Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma
Kii Kaa Poa, Kii Kaa Poi | |
---|---|
Protestant) | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Sac and Fox Nation and other Algonquian peoples |
The Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma is one of three
Government
The Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma is headquartered in McLoud, Oklahoma, and their tribal jurisdictional area is in Oklahoma, Pottawatomie, and
The tribe's Chairman is Darwin Kaskaske.,[3] who replaced David Pacheco Jr. The tribe operates its own housing authority and issues tribal vehicle tags.
Economic development
The Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma owns a gas station, and 2 casinos. Their estimated annual economic impact was $16 million in 2010.[1] Kickapoo Casino is located north of McLoud, Oklahoma, near the Tribal Headquarters.
Oklahoma Indian Casinos: Casinos by Tribe.500 Nations. (retrieved 21 Feb 2009)</|url=http://newsok.com/kickapoo-tribe-of-oklahoma-plans-casino-near-shawnee/article/3642916%7Caccess-date=20 January 2015|publisher=News OK|date=Januref name="News Star (2012)">Bourlon, Carmen (May 17, 2012). "Kickapoo Tribe breaks ground on new casino". The Shawnee News-Star. Retrieved 20 January 2015.</ref>
Language
About 400 tribal members speak the
History
Northern origins
Kickapoo comes from their word "Kiwigapawa", which roughly translates into "he moves from here to there." The tribe is part of the central Algonquian group and has close ethnic and linguistic connections with the Sac and Fox. The Kickapoo were first recorded in history in about 1667-70 at the confluence of the
Resettlement on the Plains
A mere decade later, in 1832, the tribe ceded their lands in Missouri and were granted a "permanent" home south of the
Using these two clauses as a basis, the local agent, William Badger, convinced the
Keith was a political ally of Senator Samuel C. Pomeroy who was the president of the Atchison and Pike's Peak Railroad,[19] the central section of the Transcontinental railroad, which had been formed in 1859. The railroad wanted to gain the right-of-way across the Kickapoo Reservation and title to any surplus lands when the reservation was allotted.[18] Pomeroy and Keith both met with and wrote letters to Commissioner Mix urging allotment and by 1862, a treaty was again made with the Kickapoo. The 28 June 1862 agreement allowed for Chiefs to receive 320 acres, heads of households to receive 160 acres and all other tribe members to get 40 acres, with the bulk of the remaining 125,000 acres to be sold to the railroad. Those who chose not to accept allotment could continue to hold their lands in common until such time as an arrangement could be made to locate a new reserve in Oklahoma, i.e. Indian Territory, and any Southern Kickapoo had one year to return to Kansas and take up their allotment, or it would be forfeit.[20] When news of the treaty being approved broke, protest erupted.
The Kickapoo indicated that they were unaware that the agreement had been reached and thought that they were still negotiating terms. The Kansas Attorney General, Warren William Guthrie, launched a grand jury hearing. The charges were considered serious enough that allotment was suspended and the new Commissioner of Indian Affairs, William P. Dole, appointed in 1863, traveled to Kansas to investigate. In the hearings that followed, allegations were made that Guthrie's real interest in the matter stemmed from his involvement with a rival railroad the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad Corporation. Dole returned to Washington and submitted his report to President Lincoln on 4 April 1864.[21] Some of the frustrated Kickapoo, decided to leave Kansas, and a group of about 700 headed for Mexico to join kinsmen there in September, 1864.[22] In 1865 pressure from Pomeroy finally gained the approval to continue with the Kickapoo allotment, though the tribe resisted. By 1869, only 93 Kansas Kickapoo had accepted fee simple allotment, the remainder preferring to continue holding their lands in common.[23] Though a small band, approximately 50 tribesmen returned from Mexico to the Kansas Reservation before the forfeit period lapsed, they settled on the common lands briefly, but then left before claiming their allotments. They later joined the Kickapoo in Indian Territory in 1874.[24] In 1875, a group of 114 of the Mexican Kickapoos were returned to the Kansas Reservation.[25]
Texas Settlement
The first Southern Kickapoo migration occurred around the time that the tribe was settled in Kansas.[15] They traveled across the southern plains, fighting the Seminole in Florida around 1837 and wandered into Texas in search of horses from the Comanche.[26] In 1850, they agreed to act as a buffer between Mexicans, invading Texas settlers and the Lipan, Comanche and other tribes in Northern Coahuila. As a reward for their service, the Spanish governor awarded them a land grant at Hacienda del Nacimiento near the settlement of Santa Rosa (now known as Melchor Múzquiz).[27] At the peak of their strength, the southern Kickapoo, numbered about 1500 and by 1860 were living in a swath from the Canadian and Washita Rivers in Indian Territory to the Sabine and Brazos Rivers in Texas to the Remolino River in northern Mexico.[28]
In 1864, about 700 Kickapoo, frustrated with the duplicitous actions of agents and their railroad colleagues in
In 1873, after complaints were again received indicating that Mexican authorities were using the Kickapoo to hide the theft of Texas cattle by Mexicans, another attempt was made to bring the Kickapoo to Indian Territory. Special Agents H. M. Atkinson and Col. T. G. Williams went to
Relocation to Oklahoma
The Mexican Kickapoos were to be removed to the
In 1895, after the Kickapoo finally consented to allotment, the final Oklahoma
20th century
Indian Reorganization Act
In 1936, the tribe organized as the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma, under the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act.[2] They adopted a Constitution and by-laws by a vote of 64 for and 26 against on 18 September 1937, which established the offices of Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary, Treasurer, and one councilman.[34]
Claims Commission
On 13 August 1946 the Indian Claims Commission Act of 1946, Pub. L. No. 79-726, ch. 959, passed. Its purpose was to settle for all time any outstanding grievances or claims the tribes might have against the U.S. for treaty breaches, unauthorized taking of land, dishonorable or unfair dealings, or inadequate compensation. Claims had to be filed within a five-year period, and most of the 370 complaints that were submitted[35] were filed at the approach of the 5-year deadline in August, 1951.[36]
At least 6 claims were filed by the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma with the Claims Commission — some on their own behalf, and some in conjunction with the
Mexican Kickapoo subgroup established
In 1979 the Mexican Kickapoo who were dual residents requested clarification of their status as they had no clear legal status in either the United States or Mexico.[40] An Act was passed in 1983[41] by Congress which recognized them as a distinct subgroup of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma and granted federal recognition to the Texas Kickapoo. A 1985 law gave the Texas band the option of selecting Mexican or U.S. citizenship. 145 of the tribemembers chose to become U.S. citizens and the remaining 500 or so chose to obtain Mexican citizenship.[40]
The interaction between the Mexican Kickapoo and Oklahoma tribe remains strong. Mexican Kickapoos use the health services of the tribal clinic in McLoud, Oklahoma and the Oklahoma Kickapoos travel for the ceremonial seasons in February and March to Mexico.[42]
Education
The Kickapoo Tribe of Kansas tribal school is the Kickapoo Nation School.
The Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma maintains the Kickapoo Community Day Care facility and the Kickapoo Nation Head Start Program to serve both enrolled members and non members residing within the boundaries of the original Kickapoo Tribe Reservation lands.
Notable tribal members
- Arigon Starr, musician, comic artist
Gregorio E. Kishketon, Native American/Alaskan Native Liaison to the Secretary of the Veterans Affairs in Washington, District of Columbia.
Notes
- ^ a b c 2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory. Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2011: 19. Retrieved 4 Jan 2012. Archived October 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Kuhlman, Annette. "Kickapoo Archived 2014-12-30 at the Wayback Machine", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture published by the Oklahoma Historical Society. (accessed October 6, 2013)
- ^ "Oklahoma's Tribal Nations." Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2010. Archived March 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Anderton, Alice, PhD. Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma. Intertribal Wordpath Society. 2009 (21 Feb 2009)
- ^ a b c d e "The Kickapoo Indians". Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-19-513897-9. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ^ a b "TREATY WITH THE DELAWARES, ETC., 1803". Oklahoma State University. June 7, 1803. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ^ a b "TREATY WITH THE EEL RIVER, ETC., 1803". Oklahoma State University. 7 August 1803. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ "TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1809". Oklahoma State University. December 9, 1809. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ^ "TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1815". Oklahoma State University. September 2, 1815. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ^ "TREATY WITH THE WEA AND KICKAPOO, 1816". Oklahoma State University. June 4, 1816. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ^ "TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1819". Oklahoma State University. July 30, 1819. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ^ "TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1819". Oklahoma State University. August 30, 1819. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ^ "TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1820". Oklahoma State University. July 19, 1820. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ^ a b Nunley, M. Christopher (15 June 2010). "Kickapoo Indians". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.
- ^ "Kickapoo". Archived from the original on 2014-12-30. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
- ISBN 0-8061-1264-6. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ^ a b Gibson (2006), p 125-127
- ISBN 0-8032-5919-0.
- ^ "TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1862". Oklahoma State University. June 28, 1862. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ^ Gibson (2006), p 129-135
- ^ ISBN 978-1-59558-747-3.
- ^ Gibson (2006), p 135
- ^ Gibson (2006), p 137-138
- ^ a b c d e "The Kickapoo Tribe Of Kansas, the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma et al. v. The United States". Open Jurist. F2d (372): 980. 1967. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ISBN 0-403-09879-3. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ^ Ricky (1999), p224
- ^ Gibson (2006), p 143
- ^ a b c d e "The Kickapoo Tribe of Kansas and The Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma vs. the United States of America" (PDF). Oklahoma State University: Indian Claims Commission. 1967. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ^ McKellar (1994), pp 225-226
- ^ Withington, W.R. (1952). "Kickapoo Titles in Oklahoma". Oklahoma Bar Association Journal. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-8061-3118-4.
- ^ a b "Kickapoo Opening". Oklahoma Historica Society. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ "Constitution of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma". Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ "USDOJ: Environment and Natural Resources Division : Lead up to the Indian Claims Commission Act of 1946". 13 April 2015.
- ISBN 0-8032-3723-5.
- ^ "An Act to provide for the disposition of funds appropriated to pay judgments in favor of the Kickspoo Indians of Kansas and Oklahoma". govtrack.us. October 6, 1972. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ^ "The Kickapoo Tribe Of Kansas, the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma et al. v. The United States" (PDF). Oklahoma State University. Indian Claims Commission. September 29, 1967. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ^ "The Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas v. Southern Plains Regional Director, Bureau of Indian Affairs" (PDF). March 29, 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ^ a b Ricky (1999), p 172
- ^ "Recent Legal Developments" (PDF). Native American Rights Funds. 1983. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-8061-4060-5. Retrieved 23 January 2015.