Khinalug language
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Khinalug | |
---|---|
каьтш мицI / kätš micʼ | |
Pronunciation | [kætʃ mit͡sʼ] |
Native to | Quba |
Native speakers | 3,000 (2007)[1] |
| |
Cyrillic script, Latin script | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | kjj |
Glottolog | khin1240 |
ELP | Khinalugh |
Khinalug (in Azerbaijan) | |
Khinalug (also spelled Khinalig, Khinalugi, Xinalug(h), Xinaliq or Khinalugh) is a
Khinalug is endangered,[3] and classified as "severely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[4]
History
Khinalug is the language of the village Khinalug in the
Phonology
The Khinalug language previously had its own script. Alexander Kibrik and a team of 13 linguists from Moscow State University visited the village in 2005.[7] In 2007 they developed a Latin orthography for Khinalug, in collaboration with local school teachers in the village. It is presented in angle brackets on the tables below.
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩
|
||||||
Plosive
|
voiceless lenis | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩
|
k ⟨k⟩ | q ⟨q⟩ | ʔ ⟨ʔ⟩ | ||
voiceless fortis | pː ⟨pp⟩ | tː ⟨tt⟩
|
kː ⟨kk⟩ | qː ⟨qq⟩ | ||||
voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩
|
ɡ ⟨g⟩ | |||||
ejective | pʼ ⟨p'⟩ | tʼ ⟨t'⟩
|
kʼ ⟨k'⟩ | |||||
Affricate
|
voiceless lenis | t͡s ⟨c⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ç⟩ | k͡x ⟨kx⟩3 | q͡χ ⟨x̂⟩ | |||
voiceless fortis | t͡sː ⟨cc⟩ | t͡ʃː ⟨çç⟩ | ||||||
voiced | d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ | |||||||
ejective | t͡sʼ ⟨c'⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨ç'⟩ | q͡χʼ ⟨q'⟩ | |||||
Fricative
|
voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨ş⟩ | x ⟨kh⟩2 | χ ⟨x⟩ | ħ ⟨hh⟩4 | h ⟨h⟩ |
voiced | v ⟨v⟩ | z ⟨z⟩ | ʒ ⟨z̧⟩1 | ɣ ⟨gh⟩2 | ʁ ⟨ğ⟩ | ʕ ⟨ʕ⟩4 | ||
Trill | r ⟨r⟩
|
|||||||
Approximant
|
l ⟨l⟩
|
j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨w⟩ |
1 The cedilla in the orthography is in the middle of the bottom of the <z>, as is typical of Russian linguistics.
2 Kh and gh are rare.
3 Kx is very rare.
4 The pharyngeal sounds mostly appear in Arabic loanwords.
Vowels
[8] Khinalug has nine vowels and four diphthongs.
Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded
|
rounded
|
unrounded | rounded | |
High
|
i ⟨i⟩ | y ⟨ü⟩ | ɯ ⟨ı⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ |
Mid | e ⟨e⟩ | ø ⟨ö⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ | |
Low | æ ⟨ə⟩ | a ⟨a⟩ |
Diphthongs include: [iu] [ui] [oe] [oa].
Vocabulary
The following words were phonetically transcribed from Khinalug:[10]
Khinalug singular | Khinalug plural | Translation |
---|---|---|
arhaz | arhazırdır | pen (enclosure for livestock) |
c’imir | c’imirdir | sparrow |
izin | izindir | gingiva |
kırab | kırabırdır | galoshes |
mısır | mısırdır | rope |
nek’id | nek’idirdir | back |
t’uk’un | t’uk’undur | cheek |
t’umbol | t’umboldur | prune |
ustot | ustoturdur | pepper |
ustul | ustuldur | table |
dalıg | dalιgιrdιr | work |
culoz | culozurdur | tooth |
jalkan | jalkandιr | mane |
kotuk | kotukurdur | tree stump |
mekteb | mektebirdir | school (compare: maktab) |
mizer | mizerdir | textile |
Note: ı is roughly pronounced as the e in "fallen". u is roughly pronounced as the ou in "coup".
Alphabet
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
А
|
А̃
|
Аь
|
Б
|
В
|
Г
|
Гъ
|
ГӀ
|
ГӀв | Д
|
Дж
|
Дз
|
Е
|
Е̃
|
Ж
|
З
|
И
|
И̃
|
Й
|
К
|
Кв
|
Кк
|
Кх
|
Кхв | Кхкх
|
Къв
|
Кь
|
КьӀ | КӀ
|
КӀв | Л
|
Лъ
|
М
|
Н
|
О
|
О̃
|
Оь
|
а
|
а̃
|
аь
|
б
|
в
|
г
|
гъ
|
гӀ
|
гӀв | д
|
дж
|
дз
|
е
|
е̃
|
ж
|
з
|
и
|
и̃
|
й
|
к
|
кв
|
кк
|
кх
|
кхв | кхкх
|
къв
|
кь
|
кьӀ | кӀ
|
кӀв | л
|
лъ
|
м
|
н
|
о
|
о̃
|
оь
|
38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
П
|
Пв | ПӀ
|
Р
|
С
|
Т
|
Тт
|
ТӀ
|
ТӀв | ТӀтӀ | У
|
У̃
|
Уь
|
Ф
|
Х
|
Хъ
|
Хъв
|
Хь
|
ХӀ
|
Ӏ
|
Ӏъ | Ц
|
Цв
|
Цц
|
ЦӀ
|
ЦӀв | Ч
|
Чч
|
ЧӀ
|
ЧӀв | Ш
|
Шв
|
Ъ
|
Ы
|
Э
|
Ә
|
Ә̃
|
п
|
пв | пӀ
|
р
|
с
|
т
|
тт
|
тӀ
|
тӀв | тӀтӀ | у
|
у̃
|
уь
|
ф
|
х
|
хъ
|
хъв
|
хь
|
хӀ
|
Ӏ
|
Ӏъ | ц
|
цв
|
цц
|
цӀ
|
цӀв | ч
|
чч
|
чӀ
|
чӀв | ш
|
шв
|
ъ
|
ы
|
э
|
ә
|
ә̃
|
a | b | c | ç | ĉ | ċ | d | e | ə | f | g | ğ | ĝ | h | ĥ | ḣ | x | x̂ | ı | i̇ | j | k | k̂ | k̇ | q |
q̂ | q̇ | l | m | n | o | ö | p | p̂ | ṗ | r | s | ŝ | ş | t | t̂ | ṫ | u | ü | v | y | z | ẑ | ż |
See also
References
- ^ Khinalug at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Family tree of Northeast Caucasian languages at Ethnologue
- ^ Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.
- ^ UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger Archived 2009-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Clifton, John M.; Deckinga, Gabriela; Lucht, Laura; Mak, Janfer; Tiessen, Calvin (2005). The Sociolinguistic Situation of the Khinalug In Azerbaijan (Report). Archived from the original on 2014-09-07.
- JSTOR 30028912.
The village of Khinalug is difficult to access, although in 1970 a road was constructed that links the village and the regional center. Nevertheless, the road is by now in very bad shape. As a result, a renewed tendency towards partial isolation of Khinalug can be observed.
- ^ Ivchenko, Valery (September 4, 2006). "Забытый в горах Кетш – Forgotten in the mountains of Qetsh". Vokrug sveta.
- ^ a b Kodzasov, S.V., et al., 2007. Khinalug language alphabet (in: Russian).
- ^ Khvtisiashvili, Tamrika (2013). Principal aspects of Xinaliq phonology and morphosyntax. University of Utah.
- ISBN 978-9089641793. Archived from the originalon 2016-10-11. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
- ^ "Alphabet – xinaliq". Archived from the original on 3 August 2018.
Further reading
- Desheryev, Ju. D. (1959). Grammatika xinalugskogo jazyka. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR.
- Hewitt, George (2004). Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus. Munich: LINCOM. p. 29.
- Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1972). Fragmenty grammatiki xinalugskogo jazyka. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta.
- Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (1994). "Khinalug". In Smeets, Rieks (ed.). The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus. Vol. 4. Delmar, NY: Caravan Books. pp. 367–406.