Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Coordinates: 34°00′N 71°19′E / 34.00°N 71.32°E / 34.00; 71.32
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
خیبر پختونخوا (Urdu)
خېبر پښتونخوا (Pashto)
Province
Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khowar, Kohistani, Saraiki
Notable sports teams
List:
HDI (2019)0.527 Increase[4]
low
Literacy rate (2020)55.1%
Seats in National Assembly65
Seats in Provincial Assembly145
Divisions7
Districts38
Tehsils105
Union councils986
Websitekp.gov.pk

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (

North West Frontier Province (NWFP), is a province of Pakistan. Located in the northwestern region of the country, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the fourth largest province of Pakistan by land area and the third-largest province by population. It is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Balochistan to the south, Punjab to the south-east, the territory of Gilgit-Baltistan to the north and north-east, Islamabad Capital Territory to the east and Azad Kashmir to the north-east. It shares an international border with Afghanistan
to the west. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has a varied landscape ranging from rugged mountain ranges, valleys, plains surrounded by hills, undulating submontane areas and dense agricultural farms.

While it is the third-largest Pakistani province in terms of both its population and its economy, it is geographically the smallest.[5] The province is home to 17.9 percent of Pakistan's total population. The province is multiethnic, with the main ethnic groups being the Pashtuns, Hindkowans, Saraikis, and Chitralis.[6][7]

Once a stronghold of Buddhism, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the site of the ancient region of Gandhara, including the ruins of the Gandharan capital of Pushkalavati (located near present day Charsadda). The region's history is characterized by frequent invasions by various empires, largely due to its geographical proximity to the historically important Khyber Pass.[8]

Although it is colloquially known by a variety of other names, the name "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" was brought into effect for the North-West Frontier Province in April 2010, following the passing of the 18th Constitutional Amendment. On 24 May 2018, the National Assembly of Pakistan voted in favour of the 25th Constitutional Amendment, which merged the FATA as well as the Provincially Administered Tribal Areas into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[9] The Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa subsequently approved the bill on 28 May 2018;[10] it was signed into law on 31 May by erstwhile Pakistani president Mamnoon Hussain, which officially completed the administrative merger process.[11][12]

Etymology

Main article: Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa means the "Khyber side of the land of the Pashtuns,[13]" where the word Pakhtunkhwa means "Land of the Pashtuns",[14] while according to some scholars, it refers to "Pashtun culture and society".[15]

When the British established it as a province, they called it "North West Frontier Province" (abbreviated as NWFP) until 2010 due to its relative location being in the northwest of the

Pashtun people.[18]

Hazarewals of the Hazara region who spoke Hindko thus the word Khyber was introduced with the name because it is the name of a major pass which connects Pakistan to Afghanistan.[18]

History

Main article: History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Early history

During the times of

Indus Valley civilisation (3300 BCE – 1700 BCE) the Khyber Pass through Hindu Kush provided a route to other neighbouring empires and was used by merchants on trade excursions.[19] From 1500 BCE, Indo-Iranian peoples started to enter in the region from Central Asia after having passed the Khyber Pass.[20][21]

The region of

Rig Veda, Ramayana and Mahabharata. It was the home of Gandhari, the princess of Gandhara Kingdom.[27]

Alexander's conquests

In the spring of 327 BC

Peukelaotis (in Hashtnagar, 17 miles (27 km) north-west of Peshawar) had submitted, and Nicanor, a Macedonian, was appointed satrap of the country west of the Indus.[29]

Mauryan rule

Shahbazgarhi and Mansehra.[29]

After Ashoka's death the

Seleucid
power was waning.

Indo-Greeks

Greco-Buddhist representation of the Buddha, seated to the left of a depiction of Vajrapani in the guise of the Hellenic god Heracles.[31]

The Indo-Greek king Menander I (reigned 155–130 BCE) drove the Greco-Bactrians out of Gandhara and beyond the Hindu Kush, becoming king shortly after his victory.

His empire survived him in a fragmented manner until the last independent Greek king,

Bajaur area of Gandhara, mentioned on a 1st-century CE signet ring, bearing the Kharoṣṭhī inscription "Su Theodamasa" ("Su" was the Greek transliteration of the Kushan royal title "Shau" ("Shah
" or "King")).

It is during this period that the fusion of Hellenistic and South Asian mythological, artistic and religious elements becomes most apparent, especially in the region of Gandhara.[citation needed]

Local Greek rulers still exercised a feeble and precarious power along the borderland, but the last vestige of the Greco-Indian rulers were finished by a people known to the old Chinese as the Yeuh-Chi.[29]

Indo-Scythian Kingdom

One of the Buner reliefs showing Scythian soldiers dancing. Cleveland Museum of Art.

The

Indo-Greek territories.[32] The power of the Saka rulers declined after the defeat to Chandragupta II of the Gupta Empire in the 4th century.[33]

Indo-Parthian Kingdom

UNESCO World Heritage Site
) constructed by the Indo-Parthians.

The

Arsacid dynasty, but they probably belonged to a wider groups of Iranic tribes who lived east of Parthia
proper, and there is no evidence that all the kings who assumed the title Gondophares, which means "Holder of Glory", were even related.

Kushan Empire

Kanishka casket
.

The

Sakas from the highlands of Central Asia, and were themselves forced southwards by the nomadic Xiongnu. One group, known as the Kushan, took the lead, and its chief, Kadphises I, seized vast territories extending south to the Kabul valley. His son Kadphises II conquered North-Western India, which he governed through his generals. His immediate successors were the fabled Hindu kings: Kanishka, Huvishka, and Vasushka or Vasudeva, of whom the first reigned over a territory which extended as far east as Benares, far south as Malwa, and also including Bactria and the Kabul valley.[29][34] Their dates are still a matter of dispute, but it is beyond question that they reigned early in the Christian era. To this period may be ascribed the fine statues and bas-reliefs found in Gandhara and Udyana. Under Huvishka's successor, Vasushka, the dominions of the Kushan kings shrank.[34]

Shahi dynasties

Horseman on a coin of Spalapati, i.e. the "War-lord" of the Hindu Shahis. The headgear has been interpreted as a turban.[35]

The

Oddiyana (modern Swat) in Gandhara,[36][37] although they are also variously stated to be Brāhmāns or Kshātriyas.[38]

The first king Kallar had moved the capital into Udabandhapura from Kabul, in the modern village of

Muslim Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles.[44] Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity.[44] Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more.[44] Jayapala however, lost control of the entire region between the Kabul Valley and Indus River.[45]

In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the

Qarakhanids north of the Hindu Kush, Jaipal attacked Ghazni once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day Peshawar. After the Battle of Peshawar, he died because of regretting as his subjects brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty.[44][45]

Jayapala was succeeded by his son

Siwalik Hills.[45]

Ghaznavids

After the battle of Peshawar, Mahmud of Ghazni had secured controlled over southern regions of Pakhtunkhwa. He also (1024 and 1025) raided the

Ghurid Empire
.

Delhi sultanate

Following the invasion by the Ghurids, five unrelated heterogeneous dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526).[47]

Meanwhile, the

Bhittani confederation and Dilazak Pashtun tribes across the Indus River to Hazara Division.[48]

Mughal empire

Mohabbat Khan Mosque is one of Peshawar
's most iconic sights.

Mughal suzerainty over the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region was partially established after Babar, the founder of the Mughal Empire, invaded the region in 1505 CE via the

Shaybanids.[49]

He was forced to retreat westwards to Kabul but returned to defeat the Lodis in July 1526, when he captured Peshawar from Daulat Khan Lodi,[50] though the region was never considered to be fully subjugated to the Mughals.[48]

Under the reign of Babar's son, Humayun, a direct Mughal rule was briefly challenged with the rise of the Pashtun Emperor, Sher Shah Suri, who began construction of the famous Grand Trunk Road – which links Kabul, Afghanistan with Chittagong, Bangladesh over 2000 miles to the east. Later, local rulers once again pledged loyalty to the Mughal emperor.[citation needed]

Yusufzai tribes rose against Mughals during the Yusufzai Revolt of 1667,[49] and engaged in pitched-battles with Mughal battalions in Peshawar and Attock.[49] Afridi tribes resisted Aurangzeb rule during the Afridi Revolt of the 1670s.[49] The Afridis massacred a Mughal battalion in the Khyber Pass in 1672 and shut the pass to lucrative trade routes.[51] Following another massacre in the winter of 1673, Mughal armies led by Emperor Aurangzeb himself regained control of the entire area in 1674,[49] and enticed tribal leaders with various awards in order to end the rebellion.[49]

Referred to as the "Father of Pashto Literature" and hailing from the city of

Khushal Khan Khattak actively participated in the revolt against the Mughals and became renowned for his poems that celebrated the rebellious Pashtun warriors.[49]

On 18 November 1738, Peshawar was captured from the Mughal governor Nawab Nasir Khan by the

Persian invasion of the Mughal Empire under Nader Shah.[52][53]

Durrani Empire

Bala Hissar fort in Peshawar. The fort was used as a royal residence for the Durrani Empire.

The area fell subsequently under the rule of

Punjab region and the important trans Indus River to Ahmad Shah in order to save his capital from the Durrani attack.[56] Ahmad Shah invaded the remnants of the Mughal Empire a third time, and then a fourth, consolidating control over the Kashmir and Punjab regions. In 1757, he captured Delhi and sacked Mathura,[57] but permitted the Mughal dynasty to remain in nominal control of the city as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty over Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir. Leaving his second son Timur Shah
to safeguard his interests, Ahmad Shah left India to return to Afghanistan.

Their rule was interrupted by a brief invasion of the Hindu

1758 Battle of Peshawar for eleven months till early 1759 when the Durrani rule was re-established.[58]

Under the reign of Timur Shah, the Mughal practice of using Kabul as a summer capital and Peshawar as a winter capital was reintroduced,[48][59] Peshawar's Bala Hissar Fort served as the residence of Durrani kings during their winter stay in Peshawar.

Mahmud Shah Durrani became king, and quickly sought to seize Peshawar from his half-brother, Shah Shujah Durrani.[60] Shah Shujah was then himself proclaimed king in 1803, and recaptured Peshawar while Mahmud Shah was imprisoned at Bala Hissar fort until his eventual escape.[60] In 1809, the British sent an emissary to the court of Shah Shujah in Peshawar, marking the first diplomatic meeting between the British and Afghans.[60] Mahmud Shah allied himself with the Barakzai Pashtuns, and amassed an army in 1809, and captured Peshawar from his half-brother, Shah Shujah, establishing Mahmud Shah's second reign,[60] which lasted under 1818.

Sikh Empire

Ranjit Singh invaded Peshawar in 1818 and captured it from the Durrani Empire. The Sikh Empire based in Lahore did not immediately secure direct control of the Peshawar region, but rather paid nominal tribute to Jehandad Khan of Khattak, who was nominated by Ranjit Singh to be ruler of the region.

After Ranjit Singh's departure from the region, Khattak's rule was undermined and power seized by Yar Muhammad Khan. In 1823, Ranjit Singh returned to capture Peshawar, and was met by the armies of Azim Khan at Nowshera. Following the Sikh victory at the Battle of Nowshera, Ranjit Singh re-captured Peshawar. Rather than re-appointing Jehandad Khan of Khattak, Ranjit Singh selected Yar Muhammad Khan to once again rule the region.

The Sikh Empire annexed the lower parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region following advances from the armies of

Dal Khalsa. Dost Muhammad Khan's son, Mohammad Akbar Khan engaged with Sikh forces the Battle of Jamrud
of 1837, in which prominent sikh commander Hari Singh was killed.

During Sikh rule, an Italian named Paolo Avitabile was appointed an administrator of Peshawar in 1838, and is remembered for having unleashed a reign of fear there. The city's famous Mahabat Khan, built in 1630 in the Jeweller's Bazaar, was badly damaged and desecrated by the Sikhs, who also rebuilt the Bala Hissar fort during their occupation of Peshawar.

British Raj

A colonial era lithograph of the Khyber Pass, made in 1848 by James Rattray.

continued to resist British occupation until 1920
– even after Afghanistan had signed a peace treaty with the British.

British campaigns to subdue tribesmen along the Durand Line, as well as three Anglo-Afghan wars, made travel between Afghanistan and the densely populated heartlands of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa increasingly difficult. The two regions were largely isolated from one another from the start of the Second Anglo-Afghan War in 1878 until the start of

cantonments in Peshawar, Kohat, Mardan, and Nowshera further cemented British rule in the region. In 1901, the British carved out the northwest portions of Punjab Province to create the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), which was renamed "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" in 2010.[63]

During this period, North-West Frontier Province was a "scene of repeated outrages on Hindus."

Khudai Khidmatgars declared the Bannu Resolution, demanding that the Pashtuns be given a choice to have an independent state of Pashtunistan composing all Pashtun majority territories of British India, instead of being made to join the new state of Pakistan. However, the British Raj refused to comply with the demand of this resolution, as their departure from the region required regions under their control to choose either to join India or Pakistan, with no third option.[66][67] By 1947 Pashtun nationalists were advocating for a united India, and no prominent voices advocated for a union with Afghanistan.[68][69]

The secular stance of Bacha Khan had driven a wedge between the

Congress (and pro-Indian unity) Jamiat Ulema Hind (JUH) and Bacha Khan's Khudai Khidmatgars
.

Bacha Khan with Mahatma Gandhi

There were other tensions in the area as well, particularly those that involved agitations by Pashtun tribesmen against the Imperial government. For example, in 1936, a British Indian court ruled against the marriage of a Hindu girl allegedly converted to Islam in Bannu, after the girl's family filed a case of abduction and forced conversion.[70] The ruling was based on the fact that the girl was a minor and was asked to make her decision of conversion and marriage after she reaches the age of majority, till then she was asked to live with a third party.[70] After the girl's family filed a case, the court ruled in the family's favour, angering the local Muslims who had later gone on to lead attacks against the Bannu Brigade.[70]

Such controversies stirred up anti-Hindu sentiments amongst the province's Muslim population.[71] By 1947 the majority of the ulama in the province began supporting the Muslim League's idea of Pakistan.[72]

Immediately prior to 1947 Partition of India, the British held a referendum in the NWFP to allow voters to choose between joining India or Pakistan. The polling began on 6 July 1947 and the referendum results were made public on 20 July 1947. According to the official results, there were 572,798 registered voters, out of which 289,244 (99.02%) votes were cast in favour of Pakistan, while 2,874 (0.98%) were cast in favour of India. The Muslim League declared the results as valid since over half of all eligible voters backed the merger with Pakistan.[73]

The then

Bacha Khan and the Khudai Khidmatgars, boycotted the referendum, citing that it did not have the options of the NWFP becoming independent or joining Afghanistan.[74][75]

Their appeal for boycott had an effect, as according to an estimate, the total turnout for the referendum was 15% lower than the total turnout in the 1946 elections,[76] although over half of all eligible voters backed merger with Pakistan.[73]

Bacha Khan pledged allegiance to the new state of Pakistan in 1947, and thereafter abandoned his goals of an independent Pashtunistan and a united India in favour of supporting increased autonomy for the NWFP within Pakistan.[21] He was subsequently arrested several times for his opposition to the strong centralized rule.[77] He later claimed that "Pashtunistan was never a reality". The idea of Pashtunistan never helped Pashtuns and it only caused suffering for them. He further claimed that the "successive governments of Afghanistan only exploited the idea for their own political goals".[78]

Post-independence

There had been tensions between Pakistan and Afghanistan ever since Afghanistan voted against Pakistan's inclusion in the United Nations in 1948.

loya jirga of 1949 declared the Durand Line invalid. This led to border tensions with Pakistan. Afghanistan's governments have periodically refused to recognize Pakistan's inheritance of British treaties regarding the region.[80] As had been agreed to by the Afghan governments following the Second Anglo-Afghan War,[81] and after the treaty ending Third Anglo-Afghan War,[82] no option was available to cede the territory to the Afghans, even though Afghanistan continued to claim the entire region as it was part of the Durrani Empire prior the conquest of the region by the Sikhs in 1818.[83]

During the 1950s, Afghanistan supported the

Pushtunistan Movement, a secessionist movement that failed to gain substantial support amongst the tribes of the North-West Frontier Province. Afghanistan's refusal to recognize the Durrand Line, and its subsequent support for the Pashtunistan Movement has been cited as the main cause of tensions between the two countries that have existed since Pakistan's independence.[84]

After the Afghan-Soviet War, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has become one of the areas of top focus for the War against Terror. The province has been reported to struggle with the issues of crumbling schools, non-existent healthcare, and lack of any sound infrastructure while areas such as Islamabad and Rawalpindi receive priority funding.[85]

In 2010, the name of the province changed to "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa". Protests arose among the locals of the Hazara division due to this name change, as they began to demand their own province.[86] Seven people were killed and 100 injured in protests on 11 April 2011.[86]

Geography

Northern parts of the province feature forests and dramatic mountain scenery, as in Swat District.

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sits primarily on the

Kohalla Bridge in Circle Bakote Abbottabad is a major crossing point over the Jhelum River
in the east.

View from the International Space Station of the Bajaur District at night; the Hindu Kush at left and lit-up cities on the right.

Geographically the province could be divided into two zones: the northern zone extending from the ranges of the Hindu Kush to the borders of the Peshawar basin and the southern zone extending from Peshawar to the Derajat basin.

The northern zone is cold and snowy in winters with heavy rainfall and pleasant summers with the exception of the Peshawar basin, which is hot in summer and cold in winter. It has moderate rainfall.[citation needed]

The southern zone is arid with hot summers and relatively cold winters and scanty rainfall.[88] The Sheikh Badin Hills, a spur of clay and sandstone hills that stretch east from the Sulaiman Mountains to the Indus River, separates Dera Ismail Khan District from the Marwat plains of the Lakki Marwat. The highest peak in the range is the limestone Sheikh Badin Mountain, which is protected by the Sheikh Badin National Park. Near the Indus River, the terminus of the Sheikh Badin Hills is a spur of limestone hills known as the Kafir Kot hills, where the ancient Hindu complex of Kafir Kot is located.[89]

The major rivers that criss-cross the province are Kabul, Swat, Chitral, Kunar, Siran, Panjkora, Bara, Kurram, Dor, Haroo, Gomal, and Zhob.

Its snow-capped peaks and lush green valleys of unusual beauty have enormous potential for tourism.[90]

Climate

The climate of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa varies immensely for a region of its size, encompassing most of the many climate types found in Pakistan. The province stretching southwards from the Baroghil Pass in the Hindu Kush covers almost six degrees of latitude; it is mainly a mountainous region. Dera Ismail Khan is one of the hottest places in South Asia while in the mountains to the north the weather is mild in the summer and intensely cold in the winter. The air is generally very dry; consequently, the daily and annual range of temperature is quite large.[91]

Rainfall also varies widely. Although large parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are typically dry, the province also contains the wettest parts of Pakistan in its eastern fringe especially in monsoon season from mid-June to mid-September.

Swat Valley

Upper and Lower Chitral Districts

Upper Chitral District and Lower Chitral District, due to their location, are completely sheltered from the monsoon that controls the weather in eastern Pakistan, owing to its relatively westerly location and the shielding effect of the Nanga Parbat massif. In many ways, they have more in common regarding climate with Central Asia than South Asia.[92] The winters are generally cold even in the valleys, and heavy snow during the winter blocks passes and isolates the region. In the valleys, however, summers can be hotter than on the windward side of the mountains due to lower cloud cover: Chitral can reach 40 °C (104 °F) frequently during this period.[93] However, the humidity is extremely low during these hot spells and, as a result, the summer climate is less torrid than in the rest of the Indian subcontinent.

Most precipitation falls as thunderstorms or snow during winter and spring, so that the climate at the lowest elevations is

continental Mediterranean (Dsa) or semi-arid (BSk). Summers are extremely dry in the north of Chitral district and receive only a little rain in the south around Drosh
.

At elevations above 5,000 metres (16,400 ft), as much as a third of the snow which feeds the large Karakoram and Hindukush glaciers comes from the monsoon since these elevations are too high to be shielded from its moisture.[92]

Central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Dir
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
121
 
 
11
−3
 
 
177
 
 
12
−2
 
 
254
 
 
16
3
 
 
166
 
 
23
8
 
 
86
 
 
28
12
 
 
54
 
 
32
16
 
 
160
 
 
31
19
 
 
169
 
 
30
18
 
 
84
 
 
29
14
 
 
50
 
 
25
7
 
 
58
 
 
20
2
 
 
83
 
 
14
−1
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: World Climate Data[94]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
4.8
 
 
52
27
 
 
7
 
 
54
28
 
 
10
 
 
61
37
 
 
6.5
 
 
73
46
 
 
3.4
 
 
82
54
 
 
2.1
 
 
90
61
 
 
6.3
 
 
88
66
 
 
6.7
 
 
86
64
 
 
3.3
 
 
84
57
 
 
2
 
 
77
45
 
 
2.3
 
 
68
36
 
 
3.3
 
 
57
30
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

On the southern flanks of Nanga Parbat and in Upper and Lower Dir Districts, rainfall is much heavier than further north because moist winds from the Arabian Sea are able to penetrate the region. When they collide with the mountain slopes, winter depressions provide heavy precipitation. The monsoon, although short, is generally powerful. As a result, the southern slopes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are the wettest part of Pakistan. Annual rainfall ranges from around 500 millimetres (20 in) in the most sheltered areas to as much as 1,750 millimetres (69 in) in parts of Abbottabad and Mansehra Districts.

This region's climate is classed at lower elevations as humid subtropical (Cfa in the west; Cwa in the east); whilst at higher elevations with a southerly aspect, it becomes classed as humid continental (Dfb). However, accurate data for altitudes above 2,000 metres (6,560 ft) are practically nonexistent here, in Chitral, or in the south of the province.

Dera Ismail Khan
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
10
 
 
20
4
 
 
18
 
 
22
7
 
 
35
 
 
27
13
 
 
22
 
 
34
19
 
 
17
 
 
39
23
 
 
14
 
 
42
27
 
 
61
 
 
39
27
 
 
58
 
 
37
26
 
 
18
 
 
37
24
 
 
5
 
 
33
17
 
 
2
 
 
28
11
 
 
10
 
 
22
5
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: World Climate Data[95]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.4
 
 
68
39
 
 
0.7
 
 
72
45
 
 
1.4
 
 
81
55
 
 
0.9
 
 
93
66
 
 
0.7
 
 
102
73
 
 
0.6
 
 
108
81
 
 
2.4
 
 
102
81
 
 
2.3
 
 
99
79
 
 
0.7
 
 
99
75
 
 
0.2
 
 
91
63
 
 
0.1
 
 
82
52
 
 
0.4
 
 
72
41
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

The seasonality of rainfall in central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa shows very marked gradients from east to west. At Dir, March remains the wettest month due to frequent frontal cloud bands, whereas in Hazara more than half the rainfall comes from the monsoon.[96] This creates a unique situation characterized by a bimodal rainfall regime, which extends into the southern part of the province described below.[96]

Since cold air from the Siberian High loses its chilling capacity upon crossing the vast Karakoram and Himalaya ranges, winters in central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are somewhat milder than in Chitral. Snow remains very frequent at high altitudes but rarely lasts long on the ground in the major towns and agricultural valleys. Outside of winter, temperatures in central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are not so hot as in Chitral. [citation needed]

Significantly higher humidity when the monsoon is active means that heat discomfort can be greater. However, even during the most humid periods the high altitudes typically allow for some relief from the heat overnight.[97]

Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

As one moves further away from the foothills of the Himalaya and Karakoram ranges, the climate changes from the humid subtropical climate of the foothills to the typically

arid climate of Sindh, Balochistan and southern Punjab
. As in central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the seasonality of precipitation shows a very sharp gradient from west to east, but the whole region very rarely receives significant monsoon rainfall. Even at high elevations, annual rainfall is less than 400 millimetres (16 in) and in some places as little as 200 millimetres (8 in).

Temperatures in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are extremely hot: Dera Ismail Khan in the southernmost district of the province is known as one of the hottest places in the world with temperatures known to have reached 50 °C (122 °F).[98] In the cooler months, nights can be cold and frosts remain frequent; snow is very rare, and daytime temperatures remain comfortably warm with abundant sunshine.

National parks

There are about 29 National Parks in Pakistan and 7 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Name Photo Location Date established Area (Hec) Key wildlife
Ayubia National Park Abbottabad District 1984 3,122 Indian leopard, Leopard cat, Yellow-throated marten, Asian palm civet, Masked palm civet, Rhesus macaque, Red giant flying squirrel, Koklass pheasant and Kalij pheasant
Chitral Gol National Park
 Lower Chitral District 1984 7,750
Himalayan lynx, Himalayan brown bear, Chukar partridge, Snow partridge, Himalayan snowcock and Himalayan black bear
Broghil Valley National Park Upper Chitral District 134,744
Himalayan musk deer, Himalayan brown bear and Long-tailed marmot
Sheikh Badin National Park Dera Ismail Khan District 1999 15,540
Persian leopard, Indian wolf, Bengal fox, Urial, Markhor, Chukar partridge, Indian boar, Black francolin and Grey francolin
Saiful Muluk National Park Mansehra District 2003 12,026
Himalayan musk deer, Siberian ibex, Himalayan monal and Cheer pheasant
Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park Mansehra District 2003 75,058
Persian leopard, Yellow-throated marten, Himalayan black bear, Siberian ibex, Himalayan goral, Himalayan monal and Western tragopan

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
18811,575,943—    
18911,857,519+17.9%
19012,125,480+14.4%
19113,819,027+79.7%
19215,076,476+32.9%
19314,684,364−7.7%
19415,415,666+15.6%
19515,888,550+8.7%
19617,578,186+28.7%
197210,879,781+43.6%
198113,259,875+21.9%
199820,919,976+57.8%
201735,501,964+69.7%
Source: [99][100][101][102][103][104]

The current province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had a population of 35.5 million at the time of the 2017 Census of Pakistan. Over 83% of the population lived in rural areas.[99]

Ethnicity

The largest ethnic group are the Pashtuns, who historically have been living in the areas for centuries.[105] It has been estimated that nearly a third of the province's population is non-Pashtun, mainly made up of Gujjar and Awan.[106]

Around 1.5 million Afghan refugees also remain in the province,[107] the majority of whom are Pashtuns followed by Tajiks, Hazaras, Gujjar, and other smaller groups. Despite having lived in the province for over two decades, they are registered as citizens of Afghanistan.[108]

The Pashtuns of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa observe tribal code of conduct called Pashtunwali which has four high value components called nang (honour), badal (revenge), melmastiya (hospitality) and nanawata (rights to refuge).[5]

Language

Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2017)[109]

  Pashto (76.86%)
  Hindko (11.48%)
  Saraiki (3.72%)
  Others combined (7.94%)

Urdu, being the national and official language, serves as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications, and sometimes Pashto and Urdu are the second and third languages among communities that speak other ethnic languages.[5]

The most widely spoken language is

Khowar, spoken in Chitral, and Kohistani, spoken in the Kohistan region. In 2011 the provincial government approved in principle the introduction of Pashto, Saraiki, Hindko, Khowar and Kohistani as compulsory subjects for schools in the areas where they are spoken.[111]

Religion

See also: Islam in Pakistan and Hinduism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The overwhelming majority of the residents of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa follows and professes the

Isma'ilis in the Chitral district.[112] The tribe of Kalasha in southern Chitral still retain an ancient form of Polytheism mixed with Animism, a faith once dominant in the mountainous upper northeast of the district.[112] There are very small numbers of residents who are the adherents of Roman Catholicism denomination of Christianity, Hinduism and Sikhism, mainly living in Peshawar and other urban centres.[113][114]

Religion in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1881–1931)[b]
Religious
group 		1881[103]: 95  1891[103]: 95  1901[104]: 34–36  1911[103]: 307–308  1921[102]: 345–346  1931[101]: 373–375 
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 1,451,444 92.1% 1,714,490 92.3% 1,890,479 92.19% 2,039,994 92.86% 2,062,786 91.62% 2,227,303 91.84%
Hinduism 111,892 7.1% 118,881 6.4% 129,306 6.31% 119,942 5.46% 149,881 6.66% 142,977 5.9%
Sikhism 7,880 0.5% 18,575 1% 25,733 1.25% 30,345 1.38% 28,040 1.25% 42,510 1.75%
Christianity 4,728 0.3% 5,573 0.3% 5,119 0.25% 6,585 0.3% 10,610 0.47% 12,213 0.5%
Jainism — — — — 37 0.002% 4 0% 3 0% 0 0%
Zoroastrianism — — — — 46 0.002% 49 0.002% 20 0.001% 60 0.002%
Judaism — — — — 4 0% 14 0.001% 0 0% 11 0%
Buddhism — — — — 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 2 0%
Others — — — — 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Total Responses[b] 1,575,943 100% 1,857,519 100% 2,050,724 96.48% 2,196,933 57.53% 2,251,340 44.35% 2,425,076 51.77%
Total Population[b] 1,575,943 100% 1,857,519 100% 2,125,480 100% 3,819,027 100% 5,076,476 100% 4,684,364 100%
Religion in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1941–2017)[b]
Religious
group 		1941[100]: 22  1951[115]: 12–21  1998[116] 2017[117]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 2,788,797 91.8% 5,858,080 99.89% 20,808,480 99.47% 35,428,857 99.79%
Hinduism 180,321 5.94% 2,432 0.04% 5,368 0.03% 6,373 0.02%
Sikhism 57,939 1.91% — — — — — —
Christianity 10,889 0.36% 3,823 0.07% 38,974 0.19% 50,018 0.14%
Judaism 71 0.002% — — — — — —
Buddhism 25 0.001% — — — — — —
Zoroastrianism 24 0.001% — — — — — —
Jainism 1 0% — — — — — —
Ahmadiyya Muslims
— — — — 48,703 0.23% 7,204 0.02%
Others 0 0% 215 0.004% 16,808 0.08% 9,512 0.03%
Total Responses[b] 3,038,067 56.1% 5,864,550 100% 20,919,976 100% 35,501,964 100%
Total Population[b] 5,415,666 100% 5,864,550 100% 20,919,976 100% 35,501,964 100%

Villages

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Pakistan
The districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Colours correspond to divisions.
The districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Colours correspond to divisions.

Political leanings and the legislative branch

Main article: Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The

Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) also enjoyed considerable support in the province due to its socialist agenda.[118] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was thought to be another leftist region of the country after Sindh.[119]

After the nationwide

centre-right Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML(N)), whose chairmen and presidents having been barred from participation in the elections.[121]

Policy enforcement of a range of social restrictions, though the implementation of strict

Musharraff administration.[120] Restrictions on public musical performances were introduced, as well as a ban prohibiting music to be played in public places as part of the "Prohibition of Dancing and Music Bill, 2005" – which led to the creation of a thriving underground music scene in Peshawar.[122] The Islamist government also attempted to enforce compulsory hijab on women,[123] and wished to enforce gender segregation in the province's educational institutions.[123] The coalition further tried to prohibit male doctors from performing ultrasounds on women,[123] and tried to close the province's cinemas.[123] In 2005, the coalition successfully passed the "Prohibition of Use of Women in Photograph Bill, 2005," leading to the removal of all public advertisements that featured women.[124]

At the height of

religious program promoted by the MMA swiftly shifted the province's leniency away from the left in 2012.[118] In 2013, the provincial politics shifted towards populism and nationalism when the PTI, led by Imran Khan, was able to form the minority government in coalition with the JeI; the province now serves as the stronghold of the PTI and is perceived as one of the more right wing areas of the country.[126] After the 2018 election
, PTI increased their seat share and formed a majority government.

In non-Pashtun areas, such as

centre-right party, enjoys considerable public support over economical and public policy issues and has a substantial vote bank.[126]

Executive branch

Main article: Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The executive branch of the Kyber Pakhtunkhwa is led by the Chief Minister elected by popular vote in the Provincial assembly[127] while the Governor, a ceremonial figure representing the federal government in Islamabad, is appointed from the necessary advice of the Prime Minister of Pakistan by the President of Pakistan.[128]

The provincial cabinet is then appointed by the Chief Minister who takes the Oath of office from the Governor.[129] In matters of civil administration, the Chief Secretary assists the Chief Minister on executing its right to ensure the writ of the government and the constitution.[112][130]

Judicial branch

Main article: Peshawar High Court

The

highest court of law whose judges are appointed by the approval of the Supreme Judicial Council in Islamabad
, interpreting the laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.

Administrative divisions and districts

Main article:
Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is divided into seven Divisions – Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Hazara, Kohat, Malakand, Mardan, and Peshawar. Each division is split up into anywhere between two and nine districts, and there are 36 districts in the entire province. Below you can find a list showing each district ordered by alphabetical order. A full list showing different characteristics of each district, such as their population, area, and a map showing their location can be found at the main article.

Major cities

Main article: List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population

Peshawar is the capital and largest city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The city is the most populous and comprises more than one-eighth of the province's population.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's dominance: forestry

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has the

third largest provincial economy in Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's share of Pakistan's GDP has historically comprised 10.5%, although the province accounts for 11.9% of Pakistan's total population. The part of the economy that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa dominates is forestry, where its share has historically ranged from a low of 34.9% to a high of 81%, giving an average of 61.56%.[131] Currently, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa accounts for 10% of Pakistan's GDP,[132] 20% of Pakistan's mining output[133] and, since 1972, it has seen its economy grow in size by 3.6 times.[134]

Agriculture remains important and the main cash crops include wheat, maize, tobacco (in Swabi), rice, sugar beets, as well as fruits are grown in the province.

Some manufacturing and high-tech investments in Peshawar have helped improve job prospects for many locals, while trade in the province involves nearly every product. The bazaars in the province are renowned throughout Pakistan. Unemployment has been reduced due to the establishment of industrial zones.

Workshops throughout the province support the manufacture of small arms and weapons. The province accounts for at least 78% of the marble production in Pakistan.[135]

Infrastructure

The Sharmai Hydropower Project is a proposed power generation project located in the Upper Dir District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on the Panjkora River with an installed capacity of 150MW.[136]

Social issues

The

Hazara
regions.

In 2010 the announcement that the province would have a new name led to a wave of protests in the Hazara region.[138] On 15 April 2010 Pakistan's senate officially named the province "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" with 80 senators in favour and 12 opposed.[139] The MMA, who until the elections of 2008 had a majority in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government, had proposed "Afghania" as a compromise name.[140]

After the

Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan.[143]

Non-government organisations

The following is a list of some of the major NGOs working in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa:[144][145]

Folk music and culture

Pashto folk music is popular in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and has a rich tradition going back hundreds of years. The main instruments are the

Northern Areas.[146]

Education

University of Peshawar
Islamia College University
University of Chitral
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
Year Literacy rate
1972 15.5%
1981 16.7%
1998 35.41%
2017 51.66%
2020 55.1%

Sources:[147][148][149][150]

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has traditionally had a very low literacy rate, although this is changing in recent times. As of the 2017 census, the literacy rate for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (including FATA) is 51.66%. In rural areas, the literacy rate is 48.44% of the population while in urban areas it is 66.86%. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has a huge gap in literacy rate between sexes – for men it is 66.67% while the female literacy rate is 34.58%, just over half the male literacy rate. This gap is particularly prominent in the overwhelmingly-Pashto rural areas, where traditional gender norms have generally limited education of women. As of 2021, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) has the highest literacy growth rate in the whole country (Pakistan).[149][150]

This is a chart of the education market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa estimated[151] by the government in 1998.[152]

Qualification Urban Rural Total Enrolment ratio (%)
Below primary 413,782 3,252,278 3,666,060 100.00
Primary 741,035 4,646,111 5,387,146 79.33
Middle 613,188 2,911,563 3,524,751 48.97
Matriculation 647,919 2,573,798 3,221,717 29.11
Intermediate 272,761 728,628 1,001,389 10.95
BA, BSc ... degrees 20,359 42,773 63,132 5.31
MA, MSc ... degrees 18,237 35,989 53,226 4.95
Diploma, Certificate ... 82,037 165,195 247,232 1.92
Other qualifications 19,766 75,226 94,992 0.53
— 2,994,084 14,749,561 17,743,645 —

Public medical colleges

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province has 9 government medical colleges:

Engineering universities

Major educational establishments

Sports

Cricket is the main sport played in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It has produced world-class sportsmen like Shahid Afridi, Younis Khan, Khushdil Shah, Fakhar Zaman and Umar Gul. Besides producing cricket players, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has the honour of being the birthplace of many world-class squash players, including greats like Hashim Khan, Qamar Zaman, Jahangir Khan and Jansher Khan. [citation needed
]

Tourism

This section is an excerpt from Tourism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[edit]
Mahabat Khan Mosque in Peshawar
Bala Hissar Fort in Peshawar
  • l Park

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b KPK's contribution to national economy was 10.39%, or $152 billion (PPP) and $38 billion (nominal) in 2022.[2][3]
  2. ^ a b c d e f Pre-partition populations for religious data is for North-West Frontier Province only and excludes the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (both administrative divisions later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018), as religious data was not collected in the latter region at the time.
    1951, 1998, and 2017 populations for religious data combine the North-West Frontier Province and Federally Administered Tribal Areas, both administrative divisions which later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.

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Works cited

External links
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