]
Research
Warwick performs research in
Artificial intelligence
Warwick directed a research project funded by the
Previously, Warwick helped to develop a genetic algorithm named Gershwyn, which was able to exhibit creativity in producing popular songs, learning what makes a hit record by listening to examples of previous successful songs.[23] Gershwyn appeared on BBC's Tomorrow's World, having been successfully used to mix music for Manus, a group consisting of the four younger brothers of Elvis Costello.
Another of Warwick's projects involving AI was the robot head, Morgui. The head, which contained five "senses" (vision, sound, infrared, ultrasound and radar), was used to investigate sensor data fusion. It was X-rated by the University of Reading Research and Ethics Committee due to its image storage capabilities—anyone under the age of 18 who wished to interact with the robot had to obtain parental approval.[24]
Warwick has very outspoken opinions about the future, particularly with respect to AI and its effect on the human species. He argues that humanity will need to use technology to enhance itself to avoid being overtaken by machines.[25] He states that many human limitations, such as sensorimotor abilities, can be outperformed by machines, and he has said on record that he wants to gain these abilities: "There is no way I want to stay a mere human."[26]
Bioethics
Warwick directed the University of Reading team in a number of European Community projects such as: FIDIS (Future of Identity in the Information Society), researching the future of identity; and ETHICBOTS and RoboLaw, both of which considered the ethical aspects of robots and cyborgs.[27]
Warwick's topics of interest have many ethical implications, some due to his human enhancement experiments.[28] The ethical dilemmas of his research are used by the Institute of Physics as a case study[29] for schoolchildren and science teachers as a part of their formal Advanced level and GCSE studies. His work has also been discussed by the USA President's Council on Bioethics and the USA President's Panel on Forward Engagements.[30] He is a member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics Working Party on Novel Neurotechnologies.[31]
Deep brain stimulation
Along with Tipu Aziz and his team at John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, and John Stein of the University of Oxford, Warwick is helping to design the next generation of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease.[32] Instead of stimulating the brain all the time, the goal is for the device to predict when stimulation is needed and to apply the signals prior to any tremors occurring, thereby stopping tremors before they start.[33] Recent results have also shown that it is possible to identify different types of Parkinson's Disease.[34]
Public awareness
Warwick has directed a number of projects intended to interest schoolchildren in the technology with which he is involved. In 2000, he received the EPSRC Millennium Award for his Schools Robot League. In 2007, 16 school teams were involved in a project to design a humanoid robot to dance and then complete an assault course, with the final competition staged at the Science Museum, London. The project, entitled 'Androids Advance' was funded by EPSRC and was presented as a news item by Chinese television.[35]
Warwick contributes significantly to the
In 2005, Warwick was the subject of an early day motion tabled by members of the UK Parliament, in which he was congratulated for his work in attracting students to science and for teaching "in a way that makes the subject interesting and relevant so that more students will want to develop a career in science."[39]
In 2009, Warwick was interviewed about his work in cybernetics for two documentary features on the DVD release of the 1985 Doctor Who story Attack of the Cybermen.[40] He was also an interview subject for the televised lecture The Science of Doctor Who in 2013.
In 2013, Warwick appeared as a guest on BBC Radio 4's The Museum of Curiosity with Robert Llewellyn and Cleo Rocos.[41] In 2014, he appeared on BBC Radio 4's Midweek with Libby Purves, Roger Bannister and Rachael Stirling.[42]
Robotics
Warwick's claims that robots can program themselves to avoid each other while operating in a group raise the issue of self-organisation. In particular, the works of Francisco Varela and Humberto Maturana, once purely speculative have now become immediately relevant with respect to synthetic intelligence.
Cyborg-type systems, if they are to survive, need to be not only
Warwick's robots seemed to exhibit behaviour not anticipated by the research, one such robot "committing suicide" because it could not cope with its environment.[43] In a more complex setting, it may be asked whether a "natural selection" might be possible, neural networks being the major operative.
The 1999 edition of the
Hissing Sid was a robot cat that Warwick took on a British Council lecture tour of Russia, where he presented it in lectures at such places as Moscow State University. The robot was put together as a student project; its name came from the noise made by the pneumatic actuators used to drive its legs when walking. Hissing Sid also appeared on BBC TV's Blue Peter but became more well known when it was refused a ticket by British Airways on the grounds that they did not allow animals in the cabin.[47]
Warwick was also responsible for a robotic "magic chair" (based on the SCARA-form UMI RTX arm)[48] used on BBC TV's Jim'll Fix It. The chair provided the show's host Jimmy Savile with tea and stored Jim'll Fix It badges for him to hand out to guests.[49] Warwick appeared on the programme himself for a Fix-it involving robots.[37]
Warwick was also involved in the development of the "Seven Dwarves" robots, a version of which was sold in kit form as "Cybot" on the cover of Real Robots magazine in 2001. The magazine series guided its readers through the stages of building and programming Cybot, an artificially intelligent robot capable of making its own decisions and thinking for itself.[50]
Project Cyborg
Probably the most famous research undertaken by Warwick—and the origin of the nickname "Captain Cyborg"[4][5][6] given to him by The Register—is the set of experiments known as Project Cyborg, in which an array was implanted into his arm, with the goal of him "becoming a cyborg".[51]
The first stage of Project Cyborg, which began on 24 August 1998, involved a simple
The second stage of the research involved a more complex neural interface, designed and built especially for the experiment by Dr.
By means of the implant, Warwick's nervous system was connected to the Internet at Columbia University, New York. From there he was able to control the robot arm at the University of Reading and obtain feedback from sensors in the finger tips. He also successfully connected ultrasonic sensors on a baseball cap and experienced a form of extrasensory input.[55]
In a highly publicised extension to the experiment, a simpler array was implanted into the arm of Warwick's wife, with the ultimate aim of one day creating a form of telepathy or empathy using the Internet to communicate the signal over huge distances. This experiment resulted in the first direct and purely electronic communication between the nervous systems of two humans.[56] Finally, the effect of the implant on Warwick's hand function was measured using the University of Southampton's Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP).[57] There was a fear that directly interfacing with the nervous system might cause some form of damage or interference, but no measurable side effect (nor any sign of rejection) was encountered.
Implications
Warwick and his colleagues claim that the Project Cyborg research could result in new medical tools for treating patients with damage to the nervous system, as well as assisting the more ambitious enhancements Warwick advocates. Some transhumanists even speculate that similar technologies could be used for technology-facilitated telepathy.[58]
Tracking device
A controversy began in August 2002, shortly after the
Anti-theft RFID chips are common in jewellery or clothing in some Latin American countries due to a high abduction rate,
Turing test
Warwick participated as a Turing Interrogator on two occasions, judging machines in the 2001 and 2006
In 2012, he co-organised with Huma Shah a series of Turing tests held at Bletchley Park. According to Warwick, the tests strictly adhered to the statements made by Alan Turing in his papers. Warwick himself participated in the tests as a hidden human.[65] Results of the tests were discussed in a number of academic papers.[66][67] One paper, entitled "Human Misidentification in Turing Tests", became one of the top three most-downloaded papers in the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence.
In June 2014, Warwick helped Shah stage a series of Turing tests to mark the 60th anniversary of Alan Turing's death. The event was performed at the Royal Society, London. Warwick regarded the winning chatbot, "Eugene Goostman", as having "passed the Turing test for the first time" by fooling a third of the event's judges into making an incorrect identification, and termed this a "milestone".[68] A paper containing all of the transcripts involving Eugene Goostman entitled "Can Machines Think? A Report on Turing Test Experiments at the Royal Society", has also become one of the top three most-downloaded papers in the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence.[69]
Warwick was criticised in the context of the 2014 Royal Society event, where he claimed that software program Eugene Goostman had passed the Turing test on the basis of its performance. The software successfully convinced over 30% of the judges who could not identify it as being a machine, on the basis of a five-minute text chat. Critics stated that the software's claim of being a young non-native English speaker weakened the spirit of the test, as any grammatical and semantic inconsistencies could be excused as a consequence of limited proficiency in the English language.[70][71][72][73] Some critics also claimed that the software's performance had been exceeded by other programs in the past.[70][71] However, the 2014 tests were entirely unrestricted in terms of discussion topics, whereas the previous tests referenced by the critics had been limited to very specific subject areas. Additionally, Warwick was criticised by editor and entrepreneur Mike Masnick for exaggerating the significance of the Eugene Goostman program to the press.[71]
Other work
Warwick was a member of the 2001
Royal Institution Christmas Lectures
Warwick presented the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures in December 2000, entitled Rise of the Robots. Although the lectures were well received by some,[76] British computer scientist Simon Colton complained about the choice of Warwick prior to his appearance. He claimed that Warwick "is not a spokesman for our subject" (Artificial Intelligence) and "allowing him influence through the Christmas lectures is a danger to the public perception of science".[77] In response to Warwick's claims that computers could be creative, Colton, who is a Professor of Computational Creativity, also said: "the AI community has done real science to reclaim words such as creativity and emotion which they claim computers will never have".[78] Subsequent letters were generally positive; Ralph Rayner wrote: "With my youngest son, I attended all of the lectures and found them balanced and thought-provoking. They were not sensationalist. I applaud Warwick for his lectures".[79]
Awards and recognition
Warwick received the Future Health Technology Award in 2000,
He is the recipient of ten honorary doctorates, these being from Aston University,[88] Coventry University,[8][89] Robert Gordon University,[90][91][92] Bradford University,[93][94] University of Bedfordshire,[89] Portsmouth University,[95] Kingston University,[96] Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje,[97] Edinburgh Napier University,[98][99][100] and Galgotias University.[101][102]
Reception
Warwick has both his critics and endorsers, some of whom describe him as a "maverick".[103] Others see his work as "not very scientific" and more like "entertainment", whereas some regard him as "an extraordinarily creative experimenter", his presentations as "awesome" and his work as "profound".[104][105]
Publications
Warwick has written several books, articles and papers. A selection of his books:
- Kevin Warwick (2001). QI: The Quest for Intelligence. Piatkus Books. ISBN 978-0-7499-2230-6.
- Kevin Warwick (2004). I, Cyborg. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07215-4.
- Kevin Warwick (2004). ISBN 978-0-252-07223-9.
- Kevin Warwick (30 August 2011). Artificial Intelligence: The Basics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-56483-0. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
- Kevin Warwick and Huma Shah (2016). Turing's Imitation Game. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05638-1.
Lectures (inaugural and keynote lectures):
- 1998, Robert Boyle Lecture at the University of Oxford.
- 2000, Royal Institution Christmas Lectures. These lectures were repeated in 2001 during a tour of Japan, China and Korea.
- 2001, Hamilton instituteinaugural lecture.
- 2003, Royal Academy of Engineering/Royal Society of Edinburgh Joint lecture in Edinburgh,
- 2003, IEEE (UK) Annual Lecture in London; Pittsburgh International Science and Technology Festival.[106]
- 2004, Woolmer Lecture of the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine at University of York; Robert Hooke Lecture (Westminster).
- 2005, Einstein Lecture in Potsdam, Germany
- 2006, Bernard Price Memorial Lecture tour in South Africa; Institution of Mechanical Engineers Prestige Lecture in London.
- 2007, NITK Surathkal (India); Annual Science Faculty lecture at University of Leicester; Graduate School in Physical Sciences and Engineering Annual Lecture, Cardiff University.
- 2008, Leslie Oliver Oration[107] at Queen's Hospital; Techkriti keynote in Kanpur.
- 2008, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, guest lecture "Four weddings and a Funeral" for the Microsoft Research Chair.
- 2009, Cardiff University, 125th Anniversary Lecture; Orwell Society, Eton College.[108]
- 2010, Robert Gordon University launch of Research Institute for Innovation Design and Sustainability (IDEAS)[109]
- 2011, Ellison-Cliffe Lecture, Royal Society of Medicine; Inaugural research conference keynote, Anglia Ruskin University.[110]
- 2012, IET Pinkerton Lecture, Bangalore.;[111] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers UKRI 50 years Anniversary Lecture, Edinburgh.[112]
- 2014, Sir Cambridge University.[113]
- 2016, Launch of Wales Festival of Innovation, Cardiff.[114]
- 2017, Paul B. Baltes Lecture, Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities.[115]
Warwick is a regular presenter at the annual Careers Scotland Space School, University of Strathclyde.
He appeared at the 2009 World Science Festival[116] with Mary McDonnell, Nick Bostrom, Faith Salie and Hod Lipson.
See also
- Avatar Project
- Brain–computer interface
- Cyborg antenna
- EyeTap
- Grinder (biohacking)
- Stelarc
- The Age of Intelligent Machines
- Tim Cannon
References
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- ^ a b Captain Cyborg accepts another degree from puny humans, The Register, 26 July 2012
- ^ a b "Captain Cyborg Is Back! Kevin Warwick Predicts the Future". Slashdot. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
- ^ a b The Return of Captain Cyborg, The Guardian, 29 April 2004
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- ^ Warwick, K, Ekwue, A and Aggarwal, R (eds). "Artificial intelligence techniques in power systems", Institution of Electrical Engineers Press, 1997
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- ^ Cámara, C, Isasi, P, Warwick, K, Ruiz, V, Aziz, T, Stein, J and Bakštein, E: "Resting Tremor Classification and Detection in Parkinson's Disease Patients", Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, Vol.16, pp.88–97, February 2015.
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- ^ Warwick, K, Hutt, B, Gasson, M and Goodhew, I. "An attempt to extend human sensory capabilities by means of implant technology", Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Hawaii, pp.1663–1668, October 2005
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- ^ Tracking device implant criticised | Community Care, 5 September 2002
- ^ Weissert, Will (15 July 2004). "Mexico implants microchips for ID". Arizona Daily Star. Archived from the original on 13 August 2004. Retrieved 31 January 2015.[failed verification]
- ^ VeriChip. "Implantable Verification Solution for SE Asia". Inforlexus. Archived from the original on 31 December 2006.
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- ^ "Turing Test success marks milestone in computing history". University of Reading. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
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External links
- "When man meets metal: rise of the transhumans" – article in The Guardian (29 October 2017) featuring Professor Kevin Warwick
- "Cyborgs: A Personal Story" – Kevin Warwick TEDxtalk at Coventry University (2016)
- "Cyborgs: Ghosts of Christmas Future" Archived 11 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine – Kevin Warwick lecture (5 December 2013) on IET website
- "I, Cyborg: An interview with Prof Kevin Warwick" (14 August 2013) on BCS website
- BBC Radio 4 interview with Michael Buerk (14 Jun 2011)
- Kevin Warwick article in Scientific American magazine (10 March 2008)
- Kevin Warwick interview on IT Wales website (13 December 2006)
- "Interview with the Cyborg" in The Future Fire magazine (2005)
- Kevin Warwick at IMDb