Christian IX of Denmark

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Christian IX
Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen, Denmark
Burial15 February 1906
Roskilde Cathedral
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1842; died 1898)​
Issue
Detail
HouseGlücksburg
FatherFriedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
MotherPrincess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel
ReligionChurch of Denmark
SignatureChristian IX's signature

Christian IX (8 April 1818 – 29 January 1906) was

Holstein and Lauenburg
.

A younger son of

Denmark since 1448. Although having close family ties to the Danish royal family, he was originally not in the immediate line of succession to the Danish throne. Following the early death of his father in 1831, Christian grew up in Denmark and was educated at the Military Academy of Copenhagen. After unsuccessfully seeking the hand of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom in marriage, he married his double second cousin, Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel
, in 1842. He is famously quoted saying "jeg liker hestekuk"


In 1852, Christian was chosen as heir-presumptive to the Danish throne in light of the expected extinction of the senior line of the House of Oldenburg. Upon the death of King Frederick VII of Denmark in 1863, Christian (who was Frederick's second cousin and husband of Frederick's paternal first cousin, Louise of Hesse-Kassel) acceded to the throne as the first Danish monarch of the House of Glücksburg.[1]

The beginning of his reign was marked by the Danish defeat in the Second Schleswig War and the subsequent loss of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg which made the king immensely unpopular. The following years of his reign were dominated by political disputes, for Denmark had only become a constitutional monarchy in 1849 and the balance of power between the sovereign and parliament was still in dispute. In spite of his initial unpopularity and the many years of political strife, in which the king was in conflict with large parts of the population, his popularity recovered towards the end of his reign, and he became a national icon due to the length of his reign and the high standards of personal morality with which he was identified.

Christian's six children with Louise married into other European royal families, earning him the

Felipe VI of Spain.[2]

Early life

Birth and family

See also: Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg
Prince Christian's birthplace Gottorf Castle in Schleswig-Holstein, seat of the royal governors of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein (2007)

Christian IX was born between 10 and 11 a.m. on 8 April 1818 at the residence of his maternal grandparents,

Caroline Amalie of Augustenborg, he had traveled from Augustenborg to Gottorp so that he could hold his godson at the christening, which was held at the end of May in the chapel of Gottorp Castle.[3]

Prince Christian's father Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, from 1825 Duke of Glücksburg

Prince Christian's father was the head of the ducal house of

Field Marshal and Royal Governor of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.[7]

Through his father, Prince Christian was thus a direct male-line descendant of King

Adolf of Schauenburg, last Schauenburg duke of Schleswig and count of Holstein. As such, Prince Christian was eligible to succeed in the twin duchies of Schleswig-Holstein, but not first in line. Through his mother, he was thus a great-grandson of Frederick V, great-great-grandson of George II of Great Britain
and a descendant of several other monarchs, but had no direct claim to any European throne.

Childhood

eponymous ducal branches of the House of Oldenburg
(2005).

Initially, the young prince grew up with his parents and many brothers and sisters at his maternal grandparents' residence at

Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and thus founded the younger Glücksburg line.[8]

Subsequently, the family moved to

raised with his siblings under their father's supervision. The Duke wrote to a friend:

I raise my sons with rigor, that these may learn to obey, without, however, failing to make them available to the requirements and demands of the present.[9]

However, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm died of a cold that had developed into pneumonia at the age of just 46 on 17 February 1831 and, at the Duke's own discretion, scarlet fever, which had previously affected two of his children. His death left the duchess widowed with ten children and no money. Prince Christian was twelve years old when his father died.

Education

Prince Christian's surrogate father, Frederick VI of Denmark, whose queen Marie of Hesse-Kassel was his aunt and the two princesses his cousins.

Following the early death of his father, King Frederick VI, together with

cadets.[9][10] On the other hand, the sonless royal couple took good care of the boy, as Queen Marie was his mother's sister and King Frederick VI his mother's cousin. Also, in 1838, Prince Christian's eldest brother, Duke Karl of Glücksborg, married the king and queen's youngest daughter, Princess Vilhelmine Marie
, which further strengthened the bonds between them.

Prince Christian's longtime home, the Yellow Palace in Copenhagen (2006).

In 1835, Prince Christian was

town house at 18 Amaliegade, immediately adjacent to the Amalienborg Palace complex, the principal residence of the Danish royal family in the district of Frederiksstaden in central Copenhagen, where he came to live until 1865.[9]

From 1839 to 1841, Prince Christian studied

Prussian army.[11]

Becoming the heir-presumptive

Marriage

Prince Christian's first marriage prospect, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

As a young man, in 1838, Prince Christian, representing Frederick VI, attended the

Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the young queen had a good impression of her third cousin Prince Christian, who 25 years later would become father-in-law to her eldest son, the Prince of Wales.[13]

Prince Christian and Princess Louise in the 1840s.

Instead, Prince Christian entered into a marriage that was to have great significance for his future. In 1841 he was engaged to his second cousin Princess

Frederick VIII's Palace at Amalienborg.[12] The bride and groom took their bridal tour to Kiel in the Duchy of Holstein, where they visited Prince Christian's older brother, Duke Karl of Glücksburg, and his wife, Frederick VI's daughter Duchess Vilhelmine, who had not been able to attend the wedding.[14]

Louise was a wise and energetic woman who exercised a strong influence over her husband. After the wedding, the couple moved into the Yellow Palace, where their first five children were born between 1843 and 1853: Prince Frederick in 1843, Princess Alexandra in 1844, Prince William in 1845, Princess Dagmar in 1847 and Princess Thyra in 1853.[15] The family was still quite unknown and lived a relatively modest life by royal standards.

The Danish succession crisis

See also:
Schleswig-Holstein Question
Princess Louise's uncle, Christian VIII of Denmark, faced a complex succession crisis during his reign.

In the

Saxe-Lauenburg, not being the same, the possibility of a separation of the crown of Denmark from its duchies became probable.[17]

Lauenburg
before 1864.

The succession in the Kingdom of Denmark was regulated by the

Semi-Salic succession, which stipulated that after the extinction of all-male descendance, including all collateral male lines, a female agnate (such as a daughter) of the last male holder of the property would inherit, and after her, her own male heirs according to the Salic order. There were, however, several ways to interpret to whom the crown could pass, since the provision was not entirely clear as to whether a claimant to the throne could be the closest female relative or not. In the duchy of Holstein, where the king reigned as duke, the rules of succession also followed the Salic law, but did not limit the succession to the agnatic descendants of Frederick III. As there were several junior male lines of the House of Oldenburg, who were however not descendants of Frederick III, there were thus numerous agnatic descendants with succession rights in the Duchy of Holstein, who were however not eligible to succeed to the Danish throne. In addition, the two duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were permanently joined to each other by the Treaty of Ribe
of 1460, which proclaimed that the two duchies should be "Forever Undivided".

The linguistic distribution in the Duchy of Schleswig around 1840.

The already complicated dynastic question of the succession was made even more complex as it took place against a background of equally complicated political issues. The movements of

Linguistically, however, Danish, German and North Frisian existed as vernaculars
in different parts of the Duchy, and German functioned as the language of law and the ruling class.

The Danish national liberals insisted that Schleswig as a fief had belonged to Denmark for centuries and aimed to restore the southern frontier of Denmark on the Eider river, the historic border between Schleswig and Holstein. The Danish nationalists thus aspired to incorporate the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom, in the process separating it from the duchy of Holstein, which should be allowed to pursue its own destiny as a member of the German Confederation or possibly a new united Germany. With the claim of the total integration of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom, the Danish national liberals opposed the German national liberals, whose goal was the union of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, their joint independence from Denmark and their membership in the German Confederation as an autonomous German state. The German nationalists thus sought to confirm Schleswig's association with Holstein, in the process detaching Schleswig from Denmark and bringing it into the German Confederation.

There was burgeoning nationalism within both Denmark and the German-speaking parts of Schleswig-Holstein. This meant that a resolution to keep the two Duchies together and as a part of the Danish kingdom could not satisfy the conflicting interests of both Danish and German nationalists, and hindered all hopes of a peaceful solution.

Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, pretender to the duchies during the succession crisis.

As the nations of Europe looked on, the numerous descendants of

Schleswig and Holstein
, being head of the house of Augustenburg, and thus became a symbol of the nationalist German independence movement in Schleswig-Holstein.

The closest female relatives of Frederick VII were his paternal aunt,

Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark, who had married a scion of the cadet branch of the House of Hesse
, and her children. However, they were not agnatic descendants of the royal family, so were not eligible to succeed in Schleswig-Holstein.

The dynastic female heir reckoned most eligible according to the original law of primogeniture of Frederick III was

Frederick of Augustenburg
, but his turn would have come only after the death of two childless princesses who were very much alive in 1863.

The House of Glücksburg also held a significant interest in the succession to the throne. A more junior branch of the royal family, they were also descendants of Frederick III through the daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark. Lastly, there was yet a more junior agnatic branch that was eligible to succeed in Schleswig-Holstein. There was Christian himself and his three older brothers, the eldest of whom, Karl, was childless, but the others had produced children, and male children at that.

Prince Christian had been a foster "grandson" of the "grandchildless" royal couple Frederick VI and his Queen consort Marie (Marie Sophie Friederike of Hesse). Familiar with the royal court and the traditions of the recent monarchs, their young ward Prince Christian was a nephew of Queen Marie and a first cousin once removed of Frederick VI. He had been brought up as a Dane, having lived in Danish-speaking lands of the royal dynasty and not having become a German nationalist, which made him a relatively good candidate from the Danish point of view. As junior agnatic descendant, he was eligible to inherit Schleswig-Holstein, but was not the first in line. As a descendant of Frederick III, he was eligible to succeed in Denmark, although here too, he was not first in line.

Family of Christian IX of Denmark
  - Kings of Denmark
  - Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg
  - Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
  - Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
Christian III of Denmark
Frederick II of DenmarkJohn II
Christian IV of DenmarkAlexander
Ernest Günther
August Philipp
Christian V of DenmarkPrince Frederick William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-AugustenburgFrederick Louis
Christian August
Peter August
Christian VI of DenmarkFrederick Christian IPrince Karl Anton August of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
Frederick V of DenmarkFrederick Christian IIFriedrich Karl Ludwig
Christian VII of DenmarkPrincess Louise of Denmark (1750–1831)Frederick, Hereditary Prince of DenmarkFriedrich Wilhelm
Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark
Princess Caroline of DenmarkChristian August II(Prince Christian)
CHRISTIAN IX OF DENMARK		Frederick VII of DenmarkLouise of Hesse-Kassel
House of Oldenburg, 1863

Appointment as an heir-presumptive

See also: London Protocol (1852) and Act of Succession (Denmark)
Prince Christian as heir presumptive with his children Dagmar, William and Alexandra in 1861.

In 1851, the Russian emperor recommended that Prince Christian advance in the Danish succession. And in 1852, the thorny question of Denmark's succession was finally resolved by the London Protocol of 8 May 1852, signed by the United Kingdom, France, Russia, Prussia and Austria, and ratified by Denmark and Sweden. Christian was chosen as heir presumptive to the throne after Frederick VII's uncle, and thus would become king after the extinction of the most senior line to the Danish throne. A justification for this choice was his marriage to Louise of Hesse-Kassel, who as daughter of the closest female relative of Frederick VII was closely related to the royal family. Louise's mother and brother, and elder sister too, renounced their rights in favor of Louise and her husband. Prince Christian's wife was thereafter the closest female heiress of Frederick VII.

The decision was implemented by the Danish Law of Succession of 31 July 1853—more precisely, the Royal Ordinance settling the Succession to the Crown on Prince Christian of Glücksburg which designated him as second-in-line to the

Danish throne following King Frederick VII's uncle. Consequently, Prince Christian and his family were granted the titles of Prince and Princess of Denmark and the style of Highness.[19]

Bernstorff Palace, Prince Christian's summer residence as heir presumptive (2006).

As second-in-line, Prince Christian continued to live in the Yellow Palace with his family. However, as a consequence of their new status, the family were now also granted the right to use Bernstorff Palace north of Copenhagen as their summer residence. It became Princess Louise's favorite residence, and the family often stayed there. It was also at Bernstorff that their youngest son, Prince Valdemar, was born in 1858.[15] At the occasion of Prince Valdemar's baptism, Prince Christian and his family were granted the style of Royal Highness. Although their economy had improved, the financial situation of the family was still relatively strained.

However, Prince Christian's appointment as successor to the throne was not met with undivided enthusiasm. His relationship with the king was cool, partly because the colorful King Frederick VII did not like the straightforward, military prince, and had preferred to see Christian's eldest son, the young Prince Frederick, take his place, partly because Prince Christian and Princess Louise openly showed their disapproval of the king's

Countess Danner.[16] Politically, Prince Christian also had little influence during his tenure as second-in-line. This was partly due to the distrust of the Countess Danner, partly due to Christian's perceived conservatism, which earned him the distrust of the powerful National Liberal Party. It was not before 1856 that the politician Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ, to whom Prince Christian always felt close, secured him a seat in the Council of State.[20]

The year 1863 became rich in significant events for Prince Christian and his family. On 10 March, his eldest daughter,

King of the Hellenes and ascended the Greek throne taking the name of King George I.[15]
And in June 1863, Prince Christian himself became heir-presumptive upon the death of the elderly Prince Ferdinand before eventually becoming King Christian IX on November 15 that year.

Early reign

Accession

Frederik VII and accession of Christian IX[21]

During the last years of the reign of King Frederick VII, his health was increasingly poor, and in the autumn of 1863, during a visit to the

Council President Carl Christian Hall
on 16 November 1863 as Christian IX.

Prince Frederick of Augustenburg, pretender
to the duchies as Frederick VIII (1863).

Christian and Denmark was immediately plunged into a crisis over the

First War of Schleswig
, and his father's concurrent renunciation to claims to the throne, Frederick's claim was not recognized by the parties to the protocol.

Second Schleswig War

Main article: Second Schleswig War
Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Under pressure, Christian signed the November Constitution, a treaty that made Schleswig part of Denmark. This resulted in the Second Schleswig War between Denmark and a Prussian/Austrian alliance in 1864. The Peace Conference broke up without having arrived at any conclusion; the outcome of the war was unfavorable to Denmark and led to the incorporation of Schleswig into Prussia in 1865. Holstein was likewise incorporated into Austria in 1865, then Prussia in 1866, following further conflict between Austria and Prussia.

Following the loss, Christian IX went behind the backs of the Danish government to contact the Prussians, offering that the whole of Denmark could join the

Queen Margrethe II.[22]

Later reign

Constitutional struggle

Portrait by Henrik Olrik, 1871

The defeat of 1864 cast a shadow over Christian IX's rule for many years and his attitude to the Danish case—probably without reason—was claimed to be half-hearted. This unpopularity was worsened as he sought unsuccessfully to prevent the spread of democracy throughout Denmark by supporting the authoritarian and conservative prime minister

parliamentarism and clearly bettered his reputation for his last years.[23]

Another reform occurred in 1866, when the Danish constitution was revised so that Denmark's upper chamber would have more power than the lower. Social security also took a few steps forward during his reign. Old age pensions were introduced in 1891 and unemployment and family benefits were introduced in 1892.

Christmas seal

Last years

In spite of the King's initial unpopularity and the many years of political strife, where the king was in conflict with large parts of the population, his popularity recovered towards the end of his reign, and he became a national icon due to the length of his reign and the high standards of personal morality with which he was identified.

silver wedding anniversary in 1867.[25]

In 1904, the King became aware of the efforts of Einar Holbøll, a postal clerk in Denmark, who conceived the idea of selling Christmas seals at post offices across Denmark to raise badly needed funding to help those afflicted with tuberculosis, which was occurring in alarming proportions in Denmark. The King approved of Holbøll's idea and subsequently the Danish post office produced the world's first Christmas seal, which generated more than $40,000 in funding. The Christmas seal portrayed an image of his wife, Queen Louise.[26]

Death and succession

Christiansborg Palace Square
on 16 February 1906.

Queen Louise died at age 81 on 29 September 1898 at

chapel at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen, he was interred on 16 February 1906 beside Queen Louise in Christian IX's Chapel in Roskilde Cathedral on the island of Zealand, the traditional burial site for Danish monarchs
since the 15th century.

After his death, a competition was announced for a double

sculptor Edvard Eriksen and the Danish architect Hack Kampmann. They created a large sarcophagus in white marble
flanked by three graceful sculptures symbolizing Remembrance, Love and Grief.

Upon King Christian IX's death, Crown Prince Frederick ascended the throne at the age of 62 as King Frederick VIII.

Legacy

"Father-in-Law of Europe"

Christian's family links with Europe's royal families earned him the sobriquet "the father-in-law of Europe". Four of Christian's children sat on the thrones (either as monarchs or as consorts) of Denmark, Greece, the United Kingdom and Russia. His youngest son, Valdemar, was on 10 November 1886 elected as new Prince of Bulgaria by The 3rd Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria, but Christian IX refused to allow Prince Valdemar to receive the election.[27][28]

Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark, Princess Thyra and Prince Valdemar
.
Christian IX, on a 10 Daler coin of the Danish West Indies (1904)
Christian IX, on a 10 Daler coin of the Danish West Indies (1904)

The great dynastic success of the six children was to a great extent not attributable to Christian himself but the result of the ambitions of his wife

Great Powers, so the other powers did not fear that the balance of power
in Europe would be upset by a marriage of one of its royalty to another royal house.

Christian's grandsons included

Haakon VII of Norway
.

Today, members of most of Europe's reigning and ex-reigning royal families are direct

Henri of Luxembourg. [29]

Titles, styles, honours, and arms

Titles and styles

During his reign,

Oldenburg.[a][30]

Honours

King Christian IX Land in Greenland is named after him.

National orders and decorations[31]

Foreign orders and decorations[33]

Honorary military appointments

  • Honorary
    Sweden-Norway)[60]

Arms

As Sovereign, Christian IX used the greater (royal) coat of arms of Denmark. The arms were changed in 1903, as Iceland from then was represented by a falcon rather than its traditional stockfish arms.

Royal arms from 1863 to 1903 Royal arms from 1903 to 1906

Family

The Family of Christian IX of Denmark gathered in the Garden Hall of Fredensborg Palace in 1883. Painting by Laurits Tuxen (1883-86).

Issue

Main article: Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark
See also: Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX
Name Birth Death Spouse Children
Frederick VIII of Denmark 3 June 1843 14 May 1912

(aged 68)

Princess Louise of Sweden (m. 1869)
Haakon VII of Norway
Louise, Princess Frederick of Schaumburg-Lippe
Prince Harald of Denmark
Princess Ingeborg, Duchess of Västergötland
Princess Thyra of Denmark
Prince Gustav of Denmark
Princess Dagmar, Mrs. Castenskiold
Princess Alexandra of Denmark 1 December 1844 20 November 1925

(aged 80)

Edward VII of the United Kingdom (m. 1863)
Prince Alexander John of Wales
George I of Greece 24 December 1845 18 March 1913

(aged 67)

Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia (m. 1867)
Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna of Russia
Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark
Grand Duchess Maria Georgievna of Russia
Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark
Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark
Princess Dagmar of Denmark 26 November 1847 13 October 1928

(aged 80)

Alexander III of Russia (m. 1866)
Nicholas II of Russia
Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia
Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia
Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia
Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia
Olga Alexandrovna, Duchess Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg
Princess Thyra of Denmark 29 September 1853 26 February 1933

(aged 79)

Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover and Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale (m. 1878)
Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Princess Olga of Hanover and Cumberland
Prince Christian of Hanover and Cumberland
Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover and Duke of Brunswick
Prince Valdemar of Denmark 27 October 1858 14 January 1939

(aged 80)

Princess Marie of Orléans (m. 1885) Prince Aage, Count of Rosenborg
Prince Axel of Denmark
Prince Erik, Count of Rosenborg
Prince Viggo, Count of Rosenborg
Margaret, Princess René of Bourbon-Parma

Ancestry

Notes

  1. Queen Margrethe II.[30]

References

Citations

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Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christian IX of Denmark.
Christian IX
House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg
Born: 8 April 1818 Died: 29 January 1906
Regnal titles
Preceded by
King of Denmark

1863–1906 		Succeeded by
Duke of Schleswig and Holstein

1863–1864 		Titles mediatised
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
1863–1864 		Succeeded by
William I
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