Khwarezmian language
| Khwārezmian | |
|---|---|
| Chorasmian | |
| 𐾸𐾲𐾰𐾻 𐾰𐾺 𐾹𐾶𐾰𐿂𐾺𐾸𐾽 زڨاك ای خوارزم | |
| Native to | Khwarezm |
| Region | Central Asia |
| Era | 550 BCE – 1200 CE[1] |
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xco |
xco | |
| Glottolog | khwa1238 |
Khwārezmian (Khwarezmian: زڨاکای خوارزم, zβ'k 'y xw'rzm;
Knowledge of Khwarezmian is limited to its Middle Iranian stage and, as with Sogdian, little is known of its ancient form. Based on the writings of Khwarezmian scholars
Sources of Khwarezmian include astronomical terms used by al-Biruni, Zamakhshari's Arabic–Persian–Khwarezmian dictionary and several legal texts that use Khwarezmian terms and quotations to explain certain legal concepts, most notably the Qunyat al-Munya of Mukhtār al-Zāhidī al-Ghazmīnī (d. 1259/60).[7][8]
The noted scholar
Writing system
| Chorasmian | ||
|---|---|---|
| Direction | Unicode range | U+10FB0–U+10FDF |
Before the advance of
| Letter | Sound Value | Imperial Aramaic equivalent |
Phoenician equivalent | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Unicode | Transliteration | IPA | ||
| Aleph | 𐾰 | ʾ | /[ʔ]/ | 𐡀 | 𐤀 |
| Bet | 𐾲 | b | /[b]/ | 𐡁 | 𐤁 |
| Gimel | 𐾳 | g | /[ɡ]/ | 𐡂 | 𐤂 |
| Dalet | 𐾴 | d | /[ d ]/
|
𐡃 | 𐤃 |
| He | 𐾵 | h | /[h]/ | 𐡄 | 𐤄 |
| Waw | 𐾶 | w | /[w]/ | 𐡅 | 𐤅 |
| Zayin | 𐾸 | z | /[z]/ | 𐡆 | 𐤆 |
| Heth | 𐾹 | ḥ | /[ħ]/ | 𐡇 | 𐤇 |
| Yodh | 𐾺 | y | /[j]/ | 𐡉 | 𐤉 |
| Kaph | 𐾻 | k | /[k]/ | 𐡊 | 𐤊 |
| Lamedh | 𐾼 | l | /[ l ]
|
𐡋 | 𐤋 |
| Mem | 𐾽 | m | /[m]/ | 𐡌 | 𐤌 |
| Nun | 𐾾 | n | /[ n ]/
|
𐡍 | 𐤍 |
| Samekh | 𐾿 | s | /[s]/ | 𐡎 | 𐤎 |
| Ayin | 𐿀 | ʿ | /[ʕ]/ | 𐡏 | 𐤏 |
| Pe | 𐿁 | p | /[p]/ | 𐡐 | 𐤐 |
| Resh | 𐿂 | r | /[ r ]/
|
𐡓 | 𐤓 |
| Shin | 𐿃 | š | /[ʃ]/ | 𐡔 | 𐤔 |
| Taw | 𐿄 | t | /[ t ]/
|
𐡕 | 𐤕 |
After the advance of Islam, Khwarezmian was written using an adapted version of the Perso-Arabic alphabet with a few extra signs to reflect specific Khwarezmian sounds, such as the letter څ which represents /ts/ and /dz/, as in the traditional Pashto orthography.[11]
Unicode
Khwarezmian script was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2020 with the release of version 13.0.
The Unicode block for Khwarezmian, called Chorasmian, is U+10FB0–U+10FDF:
| Chorasmian[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+10FBx | 𐾰 | 𐾱 | 𐾲 | 𐾳 | 𐾴 | 𐾵 | 𐾶 | 𐾷 | 𐾸 | 𐾹 | 𐾺 | 𐾻 | 𐾼 | 𐾽 | 𐾾 | 𐾿 |
| U+10FCx | 𐿀 | 𐿁 | 𐿂 | 𐿃 | 𐿄 | 𐿅 | 𐿆 | 𐿇 | 𐿈 | 𐿉 | 𐿊 | 𐿋 | ||||
| U+10FDx | ||||||||||||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
See also
- Afrighids
- al-Khwārizmī
- Ancient Iranian peoples
- Al-Biruni
- Central Asia
- Iranian peoples
- Iranian languages
- Khwarezm
- Zoroastrianism
- Zamakhshari
Notes
- the Linguist List
- ^ Chwarezmischer Wortindex. pp. 686, 711.
- Encyclopedia Iranica. Online access at June, 2011.
- ^ Andrew Dalby, Dictionary of Languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, Columbia University Press, 2004, pg 278.
- ^ MacKenzie, D. N. "Khwarazmian Language and Literature," in E. Yarshater ed. Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. III, Part 2, Cambridge 1983, pp. 1244–1249.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Iranian languages" (Retrieved 29 December 2008)
- ^ a b CHORASMIA iii. The Chorasmian Language
- ISBN 9780728601611.
- ISBN 9780853312925.
- ^ Pandey, Anshuman. "Proposal to encode the Khwarezmian script in Unicode" (PDF).
- ^ THE KHWAREZMIAN GLOSSARY—I, D. N. MacKenzie Link
Literature
- The Khwarezmian Glossary
- MacKenzie, D. N. (1970). "The Khwarezmian Glossary--I". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 33 (3). University of London: 540–59. JSTOR 614521..
- MacKenzie, D. N. (1971). "The Khwarezmian Glossary--II". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 34 (1). University of London: 74–90. JSTOR 614624..
- MacKenzie, D. N. (1971). "The Khwarezmian Glossary--III". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 34 (2). University of London: 314–30. JSTOR 612694..
- MacKenzie, D. N. (1971). "The Khwarezmian Glossary--IV". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 34 (3). University of London: 521–37. JSTOR 613900..
- MacKenzie, D. N. (1972). "The Khwarezmian Glossary--V". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 35 (1). University of London: 56–73. JSTOR 612794..
Further reading
- Livshits, Vladimir (2003). "Three Silver Bowls from the Isakovka Burial-Ground No. 1 with Khwarezmian and Parthian Inscriptions". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. 9 (1–2): 147–172. ..
- Lurje, Pavel B. (2018). "Some New Readings of Chorasmian Inscriptions on Silver Vessels and Their Relevance to the Chorasmian Era". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. 24 (1–2): 279–306. ..
