Khirbat Faynan
Khirbat Faynan, known in late
Site description and excavation
Site description
Khirbat Faynan is located near Wadi Faynan, 215 kilometres from Amman. It was built between Wadi Dana and Wadi Ghuwayr. The site itself was one of the biggest copper mines in the Roman Empire.
Excavation
The
History and archaeology
Early Bronze Age
The environment in Faynan had become increasingly arid around 4,000 BCE, as the settlement expanded out into the main wadi. During the Early Bronze Age which was approximately 3,500 BCE, more structured systems of irrigated farming had been developed due to the aridity of the area. These field systems are still visible and conserve many elements of the earliest irrigation systems and techniques used during this time. While mining for metals as well as ore processing began to intensify in Khirbat Faynan during the Iron Age, both practices in farming and irrigation as well as smelting had become more sophisticated under the Nabatean kingdom.[3]
Bronze and Iron Ages
Located at the confluence of Wadi Dana and Wadi Ghuwayr, the settlement was occupied from the Early
The mining and smelting activities intensified during the Iron Age.[3]
In the Bible
The site has been identified with
Nabataean period
In the time of the
Roman and Byzantine periods
In the
Early Christian authors including
Today
Due to Faynan's location, the site is in a dry desert region that barely gets any rainfall. Faynan receives approximately 50mm of every year, which is significantly lower than its neighboring area in the Highlands of Jordan which averages 102-300mm of rainfall each year. This puts Faynan in the category of a hyper-arid zone.[5]
Remains of what used to be a water management and water storage systems are still visible and are located along the south bank of the Wadi Ghuweir, which is opposite of Khirbat Faynan. The remains consist of an open channel, an aqueduct across Wadi Sheger, and includes a large and sunken reservoir.[3]
References
- ^ ISSN 1687-885X.
- ISBN 9780813042299
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Wadi Faynan, Copper Mine". World Archaeology. No. 13. 2005-09-07. Retrieved 2019-01-14.
- ^ Ward, Lauren (2012-05-29). "Excavations at the Site of an Ancient Techno-Revolution". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 13, 2012. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
- ^ a b "The Kingdom of Copper". ArcGIS StoryMaps. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
- ^ The History of the Martyrs in Palestine, Eusebius of Caesarea, translated by William Cureton (1861)
- ^ History of the Arians, Athanasius of Alexandria, translated by M. Atkinson and Archibald Robertson. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892.)
- ISBN 9780567664150. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ISBN 87-7304-178-5. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ISBN 9781625648044. Retrieved 13 December 2023.