Alfonso XIII
Alfonso XIII | |||||
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King of Spain | |||||
Reign | 17 May 1886 – 14 April 1931 | ||||
Enthronement | 17 May 1902 | ||||
Predecessor | Alfonso XII | ||||
Successor | Juan Carlos I | ||||
Regent | Maria Christina (1886–1902) | ||||
Born | Royal Palace of Madrid, Madrid, Kingdom of Spain | 17 May 1886||||
Died | 28 February 1941 Rome, Kingdom of Italy | (aged 54)||||
Burial | |||||
Spouse | |||||
Issue more... | |||||
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House | Bourbon | ||||
Father | Alfonso XII of Spain | ||||
Mother | Maria Christina of Austria | ||||
Religion | Catholicism | ||||
Signature |
Alfonso XIII
Alfonso XIII's upbringing and public image were closely linked to the military estate; he often presented himself as a soldier-king.
With public opinion divided over World War I, and moreover a split between pro-German and pro-Entente sympathizers, Alfonso XIII used his relations with other European royal families to help preserve a stance of neutrality, as espoused by his government.[4][5]
However, several factors weakened the monarch's constitutional legitimacy: the rupture of the turno system, the deepening of the Restoration system crisis in the 1910s, a trio of crises in 1917, the spiral of violence in Morocco[6] and, especially, the lead-up to the 1923 installment of the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, an event that succeeded by means of both military coup d'état and the king's acquiescence.[7]
Upon the political failure of the dictatorship, Alfonso XIII removed support from Primo de Rivera (who was thereby forced to resign in 1930) and favoured (during the so-called dictablanda) a return to the pre-1923 state of affairs. Nevertheless, he had lost most of his political capital along the way. He left Spain voluntarily after the municipal elections of April 1931 – which was understood as a plebiscite on maintaining the monarchy or declaring a republic – the result of which led to the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic on 14 April 1931.
His efforts with the
Reign
Early life and education
Alfonso XIII was born at the
Five days later, he was carried in a solemn court procession with a
Alfonso became seriously ill during the 1889–1890 pandemic.[14] His health deteriorated around 10 January 1890, and doctors reported his condition as the flu attacked his nervous system leaving the young king in a state of indolence. He eventually recovered.
When Alfonso came of age in May 1902, the week of his majority was marked by festivities, bullfights, balls and receptions throughout Spain.[15] He took his oath to the constitution before members of the Cortes on 17 May.
Alfonso received, to a large extent, a military education that imbued him with "a Spanish nationalism strengthened by his military vocation".[16] Besides the clique of military tutors, Alfonso also received political teachings from a liberal, Vicente Santamaría de Paredes , and moral precepts from an integrist, José Fernández de la Montaña.[16]
Engagement and marriage
By 1905, Alfonso was looking for a suitable consort. On a state visit to the United Kingdom, he stayed in London at Buckingham Palace with King Edward VII. There he met Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, the daughter of Edward's youngest sister Princess Beatrice, and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. He found her attractive, and she returned his interest. There were obstacles to the marriage. Victoria was a Protestant, and would have to become a Catholic. Victoria's brother, Leopold, was a haemophiliac, so there was a 50 percent chance that Victoria was a carrier of the trait. Finally, Alfonso's mother Maria Christina wanted him to marry a member of her family, the House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Victoria was willing to change her religion, and her being a haemophilia carrier was only a possibility. Maria Christina was eventually persuaded to drop her opposition. In January 1906 she wrote an official letter to Princess Beatrice proposing the match. Victoria met Maria Christina and Alfonso in Biarritz, France, later that month, and converted to Catholicism in San Sebastián in March.
In May, diplomats of both kingdoms officially executed the agreement of marriage. Alfonso and Victoria were married at the
On 10 May 1907, the couple's first child, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, was born. Victoria was in fact a haemophilia carrier, and Alfonso inherited the condition.
Neither of the two daughters born to the King and Queen were haemophilia carriers, but another of their sons, Gonzalo (1914–1934), had the condition. Alfonso distanced himself from his wife for transmitting the condition to their sons.[18] From 1914 on, he had several mistresses, and fathered five illegitimate children. A sixth illegitimate child had been born before his marriage.
World War I
During
Alfonso attempted to save the Russian Tsar
Alfonso became gravely ill during the
Cracking of the system and dictatorship
Following World War I, Spain entered the lengthy yet victorious Rif War (1920–1926) to preserve its colonial rule over northern Morocco. Critics of the monarchy thought the war was an unforgivable loss of money and lives, and nicknamed Alfonso el Africano ("the African").[22] Alfonso had not acted as a strict constitutional monarch, and supported the Africanists who wanted to conquer for Spain a new empire in Africa to compensate for the lost empire in the Americas and elsewhere.[23] The Rif War had starkly polarized Spanish society between the Africanists who wanted to conquer an empire in Africa vs. the abandonistas who wanted to abandon Morocco as not worth the blood and treasure.[24] Alfonso liked to play favourites with his generals, and one of his most favoured generals was Manuel Fernández Silvestre.[25] In 1921, when Silvestre advanced up into the Rif mountains of Morocco, Alfonso sent him a telegram whose first line read "Hurrah for real men!", urging Silvestre not to retreat at a time when Silvestre was experiencing major difficulties.[26] Silvestre stayed the course, leading his men into the Battle of Annual, one of Spain's worst defeats. Alfonso, who was on holiday in the south of France at the time, was informed of the "Disaster of the Annual" while he was playing golf. Reportedly, Alfonso's response to the news was to shrug his shoulders and say "Chicken meat is cheap", before resuming his game.[27] Alfonso remained in France and did not return to Spain to comfort the families of the soldiers lost in the battle, which many people at the time saw as a callous and cold act, a sign that the King was indifferent over the lives of his soldiers. In 1922, the Cortes started an investigation into the responsibility for the Annual disaster and soon discovered evidence that the King had been one of the main supporters of Silvestre's advance into the Rif mountains.
After the "Disaster of the Annual", Spain's war in the Rif went from bad to worse, and as the Spanish were barely hanging on to Morocco, support for the abandonistas grew as many people could see no point to the war.[24] In August 1923, Spanish soldiers embarking for Morocco mutinied, other soldiers in Málaga simply refused to board the ships that were to take them to Morocco, while in Barcelona huge crowds of left-wingers had staged anti-war protests at which Spanish flags were burned while the flag of the Rif Republic was waved about.[24] With the Africanists comprising only a minority, it was clear that it was only a matter of time before the abandonistas forced the Spanish to give up on the Rif, which was part of the reason for the military coup d'état later in 1923.[24]
On 13 September 1923,
On 28 January 1930, amid economic problems, general unpopularity and a putschist plot led by General
Dethronement and politics in exile
On 12 April, the Republican coalition, short of winning a majority of councillors overall, won a sweeping majority in major cities in the
In November 1931, the Constituent Republican Cortes held an impassionate debate about the political responsibilities of the former monarch.
Involved in anti-Republican plots from his exile, and keen to draw support from the Carlists in the context of the uneasy and competing relations between the Carlist and Alfonsist factions within the radicalised monarchist camp, in the aftermath of so-called Pact of Territet he issued a statement dated 23 January 1932 endorsing the manifesto launched by Carlist claimant Alfonso Carlos (in which the latter hinted at the cession of dynastic rights should the former king accept "those fundamental principles which in our traditional regime have been demanded of all Kings with precedence of personal rights"), with the dethroned king likewise accusing in the document the reformist Republic to be "inspired and sponsored by communism, freemasonry and judaism".[41]
In 1933, his two eldest sons, Alfonso and Jaime, renounced their claims to the defunct throne on the same day, and in 1934 his youngest son Gonzalo died. This left his third son Juan his only male heir.
After the July 1936 attempted coup d'état against the democratically elected Republican government[42] a war broke out in Spain. On 30 July 1936, Alfonso's son Juan took the initiative of leaving Cannes to go to Spain to join the rebel faction, with the former king (then in a hunting trip in Czechoslovakia) reportedly giving consent, so Juan de Borbón crossed the border set to join the front in Somosierra dressed in a blue jumpsuit and red beret under the fake name "Juan López".[43] However, rebel general Emilio Mola, mastermind behind the putschist plot, was warned of the move and had Juan returned.[44] The former king made it clear he favoured the rebel faction against the Republican government. In September 1936, the general who had emerged as leader of the rebel faction, Francisco Franco, declared that he would not restore Alfonso as king.
Death
On 15 January 1941, Alfonso XIII renounced his rights to the defunct Spanish throne in favour of Juan. He died of a heart attack in Rome on 28 February that year.
In Spain, dictator Francisco Franco ordered three days of national mourning.[45] The ex-king's funeral was held in Rome in the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri. He was buried in the Church of Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli, the Spanish national church in Rome, immediately below the tombs of Popes Callixtus III and Alexander VI.[46] In January 1980 his remains were transferred to El Escorial in Spain.[47]
Legacy
Alfonso was a promoter of tourism in Spain. The need for the lodging of his wedding guests prompted the construction of the luxurious
An avenue in the northern Madrid neighbourhood of Chamartín, Avenida de Alfonso XIII, is named after him. A plaza or town centre in Iloilo City, Philippines (now Plaza Libertad) was named in his honour called Plaza Alfonso XIII.[49] A street in Merthyr Tydfil, in Wales, was built especially to house Spanish immigrants in the mining industry and named Alphonso Street after Alfonso XIII.[50]
Personal life
Legitimate and illegitimate children
Alfonso and his wife Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (Ena) had seven children:
- Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938);
- Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia (1908–1975);
- Infanta Beatriz (1909–2002);
- Infante Fernando (stillborn 1910);
- Infanta María Cristina (1911–1996);
- Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona (1913–1993);
- Infante Gonzalo (1914–1934).
Alfonso also had a number of reported illegitimate children that are known, including:
- Roger Marie Vincent Philippe Lévêque de Vilmorin (1905–1980; by French aristocrat Mélanie de Gaufridy de Dortan, married to Philippe de Vilmorin);[53][54]
- Juana Alfonsa Milán y Quiñones de León (1916–2005; by Alfonso's governess Béatrice Noon);[55]
- Anna María Teresa Ruiz y Moragas (1925–1965; by Spanish actress Carmen Ruiz Moragas)
- Leandro Alfonso Luis Ruiz y Moragas (1929–2016; by Spanish actress Carmen Ruiz Moragas);[56][57]
- Carmen Gravina (1926–2006; by Carmen de Navascués).[58]
Attitude towards Jews
Alfonso was known for his friendly attitude towards Jews and publicly praised them.[59] In 1932, he embraced the Judeo-Masonic-Communist conspiracy theory.[60] He took several actions to offer them protection. In 1917, Alfonso instructed the Spanish consul in Jerusalem, Antonio de la Cierva y Lewita, Count of Ballobar, to help protect Palestinian Jews. On another occasion, after a high official in Tetuan had committed onslaughts against Jews, a delegation composed of Catholics, Jews, and Muslims appealed to Alfonso. The King then removed the Tetuan official from power, in spite of the fact that the official possessed the support of the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs. According to the Jewish Professor Abraham S.E. Yahuda, Alfonso told Yahuda in private conversations that he would issue no policies of discrimination towards Jews, believing all of his Spanish subjects to be entitled to equal rights and protection.[61]
Pornographic cinema
Alfonso is occasionally referred to as "the playboy king", due in part to his promotion and collection of Spanish pornographic films, as well as his extramarital affairs.[62][63] As King, Alfonso commissioned pornographic films through the Barcelona production company Royal Films, with the Count of Romanones acting as an intermediary figure between him and the company. Between forty and seventy pornographic films are said to have been shot in total (three of which have been preserved) and were screened in Barcelona's Chinatown, as well as during Alfonso's private screenings.[64] The films, while silent and in black and white, were nonetheless very explicit for the time, showing full nudity and sex scenes. These films featured content considered immoral and degenerate, including sexual relationships involving Catholic priests, lesbianism, and "women with enormous breasts" (the last of which is said to have been Alfonso's passion).[63][65] Most of these films were later destroyed during Franco's regime.
This has led some to speculate that Alfonso may have possessed a sex addiction.[62]
Heraldry
Honours
Spanish honours
- 1,072nd Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1886[69]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, with Collar, 1886[70][71]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, with Collar, 1927[72]
- Order of Santiago[73]
- Order of Calatrava[74]
- Order of Alcántara[75]
- Order of Montesa[76]
- Maestranza de caballería (Royal Cavalry Armory) of Ronda, Sevilla, Granada, Valencia and Zaragoza
- Founder of the Civil Order of Alfonso XII, 23 May 1902[77][78]
- Founder of the Order of Civil Merit, 25 June 1926[79]
Foreign honours
- Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1900[80]
- Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 1902[81]
- Czechoslovakia: Collar of the White Lion, 28 April 1925[82]
- Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 20 July 1901[83]
- France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, January 1903[84]
- Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Black Eagle[85]
- Knight of St. Hubert, 1904[86]
- Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 23 August 1910[87]
- Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown[85]
- Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1890[88]
- Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Annunciation, 20 September 1900[89]
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion[85]
- Empire of Japan: Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 1930[b]
- Norway: Grand Cross of St. Olav, with Collar, 18 April 1911[91]
- Persian Empire: Order of the Aqdas, 1st Class, 16 May 1902 – During his enthronement festivities.[92]
- Tower and Sword, 1900[93]
- Kingdom of Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of Carol I, with Collar, 1906[94]
- Russian Empire: Knight of St. Andrew, 1902 – During his enthronement festivities.[85]
- Siam: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 18 October 1897[95]
- Oscar II of Sweden sent his youngest son, Prince Eugen to represent him at the festivities marking the King's enthronement, and he invested the King as a Knight in a special ceremony.[92]
- United Kingdom:
- Honorary Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 28 July 1897[96]
- Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter, 16 May 1902 – King Edward VII's brother, the Duke of Connaught attended the festivities marking the King's enthronement, and invested him as a Knight in a special ceremony.[92][97]
- Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain, 9 June 1905[98]
In the Royal Library of Madrid, there are books containing emblems of the Spanish monarch.[99]
Ancestry
Alfonso XIII is a rare example of
Ancestors of Alfonso XIII | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
Notes
- ^ In the languages of Spain, his name was:
- daimyō from Western Japan had been actively involved in negotiating trade and diplomatic treaties with Spain and with the colonies of New Spain (Mexico) and the Philippines; and it was anticipated that the mere presence of the Princess could serve to underscore the range of possibilities which could be inferred from that little-known history.[90]
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- ^ a b Hoh, Anchi (18 January 2018). ""Royal Knight of Charity": King Alfonso XIII of Spain in WWI | 4 Corners of the World: International Collections and Studies at the Library of Congress". Blogs.loc.gov. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "Nomination%20archive". NobelPrize.org. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
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- ^ a b Navas, Sara (19 July 2020). "Alfonso XIII, "el rey 'playboy" que se convirtió en el primer promotor del cine pornográfico en España". El País (in Spanish).
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...as was King Alfonso XIII of Spain, who had a passion for women with enormous breasts.
- ^ Devereux, Charlie (17 November 2021). "Spanish satirical comedy 'Alfonso the African' reveals former king's secret erotic films". The Times.
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- ^ Collier, William Miller. (1912). At the Court of His Catholic Majesty, pp. 35–36; Order of the Golden Fleece.
- ^ "Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1929. p. 218. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ Miller, pp. 37–38; Orden de Carlos III (in Spanish) Archived 24 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Real Orden de Isabel la Católica". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1929. p. 237. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ Miller, pp. 39–39; Order of Santiago Archived 28 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
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- ^ Miller, pp. 39–39; Order of Alcántara Archived 13 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
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- ^ a b c d Justus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha (1922) p. 36
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- ^ "Ludewigs-orden", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1914, p. 6
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 29
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- ^ "Japan to Decorate King Alfonso Today; Emperor's Brother Nears Madrid With Collar of the Chrysanthemum for Spanish King," New York Times, 3 November 1930; see also Nutail, Zelia. (1906). The Earliest Historical Relations Between Mexico and Japan, p. 2.
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Bibliography
- Avilés Farré, Juan; Elizalde Pérez-Grueso, María Dolores; Sueiro Seoane, Susana (2002). Historia política de España, 1875–1939. Vol. 1. Tres Cantos: Ediciones Istmo. ISBN 84-7090-320-9.
- ISBN 0-670-89473-7.
- Flesler, Daniela; Linhard, Tabea Alexa; Pérez Melgosa, Adrián (2015). Revisiting Jewish Spain in the Modern Era. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-31798-057-5.
- ISBN 84-666-1447-8.
- Churchill, Sir Winston. Great Contemporaries. London: T. Butterworth, 1937. Contains the most famous single account of Alfonso in the English language. The author, writing shortly after the Spanish Civil War began, retained considerable fondness for the ex-sovereign.
- Collier, William Miller. At the Court of His Catholic Majesty. Chicago: McClurg, 1912. The author was American ambassador to Spain from 1905 to 1909.
- Noel, Gerard. Ena: Spain's English Queen. London: Constable, 1984. Considerably more candid than Petrie about Alfonso, the private man, and about the miseries the royal family experienced because of their haemophiliac children.
- Nuttall, Zelia (1906). The earliest historical relations between Mexico and Japan: from original documents preserved in Spain and Japan. The University Press.
- Petrie, Sir Charles. King Alfonso XIII and His Age. London: Chapman & Hall, 1963. Written as it was during Queen Ena's lifetime, this book necessarily omits the King's extramarital affairs; but it remains a useful biography, not least because the author knew Alfonso quite well, interviewed him at considerable length, and relates him to the wider Spanish intellectual culture of his time.
- Pilapil, Vicente R. Alfonso XIII. Twayne's rulers and statesmen of the world series 12. New York: Twayne, 1969.
- Sencourt, Robert. King Alfonso: A Biography. London: Faber, 1942.
- ISBN 84-460-1491-2.
External links
- Historiaantiqua. Alfonso XIII; (in Spanish) (2008)
- Visit by Alphonso XIII to Deauville in 1922 (with images)
- Newspaper clippings about Alfonso XIII in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Portraits of Alfonso XIII, King of Spain at the National Portrait Gallery, London