Khitan large script

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Khitan large script
Logographic
DirectionTop-to-bottom and right-to-left
Languages
Zhuyin
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Kitl (505), ​Khitan large script

The Khitan large script (

monuments
, although other fragments sometimes surface.

History

Khitan state. The Khitan script was based on the idea of the Chinese script.[2]

Description

The Khitan large script was considered to be relatively simple. The large script characters were written equally spaced, in vertical columns, in

Liaoning Province).[3] Most large script characters, however, cannot be directly related to any Chinese characters. The meaning of most of them remains unknown, but that of a few of them (numbers, symbols for some of the five elements and the twelve animals that the Khitans apparently used to designate years of the sexagenary cycle) has been established by analyzing dates in Khitan inscriptions.[4]

While there has long been controversy as to whether a particular monument belong to the large or small script,

rubbings of it are not very legible; moreover, some believe that this inscription was a forgery in the first place. In any event, the total of about 830 different large-script characters are thought to have been identified, even without the problematic Gu taishi mingshi ji; including it, the character count rises to about 1000.[6] The Memorial for Yelü Yanning
(dated 986 CE) is one of the earliest inscriptions in the Khitan large script.

Direction

While the Khitan large script was traditionally written top-to-bottom, it can also be written left-to-right, which is the direction to be expected in modern contexts for the Khitan large script and other traditionally top-to-bottom scripts, especially in electronic text.

Jurchen

Some of the characters of the Jurchen scripts have similarities to the Khitan large script. According to some sources, the discoveries of inscriptions on monuments and epitaphs give clues to the connection between Khitan and Jurchen.[7] After the fall of the Liao dynasty, the Khitan (small-character) script continued to be used by the Jurchen people for a few decades, until it was fully replaced with the Jurchen script and, in 1191, suppressed by imperial order.[8][9]

Corpus

Main article: List of Khitan inscriptions
Folio 9 of manuscript codex Nova N 176

There are no surviving examples of printed texts in the Khitan language, and aside from five example Khitan large characters with Chinese glosses in a book on calligraphy written by Tao Zongyi (陶宗儀) during the mid 14th century, there are no Chinese glossaries or dictionaries of Khitan. However, in 2002 a small fragment of a Khitan manuscript with seven Khitan large characters and interlinear glosses in Old Uyghur was identified in the collection of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities.[10] Then, in 2010 a manuscript codex (Nova N 176) held at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg was identified by Viacheslav Zaytsev as being written in the Khitan large script.[11]

The main source of Khitan texts are monumental inscriptions, mostly comprising memorial tablets buried in the tombs of Khitan nobility.[12] There are about 17 known monuments with inscriptions in the Khitan large script, ranging in date from 986 to 1176.

In addition to monumental inscriptions, short inscriptions in both Khitan scripts have also been found on tomb murals and rock paintings, and on various portable artefacts such as mirrors, amulets, paiza (tablets of authority given to officials and envoys), and special non-circulation coins. A number of bronze official seals with the seal face inscribed in a convoluted seal script style of Khitan characters are also known.

References

  1. ISBN 0-521-49781-7
    . Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  2. ISBN 0-521-49781-7
    . Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. ^ Kane (1989), p. 12
  4. ^ Kane (1989), p. 11-13
  5. ^ Kane (1989), pp. 6–7
  6. ^ Kane (1989), pp. 6, 12
  7. ^ Kiyose, Gisaburo N. (1985), "The Significance of the New Kitan and Jurchen Materials", Papers in East Asian Languages, pp. 75–87
  8. ^ Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996), The World's Writing Systems, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 230–234
  9. ISBN 0-521-49781-7
    . Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  10. ISBN 978-3-496-02763-8
    .
  11. ^ O. A. Vodneva (О. А. Воднева) (2 June 2011). Отчет о ежегодной научной сессии ИВР РАН – 2010 [Report on the annual scientific session of the IOM – 2010] (in Russian). Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
  12. ^ Kane 2009, p. 4

Further reading

  • Liu Fengzhu (刘凤翥). Qidan Wenzi Yanjiu Leibian (1–4) (契丹文字研究类编, 'Collection of Research on the Khitan scripts'), China Social Science Publishers 中国社会科学出版社), 2014.(in Chinese)
  • ISBN 978-90-04-16829-9
  • Daniel Kane, The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters. (Uralic and Altaic Series, Vol. 153). Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. Bloomington, Indiana, 1989. In particular, Chapter 3, "Khitan script" (pp. 11–20).
  • doi:10.1075/dia.27.1.05jac
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khitan_large_script&oldid=1206624343"