Kikinda

Coordinates: 45°50′N 20°27′E / 45.833°N 20.450°E / 45.833; 20.450
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Kikinda
Кикинда (Serbian)
Nagykikinda (Hungarian)
City of Kikinda
From top: Rotonda building, National Museum of Kikinda, Mammoth Kika sculpture, Villa Rizenfelder, Saint Nichola's Church, Suvača- horse mill, Kikinda's pond
UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
23300
Area code+381(0)230
ISO 3166 codeSRB
Car platesKI
Websitekikinda.org.rs.

Kikinda (Serbian Cyrillic: Кикинда, pronounced [kǐkiːnda]; Hungarian: Nagykikinda) is a city and the administrative center of the North Banat District in Serbia. The city's urban area has 32,084 inhabitants, while the city administrative area has 49,326 inhabitants.

The city was founded in the 18th century. From 1774 to 1874 Kikinda was the seat of the

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
) in 1918, and it lost the city status. The status was re-granted in 2016.

In 1996, the well-preserved archaeological remnants of a half a million-year-old mammoth were excavated on the outer edge of the town area.[2] The mammoth called "Kika" has become one of the symbols of the town. Today it is exhibited in the National Museum of Kikinda. Other attractions of the city are the Suvača – a unique horse-powered dry mill, the annual Pumpkin Days[3] and the International Symposium of Sculpture "Terra".[4] The winter roosts of long-eared owl, with a large number of individuals, are easily accessible as they are situated in town parks and attract birdwatchers both from this country and abroad.

Name

In

Rusyn as Кикинда, and in Croatian
as Kikinda. Until 1947 it was also known in Serbian as Great KikindaVelika Kikinda (Велика Кикинда).

The name of Kikinda is first found recorded at the beginning of the 15th century as Kokenyd, and most probably denoted, together with the name Ecehida, a number of small settlements, i.e. estates, firstly belonging to

Hungarian and later to Serb local rulers. The name of the town first appears on a map of 1718 as Gross Kikinda, indicating an uninhabited area or a wasteland and not a settlement. The adjective Gross, Nagy or Velika (Great) in German, Hungarian and Serbian versions respectively, was in official use as the name of the town until the end of 1947.[5]

Coat of arms

Coat of arms on the City Hall

The official coat of arms of the city dates back to the Austrian rule and the 18th century. It is derived from the coat of arms of the

Maria Theresa of Austria on 12 November 1774. The Coat of Arms represents a hand holding a sabre on which an Ottoman Turkish head is impaled. It symbolizes the fight of Serbs and the majority ethnic Hungarians at that time, against the Turks during the Military Frontier period[6] and the military contributions of the population of Kikinda during the Austro-Ottoman Wars
.

In 2007, Branislav Blažić, then president of the municipality of Kikinda, asked for the change of the coat of arms, criticizing it for being "

morbid".[6] The idea proved very controversial, and ultimately the coat was not changed. Most critics of Blažić stated that the coat of arms is a part of the history and tradition of Kikinda and so an important factor of the city identity.[6]

The severed head of a Turk is also one of the common symbols in Austrian and Hungarian heraldry. It symbolizes the struggle of Serb soldiers of the Habsburg Empire (Austrian Empire) against the Ottoman Empire during the Austro-Ottoman Wars.[7]

History

The city of Kikinda is located on a territory rich in remains of old and bygone cultures. Numerous archeological findings are the testimony of people who lived here more than seven thousand years ago. However, the continuity of that duration was often broken. People arrived and departed, lived and disappeared, depending on various historical circumstances.

Medieval history

Two important medieval settlements existed near the location of modern Kikinda. The names of these settlements were Galad and Hološ.[8] Galad was one of the oldest Slavic settlements in northern Banat and was built by Slavic duke Glad in the ninth century.[9] In 1337, Galad was recorded as settlement populated almost exclusively by Serbs.[10] This settlement was destroyed during the Austro-Ottoman wars at the end of 17th and beginning of the 18th century.[11]

Another settlement, Hološ (also known as Velika Holuša), was a local administrative centre in the 17th century, during the Ottoman administration.[11] This settlement was also destroyed at the end of the 17th century.[12]

According to some sources, an older settlement named Kekenj (Kekend, Keken) existed at this location.

Banat Uprising in 1594.[citation needed
]

Modern history

Seal of the District of Velika Kikinda
Cross at the main square in Kikinda, at the beginning of the 20th century.
Orthodox Church
The City Square and the Catholic Church

The history of modern Kikinda can be traced back for 250 years; by 1751–1752, when the area where the city is presently located began to be repopulated.

Moriš and the Tisa.[15] After the Požarevac peace treaty, where an agreement between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire was reached, the Ottomans lost the territory of Banat, which led to huge job losses among the Serb population.[citation needed] As a result, they founded a new settlement in an effort to make a living from agriculture. Some decades later, along with the Serbs, Germans (Banat Swabians), Hungarians, French and Jews also settled the area.[14]

About twenty years after the establishment of the settlement, on 12 November 1774, the Austrian Empress

Torontal County with its headquarters in Veliki Bečkerek (today Zrenjanin
), which covered most of the territory of present-day Serbian Banat.

In 1848/1849, the famous uprising of the Serbs in

compromise of 1867
.

A railway connecting

Franz Joseph I visited Kikinda in 1872 arriving by this railway and it was also used for the original Orient Express route. As of 2017, trains operate only as far as Subotica and Zrenjanin.[18]

In 1893, Kikinda was declared a royal free city.[14] At the end of the 19th century Kikinda was the most densely inhabited place in Torontál County, with 22,000 inhabitants.[19] After the declaration of a free city, period from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the World War I was a peaceful and fruitful one in the history of Kikinda and was marked by a strong economic and urban development of the city.[14] Moreover, the core of the city was formed, and the city received a defined local government in 1895 (statute, senate, town representative, mayor (Karlo Radovan), etc.).[citation needed] According to the 1910 census, the population of Kikinda numbered 26,795 inhabitants, of whom 14,214 (53.00%) spoke Serbian, 5,968 (22.27%) Hungarian, and 5,855 (21.85%) German.[20]

A date around the end of the First World War (20 November 1918) denotes one of the most crucial moments in the modern history of Kikinda.[

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed Yugoslavia in 1929). However, the city suffered greatly in the economic realm, as it was located in the hinterland, between two borders, with lines of communication disconnected. The period between the two world wars was not a one of economic prosperity for the city. In 1921, the population of Kikinda numbered 25,774 people and included 15,000 (58%) Serbs and Croats, 5,500 (21%) Germans (Banat Swabians), 4,000 (16%) Hungarians, and 5% Romanians.[19][21] Between 1918 and 1922, Kikinda was part of Banat county, Between 1922 and 1929 it was part of Belgrade oblast, and between 1929 and 1941 it was part of Danube Banovina
.

Synagogue in Kikinda razed in 1953[22]

During the

Socialist Yugoslavia
.

During and after the war, the city's economic and political organizational structure significantly changed. In addition, there were major changes in the ethnic structure of the city. The German (about 22%) and Jewish (about 2%) populations vanished. In 1940, there were about 500 Jews in the town.[citation needed] In August 1941, they were deported to the Sajmište death camp near Belgrade and murdered. In 1944, one part of the German population fled the region, together with the defeated German army. Between 1944 and 1948, those who remained were detained in work camps. After the abolition of the camps, most of the remaining German population left for Austria and Germany in search of better living conditions.[23] In 1948, shortly after the end of World War II, Kikinda had a population of 28,070.[24] From the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s, the city saw continuous economic and cultural development: new factories and production plants, new blocks of flats and residential neighbourhoods, various objects of general social interest, and paved streets definitely stressed and formed the urban dimension of Kikinda. In 1971 the city had a population of 37,487.[25]

In March 2016, Kikinda was again granted city status.[26]

Greater Kikinda area

Panorama of Kikinda
Map of the City of Kikinda

The City of Kikinda comprises the town of Kikinda, nine villages and two hamlets. The nine villages are:

The two hamlets are:

Note: for settlements with a Hungarian majority, the name is also given in Hungarian.

The city belongs to the group of so-called planned organized settlements.[27] Plans of streets and crossroads were completed in the second half of the 18th century according to the standard city plans of the time used for the construction of new settlements in Banat.[citation needed] Those plans defined settlements with regularly lined and wide streets intersecting at right angles, with a central town square, market place, church, city hall, school, inn, etc.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
194864,251—    
195364,685+0.13%
196168,562+0.73%
197168,915+0.05%
198169,864+0.14%
199169,743−0.02%
200267,002−0.36%
201159,453−1.32%
202249,326−1.68%
Source: [28]

According to the last official census done in 2011, the city of Kikinda has 59,453 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups

Most of the settlements in the city have an ethnic Serb majority, while one settlement has a

Sajan (Hungarian: Szaján). Two others have over 20% of ethnic Hungarian population: Banatska Topola and Rusko Selo
.

The ethnic composition of city administrative area:[29]

Ethnic group Population
Serbs 44,846
Hungarians 7,270
Roma 1,981
Yugoslavs 331
Croats 204
Macedonians 126
Montenegrins 99
Romanians
95
Germans 87
Albanians 75
Muslims 74
Others 4,265
Total 59,453

Economy

The principal branch of the city's economy is agriculture, with its 598.17 square kilometres (230.95 sq mi) of arable land. The annual production of wheat is about 60,000 tons, 114,670 tons of sunflower seeds. Soy, sugar beet and other fruits and vegetables are also produced.

Industrial production includes the production of oil derivatives by the "Naftagas" branch in Kikinda, metal processing, machine tools, special tools, car parts and flexible technologies by the former "Livnica Kikinda" (metal foundry) and IDA-Opel (now owned by Slovenian Cimos Koper), roof tile and brick production by "Toza Marković",[14] the production of chemicals by "MSK"[14] and "Hemik" and the processing of agricultural products by a number of factories.

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):[30]

Activity Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 565
Mining and quarrying 102
Manufacturing 4,669
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 139
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 221
Construction 532
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 1,880
Transportation and storage 603
Accommodation and food services 428
Information and communication 149
Financial and insurance activities 175
Real estate activities 34
Professional, scientific and technical activities 329
Administrative and support service activities 428
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security 714
Education 908
Human health and social work activities 1,367
Arts, entertainment and recreation 212
Other service activities 257
Individual agricultural workers 487
Total 14,200

Transport

Rail line Banatsko Aranđelovo – Kikinda – Romanian border at Jimbolia, part of the former SzegedTimișoara railway is the second oldest railway in present-day Serbia.[31][32] The city is also connected by railway to Subotica and to Belgrade via Zrenjanin.

Regional roads connect Kikinda with all the neighbouring cities and villages. Buses operate regularly to the surrounding villages and major domestic and some European cities.

The only transport waterway in the city is the

Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal
. There is a dock which is used for industrial transport.

There is also the Kikinda Airfield, a recreational aerodrome near the city.[33] The local flying club organizes lessons in parachuting, aviation and space-modeling. "Cropduster" planes are also flown from this airstrip to spray agricultural fields.[citation needed]

Education

Primary schools

There are eight primary schools in the city:

  • Đura Jakšić Primary School [3]. Language of instruction: Serbian.
  • Feješ Klara Primary School. Language of instruction: Serbian and Hungarian.
  • Jovan Popović Primary School. Language of instruction: Serbian.
  • Sveti Sava Primary School [4]. Languages of instruction: Serbian and Hungarian.
  • Vuk Karadžić Primary School. Language of instruction: Serbian.
  • Žarko Zrenjanin Primary School. Language of instruction: Serbian.
  • 6 October Special Primary School. School for children with special needs. Language of instruction: Serbian.
  • Slobodan Malbaški Primary Music school. Language of instruction: Serbian.
Secondary schools

All secondary schools in Kikinda use Serbian as the language of instruction:

  • Dušan Vasiljev Gymnasium, founded in 1858. Students can choose between four main courses: socio-linguistic, mathematics and natural sciences, informatics and general.
  • Technical School
  • Economics and Trade Secondary School
  • Miloš Crnjanski Secondary
    Vocational School
    . The school offers courses in food processing, building, and health sciences.
  • Higher School for the Education of Teachers
Free schools
  • Pionir free school [5]. Integral education. Students learn about technology, ethics and digital humanities. Language of instruction: Serbian and English

Culture

Cultural institutions

Situated in the city square, the building of the

District of Velika Kikinda until its abolishment in 1876. In 1946, the National Museum of Kikinda and the City Archive [6] were founded and housed in the building. The Museum boasts numerous artifacts which are displayed in its four sections: archeological, historical, ethnological and naturalist. As of recently, it also possesses a mammoth skeleton[2]
which was excavated on the grounds of the "Toza Marković" brick factory in 1996.

The Jovan Popović National Library was founded in 1845 as Čitaonica Srbska (Serbian Reading Room). It was renamed in 1952 to Jovan Popović in honor of a prominent poet from Kikinda. Besides serving its primary function of loaning books, the library also organizes literary meetings, book promotions, seminars, lectures, exhibitions, and has published several works.[35]

Although the National Theater in Kikinda was founded only 50 years ago, Kikinda has a long theatrical tradition. Kikinda witnessed its first theatrical play in 1796 in German. The first play in Serbian was performed in 1834. The theater has a continuous program all year round, including the summer when the stage is set up outside, in the yard of the theater.[36]

The most famous band is Downstroy formed in 2004. In 2007, the group was the first in the history of the ex-YU to perform at one of the biggest heavy metal festivals in the world - Wacken Open Air. In 2022, Downstroy received an invitation to perform on the main stage of the EXIT festival, which was the first time a performer from Kikinda had succeeded.

Manifestations

The Pumpkin Days (Дани лудаје/Dani ludaje in Serbian) are an annual manifestation that takes place in mid-October.

tamburitza
festival was included in the event, contributing to the authentic Banat experience.

In 2019, records in both categories were set - the largest pumpkin weighed 639.5 kilograms (1,410 lb), while the longest gourd was 366 centimetres (144 in) in length.[14] However, in 2022, a pumpkin with 716.5 kilograms (1,580 lb) was measured.[37]

Every year, since 1982, 6 to 8 world-renowned sculptors are invited to Kikinda, to the premises of an old production plant of the "Toza Marković" brick factory, to take part at the international symposium of sculpture "Terra".[4] Work area has 600 square metres (6,500 sq ft) and a 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) tall furnace for baking sculptures.[14] The symposium takes place throughout the month of July. Over the years, "Terra" has hosted sculptors from all corners of the world who are drawn by the unique and peaceful ambience of the studio. All sculptures are done in terracotta and some have appeared at the Venice Biennale. Over 300 sculptors have so far participated at the symposium and together have produced more than 500 sculptures. The "Terra" museum was opened on 5 December 2017. A building of the old riding hall (manjež), built in 1871, was converted into a museum by sculptor Slobodan Kojić. When built, manjež served for the horse training of the Austro-Hungarian army and was the second largest such facility in the empire, after the one in Vienna. The exhibits, works of over 300 artists from all over the world since 1982, belong both to large and gallery format sculptures. The "Terra" exhibition is the largest collection of large size terracotta sculptures in the world and the first new museum of the contemporary art in Serbia since 1967.[38] Previously proposed locations were within the brickyard complex, old brickyard II and old drier, but the adaptation of manjež began in 2012. There are over 1,000 sculptures in the exhibition space of 2,100 m2 (23,000 sq ft). Previously, the collection was shown in Venice, Paris, Ljubljana and Belgrade. Several sculptures are permanently exhibited in the parks of Kikinda and Belgrade, while 5 monumental ones were donated to Venice after the 1999 Venice Biennale.[39]

Media

Newspapers
TV stations
Radio stations
  • VK Radio (frequency: 98.3 MHz), independent regional radio station, ceased broadcasting in November 2016.
  • Radio Kikinda (frequency: 93.3 МHz, ceased broadcasting in January 2016.), state-owned local station, which broadcast programs in both Serbian and Hungarian
  • Radio Ami (frequency: 89.7 МHz), local commercial pop music radio station

Tourism

Before the break-up of former

pheasants and deer
are hunted.

On the location of the former

eczema. Until the early 2000s, the lake was arranged with numerous recreational activities and was visited by several thousand people daily. It was busy in the evenings as the lake was place for many concerts and other artistic and entertaining happenings. As the lake is on the lot of "Toza Marković", new owners stopped all that and by 2017 the lake was neglected and without even the basic infrastructure (showers, toilets, etc.). However, the locals still visit the lake, though on a much smaller scale. In the summer of 2017, the lake shores were cleaned from garbage and vegetation.[41]

There is another lake, Staro jezero ("Old Lake"), in the town itself. It is a remnant of the former river Galacka, part of the Mureș river system. The river was diverted at a time, partially channeled and conducted underground, so there is no river in Kikinda today. In the city, there is a park called Blandaš, which was declared a natural monument. The tree line along the 2 km (1.2 mi) long Generala Drapšina Sreet is made up of 400 trees, and the street was declared the 22nd most beautiful street in the world by the Architecture and Design magazine. The tree line was planted after the World War II, even before the war ended in the rest of Europe and Yugoslavia. It is believed that the seedlings were a gift from the U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt, due to his friendship with Mihajlo Pupin.[14]

In the vicinity of Kikinda is the

Copper Age kurgan of Kinđa
, which possibly gave name to the city.

Main sights

Kika the mammoth, faithful replica reconstruction of the mammoth skeleton excavated in 1996, National Museum of Kikinda. Original bones can be seen in the museum.

The

Otok). There were many mills like this in the city: 17 in 1781, 32 in 1801, with the largest recorded number being 51 in 1847. The only remaining mill was built in 1899 and was operational until 1945.[14][42]

Located in the center of the square, the

Serbian Orthodox church was built in 1769. The icons of the iconostasis were done by Jakov Orfelin (nephew of Zacharius Orfelin) in 1773. Teodor Ilić Češljar is the author of the two large wall paintings "The Last Supper" and "Ascension of Jesus Christ" (1790). Both, the late baroque iconostasis
and the wall paintings show significant influence of western European art of the period. New church bells were installed in 1899.

The small Vodice church was built in 1865. On an elevated plateau above it, four water wells were dug. The complex was declared a cultural monument.

Holy Trinity monastery
is located in the southern outskirts of the city. It was built between 1885 and 1887 as a foundation of Melanija Nikolić-Gajčić. The construction of the Roman Catholic Church in Kikinda was started in 1808 and completed in 1811.

According to a popular belief, the treasure of

Attila the Hun
is buried somewhere on the territory of the city of Kikinda.

Fossil remains of a mammoth, named Kika, were discovered in 1996 in the clay pit of the "Toza Marković" company. Kika was a female, 4.7 m (15 ft) tall, 7 m (23 ft) long with an estimated weight of 7 t (6.9 long tons; 7.7 short tons). The tusks are 3.5 m (11 ft) long. That makes Kika one of the largest mammoth specimens ever discovered. It is still not determined to which mammoth species it belongs.[14][43]

Among the birdwatchers Kikinda is known as the prime hotspot for observing winter roosts of long-eared owl with large number of individuals. Kikinda has been nicknamed the Serbian owl capital. The roosts are situated in city parks so they are easily accessible. In November 2017, 238 owls were numbered while the record was set in 2009 when 743 birds were counted in the town. At one point, 145 owls were counted on only one tree. The BBC crews visited Kikinda in 2015 and 2018, filming documentaries about the wild animals in urban areas and focusing on the owls.[14][44]

Notable citizens

Twin towns – sister cities

Kikinda is

twinned with:[47]

Awards

In 2003, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Mission to Serbia awarded the Municipality of Kikinda the Municipal Award for Tolerance.[49]

Climate

Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The

Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfa" (Humid subtropical climate).[50]

Climate data for Kikinda (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.1
(62.8)
21.4
(70.5)
28.3
(82.9)
31.2
(88.2)
33.7
(92.7)
37.5
(99.5)
40.0
(104.0)
39.2
(102.6)
37.4
(99.3)
30.9
(87.6)
25.3
(77.5)
19.7
(67.5)
40.0
(104.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5)
6.4
(43.5)
12.3
(54.1)
18.3
(64.9)
23.1
(73.6)
26.9
(80.4)
29.0
(84.2)
29.3
(84.7)
23.9
(75.0)
18.0
(64.4)
11.0
(51.8)
4.4
(39.9)
17.2
(63.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.4
(32.7)
2.1
(35.8)
6.8
(44.2)
12.5
(54.5)
17.4
(63.3)
21.2
(70.2)
22.8
(73.0)
22.6
(72.7)
17.3
(63.1)
11.9
(53.4)
6.6
(43.9)
1.5
(34.7)
11.9
(53.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.5
(27.5)
−1.6
(29.1)
1.9
(35.4)
6.7
(44.1)
11.4
(52.5)
15.0
(59.0)
16.4
(61.5)
16.2
(61.2)
11.9
(53.4)
7.2
(45.0)
3.1
(37.6)
−1.2
(29.8)
7.0
(44.6)
Record low °C (°F) −29.8
(−21.6)
−25.7
(−14.3)
−20.3
(−4.5)
−6.5
(20.3)
−0.5
(31.1)
4.0
(39.2)
7.1
(44.8)
6.0
(42.8)
−1.4
(29.5)
−7.7
(18.1)
−13.8
(7.2)
−22.4
(−8.3)
−29.8
(−21.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 34.6
(1.36)
32.2
(1.27)
34.8
(1.37)
41.3
(1.63)
60.8
(2.39)
73.9
(2.91)
61.5
(2.42)
46.3
(1.82)
51.7
(2.04)
49.0
(1.93)
41.5
(1.63)
43.6
(1.72)
571.2
(22.49)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 12.7 11.6 10.6 10.8 12.6 11.9 9.8 8.1 10.1 9.9 10.9 13.7 132.7
Average snowy days 6.0 5.4 2.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 5.2 21.6
Average
relative humidity
(%)
85.4 79.3 69.3 64.4 64.6 65.6 63.4 63.5 69.4 75.0 81.3 86.8 72.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 72.1 103.5 164.8 212.8 261.4 283.8 314.1 300.2 209.6 165.2 98.7 60.0 2,246.2
Source: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[51][52]

See also

References

General references

  • Brane Marijanović et al. Kikinda: istorija, kultura, sela, privreda, sport, turizam, Novi Sad: Prometej, 2002.
  • Jovan M. Pejin, Iz prošlosti Kikinde, Kikinda: Istorijski arhiv & Komuna, 2000.
  • Milivoj Rajkov, Istorija grada Kikinde do 1918. godine, Kikinda, 2003.
  • Dr Slobodan Ćurčić, Naselja Banata – geografske karakteristike, Novi Sad, 2004.

References

  1. . Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  2. ^ a b (Duk), Dusko Milicev. "KIKA – OnLine". Kika-mamut.com. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  3. ^ a b KIKA Online: Dani ludaje u Kikindi... (in Serbian)
  4. ^ a b The "TERRA" Centre for fine and applied arts Archived 17 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Kikinda Online: Istorija>NAZIV Archived 9 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Serbian)
  6. ^ a b c d http://www.kikinda.co.rs Archived 26 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine: Blažić se stidi kikindskog grba (trans: Blažić Ashamed of the Kikinda Coat of Arms) Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 30 June 2007 (in Serbian)
  7. ^ A Note on Hungarian Heraldry by François Velde, August 1998
  8. ^ Milivoj Rajkov, Istorija grada Kikinde do 1918. godine, Kikinda, 2003, pages 14–16.
  9. ^ Milivoj Rajkov, Istorija grada Kikinde do 1918. godine, Kikinda, 2003, pages 14–15.
  10. ^ Milivoj Rajkov, Istorija grada Kikinde do 1918. godine, Kikinda, 2003, page 15.
  11. ^ a b Milivoj Rajkov, Istorija grada Kikinde do 1918. godine, Kikinda, 2003, page 16.
  12. ^ Milivoj Rajkov, Istorija grada Kikinde do 1918. godine, Kikinda, 2003, page 17.
  13. ^ a b Milivoj Rajkov, Istorija grada Kikinde do 1918. godine, Kikinda, 2003, page 27.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Miroslav Stefanović (18 September 2022). Познати по глини и лудаји [Known for clay and pumpkins]. Politika-Magazin No. 1303 (in Serbian). pp. 18–19.
  15. ^ a b Milivoj Rajkov, Istorija grada Kikinde do 1918. godine, Kikinda, 2003, page 28.
  16. ^ Dr Slobodan Ćurčić, Naselja Banata – geografske karakteristike, Novi Sad, 2004, page 187.
  17. ^ Jovan M. Pejin, Iz prošlosti Kikinde, Kikinda, 2000, page 34.
  18. ^ J.T. Crnogorac (18 November 2017), "Pre 160 godina zazviždao prvi banatski voz" [The first train to Banat whistled 160 years ago], Politika (in Serbian), p. 20
  19. ^ a b [1][permanent dead link]
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