Khums
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This article uses secondary sources that critically analyze them.(August 2020) ) |
In
In
Etymology
The Arabic term khums literally means one-fifth. It is referred to as "Earnings, Profits, property holdings, savings " based on the Quran and various Hadiths. In other words, Khums and ghanima are revealed in the Quran.[7]
Concept
Khums means "one-fifth or 20%".
There are differences of opinion about the scope of khums in Sunni and Shia sects of Islam, as well as who owns it and how the collected khums should be spent.[13]
Islamic scriptures
This teaching is repeated in
Through a lengthy Hadith recorded in
Shia jurisprudence (Ja'fari)
Khums, in the
In 13th century Shia religion, the khums was divided into two portions. One portion went to the descendants of Muhammad, the other portion was divided equally with one part given to Imam and clergy, while the other part went to the orphaned and poor Muslims.[4] The famous view of contemporary Faqihs is that the Imam's portion (during the Occultation (Islam)) is used in the fields that the Marja' Taqlid has outlined. The Imam would use it in those ways, such as reinforcing Islam and Seminary, promotion of Islam, building mosques in necessary situations, libraries and schools' affairs, assisting old people, and actually all blessing affairs in the order of their priority and their religious significance.[18] Khums became a major source of income and financial independence for the clergy in Shia regions. This practice has continued among Shia Muslims.[3]
It is narrated in
Sunni jurisprudence
Scholars of the four Sunni Schools of
Hanafi
The 8th century Hanafi scholar
Maliki
Shafi'i
Most Muslim scholars after Al-Shafi'i agreed that a portion of the 20% khums tax should go to the descendants of Muhammad, but they disagreed on who these rightful descendants were.[21] These Islamic scholars also concurred that khums tax should be spent, among other things, to maintain the Muslim army and for the general good of the Muslims.[21]
Types
According to medieval Shia Muslim scholars Al-Tusi and Al-Hakim, seven items were subject to khums 20% tax:[2]
- Al-ghanima, booty seized during a raid and the spoils of war.
- The profit or the surplus of the income.
- The legitimately earned wealth which has become mixed with illegitimate wealth.
- Al-madin, mines and mineral resources extracted anywhere within the Islamic state.[22]
- Al-ghaws, objects obtained from sea.
- Al-kanz, treasure found.
- The land which is transferred to a non-Muslim dhimmi when the latter buys it from a Muslim, and which was previously acquired by the Islamic state by a treaty of surrender by the dhimmis.
Sunni scholars have confined the khums 20% tax to apply on only two items,[2][22][19]
- Al-ghanima, the Arabic term khumus literally means one-fifth. They are referred to as “profits, property holdings, profits, and savings” based on the Qur’an and various hadiths. In other words, the Qur'an and the fifth appear in the Qur'an.
- Al-madin, mines and mineral resources extracted anywhere within the Islamic state.
The Arabic word ghanima [23][24] has been interpreted to have several meanings:[1]
- spoils of war, or war booty looted or confiscated from enemy / nonbelievers (of Islam)
- profit
- minerals or any other form of buried treasure[22]
After paying the 20% khums tax, the remaining 80% of the booty seized, spoils of war and treasure found was distributed among the commanders and soldiers as a reward for their effort, participating in the raid, or going to war against non-Muslims.[2] The origins of the khums, states Abdulaziz Sachedina, go back to "the pre-Islamic Arab custom wherein the chief was entitled to one fifth of the ghanima (booty) in addition to the safw al-ndl (the portion of the booty which especially attracted him). The remainder of the booty was normally divided among the raiders who had accompanied the chief, but the latter reserved the right to dispose of the ghanima as he chose".[25]
Distribution
As the Quran mentions, khums should be paid to:[26]
- Allah: the share of Allah is devoted to the Prophet but some Sunni scholars believe that it should be devoted to the Prophet's relatives or Muslims in general
- The Messenger of Allah: the Shia considered it should be paid to the prophet's successor, after his death
- The near relative of the Messenger who the Shia know as Imam
- The orphans
- The needy
- Stranded travelers
There are no major different views between Shia and Sunni scholars on how to distribute Khums.[27]
Khums in history
Africa
Khums was practiced by Muslim commanders who raided African communities from the 8th century through the early 20th century. However, khums was treated as a concept and the share of booty transferred to the Islamic state was 50%. For example, in 1919, the West African Muslim ruler Hamman Yaji recorded the following in his diary,[28]
"I raided the pagans of Rowa and captured 50 cattle and 33 slaves. We calculated my fifth share [khums] as 17 slaves and 25 cattle."
— Hamman Yaji, Translated by Humphrey Fisher[29]
Similarly, from 8th to 10th century, the
Europe
From the 8th century onwards, Southern Europe became a target of raids and military campaigns from Morocco and by the Ottoman Sultanate. After the conquest of Cordoba by Muslim armies, khums (20%) of all moveable booty seized from Christians and Jews after the war was transferred to the caliphal treasury, the rest was distributed among the commanders and Muslim soldiers of the invading army.[31] According to Musa Nusayr, the army commanders also set aside 20% of land vacated by non-Muslims to the caliph.[31] The land that was surrendered by Christians and Jews, but not vacated, became subject to jizya payable by the dhimmis. However, Ibn Hazm states that Muslim soldiers did not set aside or pay khums from the looted property or riches from the annexed land, each kept the spoils for himself.[31] This became one source of distrust and dispute between the Muslim rulers and clergy based in Africa and the new Caliphate of Cordoba in Southwestern Europe.[32] Outside Spain, Ghanima and Fay were sought from Muslim conquests in Sicily, Greece and Caucasian region of Europe. Khums was paid from all seized movable property to the caliphal treasury.[33]
India
From the 10th century through the 18th century, Muslim armies raided non-Muslim kingdoms of India. Some of these Muslim armies came from the northwest, consisting of Turko-Mongols, Persians and Afghans. In other times, these were commanders of Delhi Sultanate. War spoils and looted movable property from infidels (Hindus, Jains, Buddhists) was subject to khums.[34] The 20% tax was transferred to the treasury of the sultanate, and the 80% was distributed among the commanders, mounted soldiers and foot soldiers.[35] The mounted soldiers were given two to three times as much of the war booty as the foot soldiers. The collected war booty from the treasuries and temples of Hindus were an incentive for war, and the Khums (Ghanima tax) was a source of wealth for the sultans in India.[36][37] One batch of loot was from Warangal, and it included the Koh-i-Noor, one of the largest known diamonds in human history.[38][page needed]
See also
- Zakat
- Qard al-Hassan
- Jizya
- Kharaj
- Nisab
- Dhimmi
- List of battles of Muhammad
- Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam
- Khums Calculator
Notes
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari 3095
- ^ Sahih Muslim 1731a
- ^ Quran 26:214
- ^ Quran 33:5
References
- ^ ISBN 978-1847201386, pp. 99-115
- ^ a b c d e Abdulaziz Sachedina (1980), Al-Khums: The Fifth in the Imāmī Shīʿī Legal System, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Oct., 1980), pp. 276-277, 275-289, note 10
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-16859-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-0195125597, p. 174
- ^ Surah Al-Anfal 8:41
- ^ Seri-Hersch (2010), "Transborder" Exchanges of People, Things, and Representations: Revisiting the Conflict Between Mahdist Sudan and Christian Ethiopia, 1885–1889, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 1-26
- ^ a b c Abdulaziz Sachedina (1980), Al-Khums: The Fifth in the Imāmī Shīʿī Legal System, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 39, No. 4, 275-289
- ^ Other religiously required taxes in Islam include zakat, jizya, kharaj, ushur, etc.
- ^ Vikør, K. S. (2000), Jihād,'ilm and taṣawwuf: Two Justifications of Action from the Idrīsī Tradition, Studia Islamica, No. 90 (2000), 153-176
- ^ Quran 59:7
- ISBN 978-1591020172, pp. 109-112
- ^ MA Shomali, Message of Thaqalayn, Imamah and Wilayah VI, Spring 2013, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp 129
- ^ ALAMI ARDABILI ALI and SAJJADI ZADEH SAYYID ALI, A SURVEY OF KHUMS HADITHS IN SAHIH BUKHARI, ULUM-I-HADITH, WINTER 2011, Volume 15, Number 4 (58); pp. 140-162
- ^ One-fifth of Booty to the Cause of Allah (Khumus) Archived 2015-11-18 at the Wayback Machine University of Southern California
- ^ ISBN 9780991430864.
- ^ "Glossary of Islamic Banking Terms". Archived from the original on 2007-05-27. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ^ "...Challenges Facing Islamic Banking by Ibrahim F I Shihata". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ^ Borujerdi, Al-Mustanad Fi Sharh Orwatol-Wuthqa, P. 330
- ^ a b Ali Reza Jalili (2006), A Descriptive Overview of Islamic Taxation, Journal of American Academy of Business, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 22
- ISBN 978-1461412861, pp 181
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Abdulaziz Sachedina (1980), Al-Khums: The Fifth in the Imāmī Shīʿī Legal System, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Oct., 1980), pp. 278-280
- ^ ISBN 978-1847201386, pp. 99-115
- ^ Fisher, H. J. (1990), Review - A Chronicle of Bornu A Sudanic Chronicle: the Bornu Expeditions of Idrīs Alauma (1564–1576) according to the account of Amad b. Furū by Dierk Lange, The Journal of African History, 31(01), 141-143.
- ^ Ghanimah Oxford Islamic Studies, Oxford University Press
- ^ Abdulaziz Sachedina (1980), Al-Khums: The Fifth in the Imāmī Shīʿī Legal System, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Oct., 1980), pp. 277
- ISBN 9781546508311.
- ^ "Khums in view of Shia and Sunni". hawzah.
- ISBN 978-0253362063
- ISBN 978-0814727164, pp. 49-51
- ^ Nabia Abbott, Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honor of Hamilton A. R. Gibb, Editor: George Makdisi, Brill and Harvard University Press, pp. 33-34
- ^ ISBN 978-9004098688, pp. 59-60 and 119-147
- ISBN 978-0415673204, pp. 42-49, 131-137
- ISBN 978-0521037020, pp. 22-29
- ISBN 978-8178241470.
- ISBN 978-8191085402, Chapter 3
- .
- ISBN 978-8124112670.
- ISBN 0-415-15482-0
External links
- Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan Ṭūsī, Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions, p. 149, at Google Books, Sections 12 and 13, pages 149-151; 11th Century Shia views on Khums, Ghana'im and Anfal
- Abdulaziz Sachedina, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Oct., 1980), pp. 275–289; Al-Khums: The Fifth in the Imāmī Shīʿī Legal System
- Khums, An Islamic Tax