Khakas language
| Khakas | |
|---|---|
| Хакас тілі, тадар тілі | |
 | |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Khakassia |
| Ethnicity | Khakas |
Native speakers | 43,000 (2010 census)[1] |
Turkic
| |
| Dialects | |
| Cyrillic | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Russia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kjh |
| Glottolog | khak1248 |
| ELP | Khakas |
Khakas, also known as Xakas,
Traditionally, the Khakas language is divided into several closely related dialects, which take their names from the different tribes:
Beltir, and Kyzyl[clarification needed]. In fact, these names represent former administrative units rather than tribal or linguistic groups. The people speaking all these dialects simply referred to themselves as Tadar (i.e. Tatar
).
History and documentation
The people who speak the
The first major recordings of the Khakas language originate from the middle of the 19th century. The
Wilhelm Radloff traveled the southern Siberian region extensively between 1859 and 1870. The result of his research was, among others, published in his four-volume dictionary, and in his ten-volume series of Turkic
texts. The second volume contains his Khakas materials, which were provided with a German translation. The ninth volume, provided with a Russian translation, was prepared by Radloff's student Katanov, who was a Sagay himself, and contains further Khakas materials.
The Khakas literary language, which was developed only after the
Russian Revolution of 1917
, is based on the central dialects Sagay and Kacha; the Beltir dialect has largely been assimilated by Sagay, and the Koybal dialect by Kacha.
In 1924, a Cyrillic alphabet was devised, which was replaced by a Latin alphabet in 1929, and by a new Cyrillic alphabet in 1939.[13]
In 2012, an Enduring Voices expedition documented the Xyzyl language from the Republic of Khakassia. Officially considered a dialect of Khakas, its speakers regard Xyzyl as a separate language of its own.[14]
Classification
The Khakas language is part of the South Siberian subgroup of Turkic languages, along with
Phonology
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ⟨и⟩ iː ⟨ии⟩ ɘ ⟨і⟩ |
y ⟨ӱ⟩ yː ⟨ӱӱ⟩ |
ɯ ⟨ы⟩ ɯː ⟨ыы⟩ |
u ⟨у⟩ uː ⟨уу⟩ |
| Mid | e ⟨е⟩[17] eː ⟨ее⟩[18] |
ø ⟨ӧ⟩ øː ⟨ӧӧ⟩ |
o ⟨о⟩ oː ⟨оо⟩ | |
| Open | a ⟨а⟩ aː ⟨аа⟩ |
|||
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨м⟩ | n ⟨н⟩
|
ŋ ⟨ң⟩ | ||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p ⟨п⟩ | t ⟨т⟩
|
t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ | k ⟨к⟩ |
| voiced | b ⟨б⟩ | d ⟨д⟩
|
d͡ʒ ⟨ӌ⟩ | ɡ ⟨г⟩ | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f ⟨ф⟩ | s ⟨с⟩ | ʃ ⟨ш⟩ | x ⟨х⟩ |
| voiced | v ⟨в⟩ | z ⟨з⟩ | ʒ ⟨ж⟩ | ɣ ⟨ғ⟩ | |
| Rhotic | r ⟨р⟩
|
||||
| Approximant | l ⟨л⟩
|
j ⟨й⟩ | |||
Orthography
Latin alphabet (1929–1939):
| A a | B b | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | Ə ə | F f | |
| G g | Ƣ ƣ | I i | Į į | J j | K k | L l | M m | |
| N n | Ꞑ ꞑ | O o | Ɵ ɵ | P p | R r | S s | Ş ş | |
| T t | U u | V v | X x | Y y | Z z | Ƶ ƶ | Ь ь |
Cyrillic alphabet (1939–present):
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | Е е | Ё ё |
| Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | І і | К к | Л л | М м |
| Н н | Ң ң | О о | Ӧ ӧ | П п | Р р | С с | Т т |
| У у | Ӱ ӱ | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ӌ ӌ | Ш ш |
| Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
References
- ^ Khakas at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ISBN 978-3-447-04812-5.
- ^ Bernard Comrie (4 June 1981). The Languages of the Soviet Union. CUP Archive. pp. 53–. GGKEY:22A59ZSZFJ0.
- ^ a b c Anderson, G. D. S. (1998). Xakas. Languages of the world: Materials: 251. München.
- ^ Население по национальности и владению русским языком (in Russian). Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Tchoroev (Chorotegin) 2003, p. 110.
- ISBN 9783447053785. Retrieved 12 April 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ Millward 2007, p. 89.
- ISBN 978-951-9403-84-7.
- ISBN 978-951-9403-84-7.
- ISBN 978-951-9403-84-7.
- ^ Hu & Imart 1987, p. 1
- ISBN 0-7103-0188-X.
- ^ Andrew Howley (2012-05-21). "NG Explorers Help Record Xyzyl Language". National Geographic Explorers Journal. Archived from the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ISSN 0029-6791.
- ^ a b Donidze, 1997, p. 460-461.
- ^ Written ⟨э⟩ at the word beginning.
- ^ Written ⟨ээ⟩ at the word beginning.
Notes
- Endonym: Хакас тілі or тадар тілі
Sources
- Hu, Zhen-hua & Imart, Guy (1987), Fu-Yü Gïrgïs: A tentative description of the easternmost Turkic language, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies
Further reading
- Anderson, G. D. S. (1998). Xakas. Languages of the world: Materials: 251. München.
- Castrén, M. A. (1857). Versuch einer koibalischen und karagassischen Sprachlehre nebst Wörterverzeichnissen aus den tatarischen mundarten des minussinschen Kreises. St. Petersburg.
- Donidze, M. A. (1997). Языки мира: Тюркские языки. Moscow.
- Katanov, N. F. (1907). Proben der Volkslitteratur der türkischen Stämme. IX. Theil: Mundarten der Urianchaier (Sojonen), Abakan-Tataren und Karagassen. St. Petersburg.
- ISBN 978-1-136-82527-9.
- Radloff, W. (1867). Proben der Volkslitteratur der türkischen Stämme Süd-Sibiriens. II. Theil: die Abakan-Dialecte (der Sagaische, Koibalische, Katschinzische), der Kysyl-Dialect und der Tscholym-Dialect (Küerik). St. Petersburg.
- Radloff, W. (1893–1911). Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte I-IV. St. Petersburg.
