Khalid of Saudi Arabia
Khalid | |||||
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Ta’if, Saudi Arabia | |||||
Burial | 13 June 1982 , Riyadh | ||||
Spouses | List
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Issue | List
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King Abdulaziz | |||||
Mother | Al Jawhara bint Musaed Al Saud |
Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (
Khalid was the son of King Abdulaziz and
Following the
Early life and education
Khalid was born in
Khalid had one full-brother, Muhammad.
Early experience
Aged 14, Khalid was sent by Abdulaziz as his representative to the desert tribes to hear their concerns and problems.[10] In 1928 he and his brother Muhammad were given the task of observing the Transjordan border during the Ikhwan revolt.[11] Prince Khalid's preparation for ruling a modern state started through his visits with his brother Prince Faisal on foreign missions. He served as advisor to Faisal.[12] Prince Khalid became an international figure due to his visits and service as a Saudi representative.[12] He was more liberal in informing the press about the rationale behind foreign policy decisions.[5]
Prince Khalid was made acting viceroy of Hejaz in early 1932 when his full brother Prince Muhammad carried out the task badly.[13] The same year he was named as viceroy of Hejaz, replacing Prince Faisal in the post, who was named minister of foreign affairs, and Prince Khalid's term lasted until 1934.[14] Prince Khalid joined the Saudi army led by his older brother Prince Faisal and fought against Yemeni forces in 1934.[10] After the war, Prince Khalid served as the chairman of the Saudi delegation at the Taif Conference with Yemen in 1934.[12][15] This was a diplomatic move that led to the Taif Treaty later that year which was signed by Prince Khalid on behalf of Saudi Arabia and Abdullah Al Wazeer on behalf of Yemen.[12][16]
Prince Khalid was named interior minister in 1934[14] and was the Saudi representative at the peace negotiations in Yemen in 1935.[17] In 1939, he participated in the St. James Conference on Palestine in London as the minister of interior as well as an assistant to Prince Faisal, head of the Saudi delegation.[12][18]
In October 1943 Prince Faisal and Prince Khalid visited the United States representing their father, upon the July 1943 invitation of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[19] The visit was the earliest high-level contact between Saudi Arabia and the USA.[19][20] Vice President Henry A. Wallace organized a dinner for them at the White House.[21] They also met with President Roosevelt.[22] They stayed at the official government guest house, Blair House, and visited the West Coast by a special train that was officially provided by the U.S. government.[21] A foreign diplomat described Prince Khalid following the visit as the "nicest man in Saudi Arabia."[23]
However, after this visit and during the most of the 1950s Prince Khalid did not play a significant role in the government partly due to the fact that his half-brother
At the beginning of King Faisal's reign Prince Khalid was made a member of the council which had been established by the king to guide the succession issues.[28]
Crown prince
Khalid's older full-brother Prince Muhammad declined a place in the succession.[29] Khalid also refused the offer of King Faisal to be named as crown prince several times until March 1965.[17] In addition, he asked King Faisal to remove him from the position various times.[17] However, the King persuaded Khalid that his presence as crown prince was necessary to keep peace within the House of Saud.[17] One of the speculations about Prince Khalid's selection as heir designate was his lack of predilection for politics. In short, by selecting him as heir designate the royal family could create intra-familial consensus.[30]
Khalid was named crown prince on 29 March 1965.[31][32] King Faisal announced Khalid's appointment on the same day through a broadcast over Mecca Radio:[33]
Since the position of Crown Prince is a fundamental factor for the continuation and firmness of the reign, now the country enjoys stability, advancement and prosperity. Thanks to its adherence to Islam. It gives me great pleasure to announce...that I have chosen my brother Prince Khalid bin Abdulaziz as Crown Prince to rule after me.
Prince Khalid was also named first deputy prime minister following his appointment as crown prince.[12][34] Although Joseph A. Kéchichian argues that Crown Prince Khalid was not active in daily issues, but acted as a representative during King Faisal's absences in meetings or ceremonies,[25] he governed all organisational and executive powers of the Council of Ministers.[17] He also dealt with the affairs of the Governorate of Mecca on behalf of King Faisal.[12] However, in 1968 Crown Prince Khalid expressed his desire not to preside over the Council of Ministers against King Faisal's request which led to the appointment of Prince Fahd as second deputy prime minister with the task of leading the Council meetings.[35]
In 1970 Crown Prince Khalid led Saudi delegations to Jordan to meet the needs of
Reign
Khalid succeeded to the throne on 25 March 1975 when King Faisal was
Although there are various reports stating that King Khalid was only a figurehead during his reign,[42] he was in fact not a figurehead, but the final decision-maker on all major policy issues during his reign.[43][44] King Faisal established a system in which the king was the final mediator in family problems.[45] King Khalid reduced the power of the Sudairi Seven concerning succession in 1977 when he was in London for treatment.[28] Following the unsuccessful attempt of the Sudairi Seven to overthrow King Khalid and to install one of their own, Prince Sultan, as deputy crown prince instead of Prince Abdullah, the King asked Crown Prince Fahd and Prince Abdullah to fully obey the existing succession plan without any change.[28][46] King Khalid also closely checked the activities of Crown Prince Fahd due to the latter's clear support for the pro-Western policies and hostile tendency against Iran and Shia population of Saudi Arabia.[47]
In addition, King Khalid was not an ineffective leader.[40] Although he seemed to be reluctant to rule the country initially, he later warmed to the throne and displayed an apparent interest in improving the education, health-care and infrastructure of the country during his seven-year reign.[48] During the first two years of his reign he was not active in politics due to his poor health condition, but later he became much more active as a result of his much better health.[49]
King Khalid is also considered to have been a genial caretaker during his reign.
Domestic affairs
King Khalid's reign was of massive development in Saudi Arabia and therefore, the country became one of the richest countries in that the oil revenues became $40 billion in 1977 and $90 billion in 1980.[53]
King Khalid primarily dealt with domestic affairs with special focus on agricultural development.
Immediately following his ascension to the throne King Khalid issued a
In terms of administrative functions King Khalid followed the structure established by King Faisal in which both royals and non-royals occupied significant positions.[60] The political power consolidation of the ruling family was intensified during his reign.[61] However, King Khalid expanded the role of nonroyals in bureaucracy without diminishing the roles of royal family members.[60] These non-royals were mostly graduates of foreign universities, and by 1977 ten of the thirty-six members in the council of ministers were those who received a master's or doctorate degree from Western universities.[62]
The strict financial policies of King Faisal, coupled with the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis, created a financial windfall that fueled development and led to a commercial and economic boom in the country. Notable achievements in his reign included the institution of the second Five-Year Plan in 1975,[63] which aimed to build up Saudi infrastructure and health care.[14] The planned budget for the development plan was $142 billion.[64] Although not all goals were achieved, the second development plan was much more successful than the first one.[63] King Khalid also launched the Kingdom's third development plan with the budget of $250 billion in May 1980.[48]
In a reorganization of the council of ministers on 30 March 1975, King Khalid named Crown Prince Fahd deputy prime minister and Prince Abdullah second deputy prime minister.
In addition to the existing ministerial bodies six new ones were established by King Khalid in October 1975.
The members of the inner family council headed by King Khalid included his brothers, namely Prince Mohammad, Crown Prince Fahd, Prince Abdullah, Prince Sultan, and
In 1977 a coup attempt by
Saudi Arabia acquired full control of
In November 1979, Khalid's reign saw two major local incidents which have had significant effects on the politics of Saudi Arabia: the Grand Mosque seizure and the Qatif Uprising.
Grand Mosque seizure
Some foreign observers thought traditionalism was no longer a strong force in Saudi Arabia. This idea was disproved when at least 500 dissidents
When the first news of the attack in Mecca reached Riyadh, the initial reaction of King Khalid was to consult the ulama, to get permission to use military force to eject the attackers. The ulama hesitated and refrained from a definite answer.[85] Only after the assault had been underway for 36 hours did some ulama allow the use of force.[85] At the time of the event, Crown Prince Fahd was in Tunisia for a meeting of the Arab Summit and the commander of the National Guard Prince Abdullah was in Morocco for an official visit.[87] Therefore, King Khalid assigned the responsibility to Prince Sultan, the minister of defense, and Prince Nayef, the minister of interior, to deal with the incident.[87]
The Grand Mosque was regained by Saudi forces on 4 December 1979[88] and 63 rebels were executed on 9 January 1980 in eight different cities.[89] The executions were decreed by King Khalid after the edict issued by ulemas.[89] Although the Saudi government under King Khalid executed the rebels, the religious establishment that inspired them were given greater powers.[90] And ulema successfully pressed King Khalid to realize their intentions.[91]
1979 Qatif Uprising
In November 1979, Shiites in the Eastern Province, particularly in Qatif and in nearby villages, organized protests. Several demonstrators were arrested.[92] The major reason for the uprising was negative conditions in villages. In the spring of 1979, King Khalid announced an annual budget of 160 billion riyals, indicating that this budget would be employed to improve the living conditions of all Saudi citizens.[92] However, the budget did not make any significant contribution to the services.[92] Instead, the royal family benefitted from the budget.[92] Following the release of the demonstrators in February 1980, King Khalid and Crown Prince Fahd visited the Eastern region from town to town.[93] Due to King Khalid's policy change towards the Shiite population in the region, they positively modified their approach towards the Saudi government and abandoned their oppositional ideas and actions.[92]
International relations
Although King Khalid did not have an extensive interest in foreign affairs as much as King Faisal had,
King Khalid initiated a move to bring in foreign labor to help with the country's development.[97]
1975–1980
In April 1975, King Khalid's first diplomatic coup was the conclusion of a demarcation agreement concerning the
Another significant event was the visit of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran to Riyadh on 28 April 1975.[99][100] In June 1975, Saudi Arabia appointed an ambassador to the United Arab Emirates, which also assigned an ambassador to Saudi Arabia the same date.[19]
His first official visit as the King of Saudi Arabia was to Cairo, Egypt in mid-July 1975.
Diplomatic relations with the
One of the significant international moves occurred in the reign of King Khalid was the establishment of the
On 19 May 1977, King Khalid met Hafez Assad and Anwar Sadat in Riyadh to initiate a coordinated policy on the
In early January 1978 the US President
Following the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, King Khalid sent Khomeini a congratulatory message, stating that Islamic solidarity could be the basis for closer relations of two countries.[111] He also argued that with the foundation of the Islamic Republic in Iran there were no obstacles that inhibited the cooperation between two countries.[112] In addition, King Khalid requested the secretary-general of the Organization of the Islamic Conference to congratulate the new Iranian government.[113] However, his initiatives were unsuccessful in that Saudi Arabia unofficially supported Iraq against Iran in the Iran–Iraq War in 1980.[111]
On 24 December 1979
1980–1982
In April 1980 King Khalid cancelled the state visit to Britain as a protest over the broadcasting of
King Khalid in the capacity of the chairman of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation assisted Pakistani authorities to end the hijacking of the Pakistan International Airlines Flight 326 on 2 March 1981 first to Kabul and to Damascus on the request of President Zia ul Haq.[105] Upon meeting then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in Saudi Arabia in April 1981,[118] King Khalid is reputed to have said he would be happy to discuss falcons with her, but for all matters of administration she should talk to Crown Prince Fahd.[4][42] King Khalid's visit to the United Kingdom that had been cancelled in 1980 occurred on 9 June 1981 for four days.[119] Next he visited Spain on 15 June 1981.[120]
King Khalid asked the US President Jimmy Carter to sell advanced fighter planes to Saudi Arabia to assist in countering communist aggression in the area.[97] The delivery of the first of sixty F-15s under the agreement approved by Carter arrived in the Kingdom in 1982. He purchased a Boeing 747 with an operating room should he be stricken while on his travels.[97] Jimmy Carter in his memoirs stated that both King Khalid and then Crown Prince Fahd assured him of "their unequivocal support for Sadat", but they would realize no concrete move in this direction, at least not publicly.[121]
Just one week before his death King Khalid sent messages to the US President Ronald Reagan and other world leaders on 6 June 1982 stating that a quick intervention was needed to stop the Israeli massacre in Lebanon referring to the Israeli attacks against Palestinians in the country.[122]
Views
Look after the weak, for the strong can look after themselves.
— King Khalid[123]
In June 1974 when he was Crown Prince Khalid argued that France taught the Syrians to be stubborn, and the British instilled the idea for the Arabs to differ with each other.[124]
At the very beginning of his reign King Khalid stated "Islamic law is and will remain our standard, our source of inspiration, and our goal."[53] and "We are against communism and we will protect ourselves against it by all means. If the United States pressed Israel into making a just peace settlement, Russia would not acquire a single foothold in the Middle East."[15]
He questioned the support of the
At the third summit of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation in Taif in January 1981 he declared non-alignment of Saudi Arabia concerning the tensions between the USA and Soviet Union: "Our loyalty must be neither to an eastern bloc nor to a western bloc. The security of the Islamic nation will not be assured by joining a military alliance, nor by taking refuge under the umbrella of a superpower."[128]
Personal life
King Khalid married four times and was the father of ten children. While the sequence in seniority of his wives is not known clearly, his wives were:
- Latifa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. Latifa was a daughter of King Abdulaziz's maternal uncle and Khalid was fifteen when he married her.[9] They had no children.[72]
- Tarfa bint Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud. She was a daughter of his uncle, Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman.[9] They had no children.[72]
- Noura bint Turki bin Abdulaziz bin Abdullah bin Turki Al Saud.[72] She was the mother of Khalid's elder sons, Prince Bandar and Prince Abdullah[9] and his elder daughter, Al Bandari. Noura bint Turki died at age 95 on 12 September 2011.[129]
- Ujman tribe in Al Badiyah and was a niece of Wasmiyah Al Damir, wife of Abdullah bin Jiluwi.[131] She died on 25 December 2012 at the age of 90.[132]
Khalid had four sons and six daughters.[133] Prince Bandar, the eldest son of King Khalid, was born in 1935.[25][134] He was one of the members of Al Saud Family Council established by Crown Prince Abdullah in June 2000 to discuss private issues such as business activities of princes and marriages of princess to individuals who were not member of House of Saud.[135] Prince Bandar died in Mecca in March 2018.[136] His youngest child, Prince Faisal, is the former governor of Asir Province and a member of the Allegiance Council.
Khalid's eldest daughter, Princess Al Bandari, married her cousin Prince Badr, son of Prince Abdul Muhsin.
Another daughter of Khalid, Moudi, married Prince Abdul Rahman bin Faisal and is the general secretary of the King Khalid Foundation and the Al Nahda Foundation, and a former member of the Consultative Assembly.[140][141] One of Khalid's daughters, Mishael bint Khalid died in Riyadh in April 2014.[142]
Personality, pastimes and property
Khalid was described as warm, cheerful, attentive and devout and was adored by his sisters and brothers.
Khalid had the capacity to settle conflicts which was first recognized by his father.[17] It was the reason for sending him to Yemen in 1935 to handle the problems with local people.[17] During his kingship Khalid acted as a mediator between the Sudairi brothers and Prince Abdullah although he was much closer to the latter.[66]
In the same meeting Kissinger asked him where he lived.[124] In response he stated that he lived in Riyadh, but in the summer he stayed in Taif.[124] King Khalid owned a desert farm outside Riyadh at Um Hamam.[148] He bought Beechwood House in the north London suburb of Highgate for £1.9 million in March 1977[149] to use following two operations on his hip in the Wellington Hospital in London.[150]
Health
When Khalid bin Abdulaziz was crown prince, he had a massive heart attack in 1970 and had a heart surgery in 1972 at the Cleveland Clinic in the United States.[151] Since King Khalid suffered from heart ailment for a long period of time, Crown Prince Fahd was in charge of ruling the country.[152] On 3 October 1978, he underwent a second heart surgery again in Cleveland.[151][153] He also had a hip operation at Wellington Hospital in London in 1976.[154][155][156] In February 1980, King Khalid had a minor heart attack.[50]
Death and funeral
King Khalid died on 13 June 1982 due to a heart attack[148][152] in his summer palace in Taif.[157] On the same day his body was brought from Taif to Mecca. After funeral prayers at the Grand Mosque in Mecca, King Khalid was buried in Al Oud cemetery in Riyadh.[152][158] Leaders of Qatar, Kuwait, Djibouti, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain,[152] as well as President of Egypt Hosni Mubarak, participated in the funeral.[159]
Legacy
In addition, his family established King Khalid Foundation, which is being headed by his son, Abdullah bin Khalid.[164] The foundation awards individuals who have achievements in the fields of corporate social responsibility, nonprofit management and social innovation.[165]
Awards
In January 1981 King Khalid was awarded by the United Nations (UN) a gold medal which is the UN's highest decoration for the statesmen who significantly contributed to peace and cooperation worldwide.
Honours
Styles of King Khalid | ||
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Reference style His Majesty | | |
Spoken style | Your Majesty |
Foreign honours
- Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (Malaysia, January 1982)[168]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (Spain, 15 February 1974)[169]
- Collar of the Order of Charles III (Spain, 15 June 1981)[170]
- Royal Order of the Seraphim(Sweden, 20 January 1981)
Ancestry
Ancestors of Khalid of Saudi Arabia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
- List of things named after Saudi Kings#Khalid
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External links
- Media related to King Khalid bin Abdulaziz at Wikimedia Commons