Khawaja Nazimuddin
KCIE | |
---|---|
খাজা নাজিমুদ্দিন خواجہ ناظِمُ الدّین | |
2nd Governor-General of Pakistan | |
In office 14 September 1948 – 17 October 1951 | |
Monarch | George VI |
Prime Minister | Liaquat Ali Khan |
Preceded by | Muhammad Ali Jinnah |
Succeeded by | Malik Ghulam Muhammad |
2nd Prime Minister of Pakistan | |
In office 17 October 1951 – 17 April 1953 | |
Monarchs | George VI Elizabeth II |
Governor General | Sir Malik Ghulam Muhammad |
Preceded by | Liaquat Ali Khan |
Succeeded by | Mohammad Ali Bogra |
Chief Minister of East Bengal | |
In office 15 August 1947 – 14 September 1948 | |
Monarch | George VI |
Governor General | Muhammad Ali Jinnah |
Prime Minister | Liaquat Ali Khan |
Governor | Sir Fredrick Chalmers Bourne |
Preceded by | Huseyn Suhrawardy (as Prime minister of Bengal) |
Succeeded by | Nurul Amin |
Prime Minister of Bengal | |
In office 29 April 1943 – 31 March 1945 | |
Monarch | George VI |
Governors General | |
Governor | Mohammad Ali of Bogra |
Personal details | |
Born | Khwaja Shahabuddin (brother) | 19 July 1894
Alma mater | Cambridge University (MA) Aligarh Muslim University (BA) |
Profession | Barrister, politician |
Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin
Born into an
Nazimuddin ascended to Governor-General in 1948 after the death of Jinnah, before becoming Prime Minister in 1951 following the
Nazimuddin's ministry was the first federal government to be dismissed in Pakistan's history, though his former ministers
Biography
Family background, early life and education
Khawaja Nazimuddin was born into a wealthy
He was educated at the
After AMU, Nazimuddin went to England. He attended
Politics
Public service and independence movement
Nazimuddin returned to India to join his brother
He participated in regional elections held in 1937 on a Muslim League's platform but conceded his defeat in favour of
Home and Prime Minister of Bengal and Chief Minister of East Bengal
Upon the formation of the coalition government in an agreement facilitated between Muslim League and the Krishak Praja Party, Nazimuddin was appointed as the home minister under Haq's premiership., which he continued until 1943.[26]: 331
Due to his conservative elite position, he became close associate of
: 332His premiership lasted until 1945 when a motion of no confidence and faced with defeat in the assembly hall by 160 to 97 votes that effectively ended his premiership.[29]: 106 He relinquished the office to Nausher Ali, an Indian nationalist Muslim and a prominent member of Congress Party who the speaker of the assembly, but the administration was taken over by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy.[29]: 106
From 1945 to 1947, Nazimuddin continued to be served as the chairman of the Muslim League in Bengal, ardently supporting the political cause for Pakistan against the Congress Party.[26]: 333 This despite Nazimuddin and other Muslim League leaders not having thought through the consequences of the Pakistan Movement. As late as February 1947, Governor of Punjab Sir Evan Jenkins reported that Nazimuddin said "he did not know what Pakistan means and that nobody in the Muslim League knew."[30] During this time, Nazimuddin had been in conflict with Premier Suhrawardy and strongly opposed the United Bengal Movement. The conflict between two men mainly existed because Suhrawardy represented the middle class while Nazimuddin was representing the aristocracy.[31]
In 1947, he again contested in the party elections in the Muslim League against Suhrawardy's platform and securing his nomination as the party chairman for the Muslim League's East Bengal chapter.[32]: 49–50 His success in the party election eventually led him to the appointed as the first Chief Minister of East Bengal after the Partition of India in 1947 and effectively gained controlled of the Muslim League in the province.[32]: 50
As the Chief Minister, he led the motion of confidence that ultimately voted in favour of joining the Federation of Pakistan and reorganized the Government of East Pakistan by delegating conservative members in his administration.[32]: 49–50
Governor-General of Pakistan (1948–51)
On
As Governor-General, Nazimuddin set a precedent of neutrality and non-interference in the government, and provided his political support to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan's government, which was seen as essential to the working of the responsible government at that time.[34]
In 1949, Governor-General Nazimuddin established the parliamentary committee, the Basic Principles Committee, on the advice of Prime Minister Ali Khan to underlying basic principles that would lay foundation of Constitution of Pakistan.[35]
Prime Ministership (1951–53)
After the
Nazimuddin's administration took place during a poor economy and the rise of
In 1951, Prime Minister Nazimuddin's government conducted the country's first nationwide census where it was noted that 57% of the population of Karachi were refugees from India, which further complicated the situation in the country.[39]
In January 1952, Prime Minister Nazimuddin publicly announced in
In 1953, a violent religious movement led by far-right
Nazimuddin was held morally responsible for riots being spread and resisted such pressures;
Dismissal
The agitations and violence spread through the successful Bengali language movement and the riots in Lahore proved the inability of Nazimuddin's government as he was widely seen as weak in running the government administration.[47]: 288
In a view of attempting to improve the
Nazimuddin then requested the
Death and legacy
Later life and death
Even after his dismissal, he and his family remained active in parliamentary politics; his nephew,
His younger brother,
Sir Khwaja died in 1964, aged 70. He was buried in the
Wealth and honours
Nazimuddin and his brother, Shahabuddin, belonged to an aristocratic family who were known for their wealth. In a thesis written by Joya Chatterji, Nazimuddin was described for unquestionable loyalty to the
Short statured with a bulging pear-like figure, he was known for his insatiable appetite and his unfailing submission to the ... Britishers ... Dressed in British-styled Sherwani and breechers-like Churidar pajamas with a Fez cap and wearing little shoes, he carried a... cane of knob and represented an age and tradition.
By 1934, the family had estates that covered almost 200,000 acres and was well spread over different districts of
He was appointed a Companion of the
In 1958, he was awarded the highest civilian award titled Nishan-e-Pakistan. Later by the Government of Pakistan, Nazimuddin has been honoured from time to time after his death. In Karachi, the residential areas, Nazimabad and North Nazimabad in suburbs of Karachi, had been named after his name. In Islamabad, there is a road intersection, Nazimuddin Road, that has been named in his honour; while in Dhaka, there is also a road after his namesake.[citation needed]
Commemorative postage stamp
In his honour, the Pakistan Post issued a commemorative stamp in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1990.[52][53]
See also
Notes
- Urdu: خواجہ ناظِمُ الدّین
References
- ^ "Khawaja Nazimuddin profile". PakistanHerald.com website. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- OCLC 16879711.
- ^ "In Memory of the Three Leaders". 12 August 2016. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
- ^ "The Official website of the Dhaka Nawab Family: Biographies". Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ISBN 978-1-134-26497-1. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Khwaja Nazimuddin". Story of Pakistan website. June 2003. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-8133-4880-3. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-8133-7905-0.
Nazimuddin, a member of the wealthy landed nawab of Dhaka family, was related to an earlier nawab whose palace was the site of the founding of the Muslim League in 1906. The family is Kashmiri in origin, often associated with British rule, Urdu-speaking at home, rarely politically fluent in Bengali, and part of the national elite.
- ^ ISBN 978-93-5150-320-0.
- ISBN 978-0-85052-396-6. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-521-52328-8.
- ISBN 978-81-7835-808-6.
- ^ "দিল্লির সিংহাসনে প্রথম বাঙালি এবং তাঁর ভূমিকা | মতামত". 22 August 2015. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
- ^ "Khawaja Nazimuddin - Former Governor General of Pakistan". 1 June 2003. Archived from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-7146-4988-7.
- ^ a b Excerpts I. 1949. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-317-36652-2. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
Khawaja Nazimuddin ... was educated at a British Grammar School before attending first Aligarh Muslim University and then Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
- OCLC 03851870.
- ^ Watt, Andrew. "9 celebrities you might not know have a connection with Dunstable". Luton on Sunday. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- ^ Dacca, University of (1966). Report. Report. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-81-7156-374-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-52328-8.
- ^ Pakistan: industry, agriculture, commerce. London: British Industries Fair. 1949. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-7453-4. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-984-33-2323-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-19023-518-5.
Khawaja Nazimuddin ... was Jinnah's main lieutenant in the province [Bengal] ... This loyal follower of Jinnah was a member of the [Muslim] League's executive body for ten year 1937–47).
- ISBN 978-1-909424-00-5. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- ^ a b Indo-iranica (1991). Indo-iranica. Iran Society. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-61039-317-1.
- ISBN 978-1-134-33274-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-85119-79-3. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- ^ "Khwaja Nazimuddin Appointed Acting Governor-General". Pakistan Affairs. Vol. 11, no. 7. 22 September 1948. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ISBN 978-81-7099-674-3.
- ^ "Basic Principles Committee". Story of Pakistan. June 2003. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ^ a b Noon, Feroze Khan (1966). From Memory. Karachi, Pakistan: Ferozsons, Noon. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-19-062167-4. Archivedfrom the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-81-207-0885-3. Archivedfrom the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-84885-079-8.
- ISBN 0-300-10147-3. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-275-96832-8.
- ^ Wali Janjua, Raashid. "Secession of East Pakistan". The News International. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-85168-327-7. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-85109-801-9. Archivedfrom the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-19-547334-6.
- S2CID 155123002.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-107-09111-5. Archivedfrom the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-317-65794-1. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-19-547442-8. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ^ Qasmi, Ali Usman (16 December 2015). "1971 war: Witness to history". herald.dawn.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- ^ "No. 34056". The London Gazette. 1 June 1934. p. 3560.
- ^ "Postage Stamp of Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ^ "The official web site of the Dhaka Nawab Family: Things You Should Know..." Dhaka Nawab Family (Official Web Site).
- Current Events Biography, 1949