Khotyn

Coordinates: 48°30′25″N 26°29′25″E / 48.50694°N 26.49028°E / 48.50694; 26.49028
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Chocim" redirects here. For other uses, see Chocim (disambiguation).
"Chotyn" redirects here. For the Polish village, see Chotyń.
"Khotin" redirects here. For the Russian entrepreneur, see Alexey Khotin.
Not to be confused with Khotin, Sumy Oblast.
Khotyn
Хотин1
Hotin
Panoramic view of the Khotyn Fortress
Panoramic view of the Khotyn Fortress
UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
60000–60005
Area code+380 3731
Websitehttp://khotynmr.gov.ua/

Khotyn (

2001 Ukrainian census, it has a population of 11,124. Current population: 8,936 (2022 estimate).[2]

Khotyn, first chronicled in 1001,[3] is located on the right (southwestern) bank of the Dniester River, and is part of the historical region Bessarabia. Important architectural landmarks within the city include the Khotyn Fortress, constructed in the 13-15th centuries (new fortress started in 1325, major improvements in the 1380s and 1460s), and two 15th century constructions by Moldavia's ruler Stephen the Great: the Prince's Palace (Palatul Domnesc) and the city's clock tower.

Historically, the town was part of the

Principality of Moldavia (1359–1432, 1459–1538, 1541–1562, 1572–1615, 1617–1620, 1621–1673, 1674–1684, 1699–1712) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1432–1459, 1538–1541, 1562–1572, 1615–1617, 1620–1621, 1673–1674, 1684–1699). For most of the period after 1514, Moldavia was a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, which also ruled Khotyn directly (1711–1812). Subsequently, it was part of the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire (1812–1917), Moldavian Democratic Republic (1917–1918), Romania (1918–1940, 1941–1944), the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union (1940–1941, 1944–1991) and independent Ukraine
(1991–present).

Name

Khotyn (

romanized
: Khetìn) was conquered and controlled by many different states, resulting in many name changes. Other name variations include Chotyn, or Choczim (especially in Polish).

History

Early history: 11th–15th centuries

Khotyn, located on cliffs above the

Halych-Volhynia. The town was an important trading center due to its location by a river crossing. A Genoese trading colony was established there by the 13th century.[4]

Khotyn was first mentioned in 1310, as a residence of a catholic bishop, being held in the first half of the 14th century by the

Vlach (Romanian) communities, mentioned there in the 10th-13th centuries. The first fortifications date back from this period. In 1351, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania conquered the area, only to give it three years later to the Romanians, who formed their own independent principality in 1359, Moldavia
.

The present-day fortress was constructed after 1400 by the Moldavian ruler

Vytautas the Great of Lithuania. After 1433, it was occupied by Poland, due to wars between Alexander's successors, and was reconquered from the Poles by Stephen the Great
of Moldavia in 1459 after a two-year siege. The fortress, strengthened by Stephen, during the 15th century, became the strongest on the northern border of the medieval Moldavia.

Conquest by different states

Dniester River
The Khotyn Fortress

During

Sigismund Bathory
.

As the Moldavian state's power was weakened by that of the

Jan III Sobieski
(see: Battles below).

The Ottoman Empire finally seized the fortress from

Ivan Ivanovich Michelson
.

With the start of the

Russo-Turkish War in 1806, the Hotin Fortress was taken by the Imperial Russian Army and passed to Russia. With the signing of the Bucharest Peace Treaty in 1812, the entire region that became known as Bessarabia was annexed by the Russian Empire from Moldavia.[7]

From 1812 to 1918, Hotin was the administrative center of the Hotin County, one of the twelve, later nine counties of Bessarabia. During the 19th century, due to economic reasons and the Russian policy of colonization and russification, the Ukrainian population of Bessarabia (especially in its north) increased significantly, from around 15,000 in 1810 to around 200,000 in 1917 (of which over half in the northern half of the Hotin county alone), mostly by migration from Podolia (just across the river Dniester). During World War I, the north-eastern corner of the Hotin county was the only area of Bessarabia occupied temporarily by Austria-Hungary.

Modern history: 20th–21st centuries

A street in Khotyn
Khotyn theatre

With the collapse of the Russian Empire, Bessarabia proclaimed independence from Russia as the

Romanian Army, Romania implemented policies aimed at the re-Romanianization of the territory.[10][12] At this time, the population was approximately 35,000.[13]

The city remained under Romanian control until June 28, 1940, when along with Bessarabia and Northern

Axis forces
, the town was retaken by the Soviets, and reattached to Soviet Ukraine.

With the

Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine created the historical-architectural preserve "Khotynska Fortetsia" (Khotyn Fortress).[14] In September 2002, the city celebrated its 1,000 year anniversary.[14]

Until July 18, 2020, Khotyn served as an administrative center of Khotyn Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernivtsi Oblast to three. The area of Khotyn Raion was merged into Dnistrovskyi Raion.[15][16]

Battles

Defending the Polish banner at Chocim, painted by Juliusz Kossak
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz (in red) at Chocim

In the first

Wacław Potocki in his most famous work Transakcja wojny chocimskiej, marked the end of the long period of Moldavian Magnate Wars
.

In 1673, the Polish

Jan Sobieski defeated the Ottomans on November 11, 1673. In this battle, rockets of Kazimierz Siemienowicz were successfully used. This brilliant victory was a prelude to the Battle of Vienna
1683.

In the

Burkhard Christoph von Munnich on August 19, 1739. This victory is remembered primarily through the Ode on the Taking of Khotyn from the Turks, composed by the young Mikhail Lomonosov.[19] This ode has a place in the history of Russian literature: its sonorous iambic verse is often taken as a starting point of the modern Russian poetry
.

Notable people

Jewish cemetery

Khotyn contains a

Jewish cemetery, indexed by the U.S. Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad
.

Religious building

A church built in the fortress grounds was later converted to a mosque by the Turks.

Footnotes and references

  1. ^ "Хотинская громада" (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України.
  2. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Khotyn". Antychnyi Kyiv (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
  4. ^ a b Zhukovsky, A. "Khotyn". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
  5. ^ Khvorostenko, Sergey. "Khotyn: ancient and modern". Ihold.ru. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
  6. ^ Pastukh, Lyudmila. "1000 years of Khotyn's history" (in Russian). Drevniy mir №1 (Ukraina). Archived from the original on 2007-05-15. Retrieved 2007-05-28.
  7. ISBN 978-966-8137-39-6
    .
  8. ^ "Sword of the Motherland Historical Foundation". www.russianwarrior.com.
  9. ISBN 966-543-040-8
  10. ^ a b (in Ukrainian) Ihor Burkut, Khotyn uprising against Greater Romania, "Chas Archived 2009-02-14 at the Wayback Machine", January 1, 2003
  11. Bolshevik coup, see the Khotyn Uprising
    article.
  12. ISBN 966-504-237-8 (t. 3). Archived July 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Kaba, John (1919). Politico-economic Review of Basarabia. United States: American Relief Administration. p. 13.
  14. ^ a b Klymenko, Sergiy. "Podillia, Chernivetska oblast, Khotyn". Photos of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2007-07-01.
  15. ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  16. ^ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. 17 July 2020.
  17. ^
    ISBN 966-7022-37-4
    .
  18. ^ a b Chekhovsky, p. 252
  19. ^ Lomonosov, Mikhail. "Lomonosov's ode on the capture of Khotyn". e-lingvo (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2008-05-21. Retrieved 2007-05-28.

External links

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