Keyhole limpet hemocyanin
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) is a large, multisubunit, oxygen-carrying,
Protein properties
There are two keyhole limpet
Purification
KLH is purified from the hemolymph of Megathura crenulata by a series of steps that typically includes
If the protein becomes
Use in biotechnology
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) is used extensively as a carrier protein in the production of
KLH can also be a challenging molecule to work with because of its propensity to aggregate and precipitate. Aggregates remain immunogenic, but limit the ability to conjugate haptens, and are difficult to manipulate in the laboratory. A high-quality KLH preparation with clear opalescent blue color is the best indicator of KLH solubility.
Hapten coupling
KLH can be activated with the crosslinker Sulfo-SMCC, which converts lysine residues to sulfhydryl-reactive maleimide groups. A sulfhydryl-containing hapten can then be reacted with the KLH to complete the immunogen without causing polymerization. The specificity of this reaction is ideal for situations where the cysteine is located away from the desired epitope (e.g. in peptides where a terminal cysteine can be added to either end of the peptide). Maleimide activated KLH, where the first part of this two step procedure has been completed, is commercially available.
Other carrier proteins
- Concholepas concholepas hemocyanin (marketed as Blue Carrier)[citation needed]
- Bovine serum albumin (BSA)[citation needed]
- Cationized BSA (cBSA)[citation needed]
- Ovalbumin[citation needed]
- CRM197
Use in cancer therapy
KLH is being tested in a variety of
The rapidly growing interest in therapeutic vaccines (i.e. active immunotherapies) for cancer and the documented efficacy of KLH as a superior carrier protein for cancer vaccines are creating a significant biopharmaceutical market for KLH formulations.[6]
Assays to monitor humoral immune responses against KLH in human serum have been developed to facilitate optimal use of biomedical KLH applications.[7]
Ecological considerations
Because of the beneficial uses of KLH, the
References
- PMID 19013468.
- ^ a b "Dive Dry with Dr. Bill, 084: Giant Keyhole Limpet".
- PMID 17595313.
- ^ "Cancer Vaccines". Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
- ^ "Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin Knowledge Base".
- PMID 10544506.
- PMID 22527252.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Parnell, P. Ed; Dayton, Paul K.; Lennert-Cody, Cleridy (5 April 2004). "The San Diego–La Jolla Ecological Reserve: Implications for the Design and Management of Marine Reserves".
- ^ "Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary Research Activities Panel and the Channel Islands Marine Science Committee, Draft Meeting Notes" (PDF).
- ^ "SBIR and STTR Success Story for Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc".
- ^ "National Science Foundation, Awardee Information".