Hassum

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Khashshum
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Hassum (also given as Khashshum, Ḫaššum, Hassu, Hassuwa or Hazuwan) was a

Hurrian city-state,[1] located in southern Turkey most probably on the Euphrates river north of Carchemish.[2]

History

Early Bronze

The city was a vassal to Ebla, it was mentioned in the Tablets of Ebla as Hazuwan, and was governed by its own king.[3] It came under the influence of Mari for a short period of time in the 24th century BC,[4] before Irkab-Damu of Ebla regained influence over the area,[5] the city survived the Akkadians conquests in 2240 BC and flourished as a trade center in the first half of the 2nd millennia BC.[6]

Middle Bronze

In the beginning of 18th century BC, Hassum allied with Yamhad against Yahdun-Lim of Mari,[7] it later helped Yamhad against a kingdom in Zalmakum (a marshy region between the Euphrates and lower Balikh),[8], but then shifted alliance to Shamshi-Adad I of Assyria after he annexed Mari. The city sent him 1,000 troops to attack Sumu-Epuh of Yamhad.[9][10] Later, Yarim-Lim I of Yamhad brought Hassum under his hegemony and the city remained subjugated to Yamhad until the Hittite conquest.[11]

Hittite Conquest

In the course of his war against Yamhad,

Hebat and a pair of silver bulls that were the bulls of Teshub,[16] and carried them to Hattusa,[17] where they were kept in the temple of Arinna.[18] The king of Hassum was captured and humiliated, he was harnessed to one of the wagons used to transport the loot of his city and taken to the Hittite capital.[19]

Late Bronze

A century later, Hittite king Telipinu (fl. c. 1500 BC) mentions Hassum as his chief enemy and his destruction of the city.[2][20][21]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ISBN 9780232512427
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 9781134159086
    .
  3. ^ Pelio Fronzaroli (1984). Lingua di Ebla e la linguistica semitica. p. 237.
  4. ISBN 9781134750917
    .
  5. ISBN 9783050018201
    .
  6. ISBN 9781842172728
    .
  7. ^ Yuhong Wu (1994). A Political History of Eshnunna, Mari and Assyria During the Early Old Babylonian Period: From the End of Ur III to the Death of Šamši-Adad. p. 131.
  8. ^ Sidney Smith (1956). Anatolian Studies: Journal of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. Special number in honour and in memory of John Garstang, 5th May, 1876 - 12th September, 1956, Volume 6. p. 38.
  9. ^ J. R. Kupper. The Cambridge Ancient History Northern Mesopotamia and Syria. p. 19.
  10. ^ Jack M. Sasson (1969). The Military Establishments at Mari. p. 44.
  11. ISBN 9780931464072
    .
  12. ISBN 0691025916
    .
  13. ISBN 9004117725
    .
  14. ^ Michael C. Astour (1967). Hellenosemitica: an ethnic and cultural study in west Semitic impact on Mycenaean Greece. p. 388.
  15. ISBN 9781846030819
    .
  16. ISBN 9780232512427
    .
  17. ^ J. R. Kupper. The Cambridge Ancient History Northern Mesopotamia and Syria. p. 38.
  18. ISBN 9781134520626
    .
  19. ISBN 9780199240104
    .
  20. ISBN 9781575060798
    .
  21. ISBN 9780404603229
    .

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