Kholop
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A kholop (Russian: холо́п, IPA:
Etymology
The word Russian: холо́п (kholop) was first mentioned in a chronicle for the [[year 986 CE.]] The word is cognate with Slavic words translated as "man" or "boy" (Ukrainian: хлопець (khlopets), Polish: chłopiec, Bulgarian: хлапе / хлапак (ᵏhlape / ᵏhlapak) "kid"). Chlap / chlop (pronounced "ᵏhlap" / "ᵏhlop") is a synonym for "man" in Slovak (chlapec thus being the diminutive).[3] Such transitions between the meanings "young person" and "servant" (in both directions) are commonplace, as evident from the English use of "boy" in the sense of "domestic servant".
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Kholops
The
In the 11th–12th centuries, the term referred to different categories of dependent people and especially slaves. A kholop's master had unlimited power over his life, e.g., he could kill him, sell him, or transfer ownership of him to settle a debt. The master, however, was responsible for a kholop's actions, such as insulting a freeman or stealing.
A person could become a kholop as a result of capture, selling oneself, being sold for debts, after having committed
Throughout the 16th century, the role of the kholops in the
Combat kholops
Boevie kholopi (Russian: боевые холопы, "combat slaves"), also known as "military slaves" in literature,[2](p383) constituted an armed retinue and personal protection for large and medium-sized landowners in the 16th–18th centuries, and carried out military service together with noblemen, constituting a considerable part of the "Landed Army". They were equipped as mounted archers, usually wearing cheap quilted armor and caps.[5]
Kabala kholops (debt slaves)
"Kabala people" was a variation of kholops in Muscovy of 15th–17th centuries. This category of unfree population came under the "kabala" (heavy debt bondage) condition following a monetary loan for percentage of which it had serve its creditor until completion of the debt payment.[4] Legal status of the Kabala kholops was regulated by general kholops norms and laws Sudebnik of 1550, Sobornoye Ulozheniye of 1649. After the Ukaze of 1 February 1597, the principle of the kholop's servitude until the death of his / her creditor was enacted.[4] Over time, all types of kholops were placed to the category of Kabala kholops. Agreements on Kabala kholops were inscribed in "Kabala books".[4]
References
- ^ Shemshuchenko, Yuri. "ХОЛОПИ" [holopi ("serf")]. Юридична енциклопедія (Legal Encyclopedia) (leksika.com.ua) (in Ukrainian).
- ^ OCLC 77011698.
- ^ Vasmer, Max (1959–1961). "холоп". Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language. Translated by Trubachyov, O.N.
- ^ a b c d "КАБАЛЬНІ ХОЛОПИ" [debt slaves ("kabalni holopi")]. Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia (in Ukrainian) – via leksika.com.ua.
- ^ Viskovatov, Alexander Vasilyevich (1841–1862). Историческое описание одежды и вооружения российских войск [Historical Description of Clothing and Weapons of Russian Troops] (in Russian) (Второе изд. – 2nd ed.). St. Petersburg, RU: Chief Quartermaster Exerc. Retrieved 2018-03-21 – via runivers.ru. — Detailed descriptions of the military and civil clothing in Russia from 862–1855 CE.
Sources
- This article includes content derived from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969–1978, which is partially in the public domain.