Khakas
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|
Хакас | |
---|---|
Total population | |
80,000 (est.) | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Russia (primarily Khakassia) | |
Russia
| 72,959[1] |
Ukraine | 162[2] |
China (Heilongjiang) | About 1,500 |
Languages | |
Khakas, Russian | |
Religion | |
Predominantly Orthodox Christianity (Russian Orthodoxy) Also shamanism (Tengrism) | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Chulyms, Kumandins, Siberian Tatars, Shors, Teleuts, Tofalar, Tuvans, Dukha, Soyot, Fuyu Kyrgyz, Kyrgyz |
The Khakas[a][b] are a Turkic indigenous people of Siberia, who live in the republic of Khakassia, Russia. They speak the Khakas language.
The Khakhassian people are direct descendants of various ancient cultures that have inhabited southern Siberia, including the Andronovo culture, Samoyedic peoples, the Tagar culture, and the Yenisei Kyrgyz culture.[3][4][5]
Etymology
The Khakas people were historically known as Kyrgyz, before being labelled as Tatar by the Imperial Russians following the conquest of Siberia. The name Tatar then became the autonym used by the Khakas to refer to themselves, in the form Tadar. Following the Russian Revolution, the Soviet authorities changed the name of the group to Khakas, a newly-formed name based on the Chinese name for the Kyrgyz people, Xiaqiasi.[6]
History
The Yenisei Kyrgyz were made to pay tribute in a treaty concluded between the Dzungars and Russians in 1635.[7] The Dzungar Oirat Kalmyks coerced the Yenisei Kyrgyz into submission.[8][9]
Some of the Yenisei Kyrgyz were relocated into the
In the 17th century, the Khakas formed Khakassia in the middle of the lands of Yenisei Kyrgyz[citation needed], who at the time were vassals of a Mongolian ruler. The Russians arrived shortly after the Kyrgyz left, and an inflow of Russian agragian settlers began. In the 1820s, gold mines started to be developed around Minusinsk, which became a regional industrial center.
The names Khongorai and Khoorai were applied to the Khakas before they became known as the Khakas.[16][17][18][19] Khakas refer to themselves as Tadar.[20][21][22] Khoorai (Khorray) has also been in use to refer to them.[23][24][25] Now the Khakas call themselves Tadar[26][27] and do not use Khakas to describe themselves in their own language.[28] They are also called Abaka Tatars.[29]
During the 19th century, many Khakas accepted the Russian ways of life, and most were converted en masse to Russian Orthodox Christianity. Shamanism, however, is still common;[30]. Many Christians practice shamanism with Christianity.[31] In Imperial Russia, the Khakas used to be known under other names, used mostly in historic contexts: Minusinsk Tatars (Russian: минуси́нские тата́ры), Abakan Tatars (абака́нские тата́ры), and Yenisei Turks.
During the Revolution of 1905, a movement towards autonomy developed. When Soviets came to power in 1923, the Khakas National District was established, and various ethnic groups (Beltir, Sagai, Kachin, Koibal, and Kyzyl) were artificially "combined" into one—the Khakas. The National District was reorganized into Khakas Autonomous Oblast, a part of Krasnoyarsk Krai, in 1930.[32] The Republic of Khakassia in its present form was established in 1992.
Khakas account for only about 12% of the total population of the republic (78,500 as of 1989 Census). Khakas traditionally practiced nomadic herding, agriculture, hunting, and fishing. The Beltir people specialized in handicraft as well. Herding sheep and cattle is still common, although the republic became more industrialized over time.
Genetics
Paternal lineages
Genetic research has identified 4 primary
- Haplogroup N is the predominant paternal haplogroup in the Khakhas population. It represents roughly 64% of Khakas male lineages, mainly N1b (P43) and N1c (M178). It has been proposed that haplogroup N1b (specifically N2a1-B478) in the Khakassians may represent descent from Samoyedic speakers who were assimilated by Turkic speakers.[35][36]
- Altai region since the appearance of the Andronovo culture.[37] It represents a migration of Indo-European speakers who migrated east and settled in central Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Age periods, such as the Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture and the Tagar culture.[38]
Other paternal haplogroups in Khakassians include
Maternal lineages
Over 80% of Khakassian
Religion
At present, the Khakas predominantly are Orthodox Christians (Russian Orthodox Church).
Also there is traditional shamanism (Tengrism), including following movements:[40]
- Khakas Heritage Center—the Society of Traditional Religion of Khakas Shamanism "Ah-Chayan" (Russian: Центр хакасского наследия — общество традиционной религии хакасского шаманизма "Ах-Чаян");
- Traditional religion of the Khakas society "Izykh" (Russian: Общество традиционной религии хакасского народа "Изых");
- Traditional religion society "Khan Tigir" (Russian: Общество традиционной религии "Хан Тигир").
See also
- Music of Khakassia
Notes
References
- ^ "Окончательные итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года". Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. (All Russian census, 2010)
- ^ State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census (Ukrainian)
- ^ Khar’kov 2011, pp. 404–405
- ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1.
- ISBN 978-0-8161-1810-6.
- JSTOR 26571579.
The remaining Turkic clans (Yenisei Kyrgyz) were called the Tatars of Minusinsk by the Russians, and soon this became their autonym (tadarlar). In Soviet times, their official name (exonym) changed. They became Khakas after their Chinese name "xiaqiasi," or Kyrgyz.
- ^ Millward 2007, p. 89.
- ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4.
- ISBN 978-0-08-044299-0.
- ^ Tchoroev (Chorotegin) 2003, p. 110.
- ^ Pozzi & Janhunen & Weiers 2006, p. 113.
- ISBN 978-3-447-05378-5.
- ISBN 978-951-9403-84-7.
- ISBN 978-951-9403-84-7.
- ISBN 978-951-9403-84-7.
- ISBN 978-1-56324-535-0.
- ^ Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. M.E. Sharpe Incorporated. 1994. p. 42.
- ISBN 978-90-272-7516-5.
- ISBN 978-1-135-10715-4.
- ISBN 978-1-56324-535-0.
- ISBN 978-90-272-7516-5.
- ^ Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism: Revue Canadienne Des Études Sur Le Nationalisme. University of Prince Edward Island. 1997. p. 149.
- ISBN 978-0-313-07696-1.
- ISBN 978-0-313-32110-8.
- ISBN 978-1-61069-018-8.
- ISBN 978-1-135-10715-4.
- ^ Folia orientalia. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. 1994. p. 157.
- ^ Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. M.E. Sharpe Incorporated. 1994. p. 38.
- ISBN 978-0-8161-1810-6.
- .
- ISBN 0-7735-2617-X.
- ISBN 978-0-521-47771-0.
- ^ Xu & Li 2017, pp. 42–43
- S2CID 37140960.
- ^ Khar’kov 2011, p. 407
- ISBN 978-981-10-4169-3. "From a generic perspective, N1b-P43 samples in Samoyed and Tuvan populations belong to a specific subclade named N2a1-B478. The expansion time of N2a1-B478 is only about 3600 years ago, as shown in Fig. 2. Hence, we propose that the southern part of Samoyed populations may have changed their language to a Turkic language at various historical periods, bringing haplogroup N2a1-B478 in to Tuvan, Khakhassian and Shors populations."
- ^ Xu & Li 2017, pp. 42–43
- ^ Khar’kov 2011, p. 413
- S2CID 28678003.
- ISBN 5-98704-057-4.
External links
- Media related to Khakas people at Wikimedia Commons
- NUPI - Centre for Asian Studies profile
- The Sleeping Warrior: New Legends in the Rebirth of Khakass Shamanic Culture Archived 1 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- Abakan city streets views
- [1] Archived 20 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Beyaz Arif Akbas, "Khakassia: The Lost Land", Portland State Center for Turkish Studies, 2007.