Khedive

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the royal title. For the community in the United States, see Khedive, Pennsylvania. For the hamlet in Canada, see Khedive, Saskatchewan. For the vessel, see HMS Khedive (D62).
Muhammad Ali Pasha

Khedive (

viceroy of Egypt from 1805 to 1914.[1]

It is attested in Persian poetry from the 10th century and was used as an Ottoman honorific from the 16th. It was borrowed into Ottoman Turkish directly from Persian.[1] It was first used in Egypt, without official recognition, by Muhammad Ali Pasha, the ethnically Albanian governor of Ottoman Egypt and Turco-Egyptian Sudan from 1805 to 1848. The initially self-declared title was officially recognized by the Ottoman government in 1867 and used subsequently by Isma'il Pasha of Egypt and his dynastic successors until 1914.[2] The term entered Arabic in Egypt in the 1850s.[1]

Etymology

This title is recorded in English since 1867, borrowed from French khédive, in turn from Ottoman Turkish خدیو hıdiv, from Classical Persian خدیو khidēv ("lord").[2]

Egypt in the 19th and early 20th centuries

Wilāyah (1805–1867)

Main articles: Ottoman Egypt and History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty

Following the

Wāli (Governor) of Egypt. However, demonstrating his grander ambitions, he claimed for himself the higher title of Khedive, as did his successors, Abbas I, Sa'id I and Ibrahim Pasha
.

Khedivate (1867–1914)

Abbas Hilmi Pasha, the last Khedive.
Main article: Khedivate of Egypt

The

Bosphorus in Constantinople. There he remained, more or less a state prisoner, until his death. He was later buried in Cairo
.

After the nationalist

Urabi Revolt of 1882, Britain invaded Egypt in support of Tewfik Pasha, and established an occupation over the country. During this period, the Muhammad Ali Dynasty under Tewfik Pasha and his son Abbas II continued to rule Egypt and Sudan using the title Khedive, whilst still under nominal (de jure) Ottoman sovereignty until 1914.[2]

Abbas II of Egypt was deposed by the British in 1914, and Egypt was declared a protectorate of Britain, the Sultanate of Egypt, which was ruled by Abbas's uncle Hussein Kamel under the title of Sultan.

References

  1. ^ a b c Adam Mestyan, "Khedive", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three (Leiden: Brill, 2020), 2:70–71.
  2. ^ a b c d Encyclopædia Britannica: Ismail Pasha, Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt
  3. ^ Historic photo of the Khedive Ismail Pasha Palace (Hıdiv İsmail Paşa Sarayı) which once stood in the Emirgan neighbourhood of Istanbul, on the European coast of the Bosphorus.

External links

  • Mestyan, Adam (2020). "Khedive". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online.
    ISSN 1873-9830
    .
  • Etymonline
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Wāli
 Style of the Egyptian sovereign
1867–1914 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khedive&oldid=1211960708"