Haakon VII

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Haakon VII
King of Norway
Reign18 November 1905 − 21 September 1957
Coronation22 June 1906
Nidaros Cathedral, Trondheim, Norway
PredecessorOscar II
SuccessorOlav V
Prime Ministers
See list
BornPrince Christian Frederik Carl Georg Valdemar Axel of Denmark
(1872-08-03)3 August 1872
Akershus Castle
, Oslo, Norway
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1896; died 1938)​
IssueOlav V
HouseGlücksburg
FatherFrederick VIII of Denmark
MotherLouise of Sweden
SignatureHaakon VII's signature

Haakon VII (Norwegian pronunciation:

King of Norway
from November 1905 until his death in September 1957.

Originally a Danish prince, he was born in Copenhagen as the son of the future Frederick VIII of Denmark and Louise of Sweden. Prince Carl was educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy and served in the Royal Danish Navy. After the 1905 dissolution of the union between Sweden and Norway, Prince Carl was offered the Norwegian crown. Following a November plebiscite, he accepted the offer and was formally elected King of Norway by the Storting. He took the Old Norse name Haakon and ascended to the throne as Haakon VII, becoming the first independent Norwegian monarch since 1387.[1]

As king, Haakon gained much sympathy from the Norwegian people. Although the Constitution of Norway vests the King with considerable executive powers, in practice Haakon confined himself to a representative and ceremonial role while rarely interfering in politics, a practice continued by his son and grandson.

Norway was

Second World War
. He returned to Norway in June 1945 after the defeat of Germany.

He became King of

Frederik IX ascend the throne of Denmark, in 1906, 1912 (also of Iceland from 1918 to 1944), and 1947 respectively. Haakon died at the age of 85 in September 1957, after having reigned for nearly 52 years. He was succeeded by his only son, who ascended to the throne as Olav V.[2]

Early life

Birth and family

Prince Carl's birthplace, Charlottenlund Palace north of Copenhagen, c. 1895.

Prince Carl was born on 3 August 1872 at his parents' country residence,

Bishop of Zealand, Hans Lassen Martensen. He was baptised with the names Christian Frederik Carl Georg Valdemar Axel, and was known as Prince Carl (namesake of his maternal grandfather the King of Sweden-Norway).[4]

Prince Carl belonged to the

Christian Frederick
, who was King of Norway briefly in 1814, the first king of the Norwegian 1814 constitution and struggle for independence, was his great-granduncle.

Childhood and education

naval cadet
in 1889.

Prince Carl was raised with his siblings in the royal household in Copenhagen, and grew up between his parents' residence in

Amalienborg Palace complex in central Copenhagen, and their country residence, Charlottenlund Palace, located by the coastline of the Øresund strait north of the city. In contrast to the usual practice of the period, where royal children were brought up by governesses, the children were raised by Crown Princess Louise herself. Under the supervision of their mother, the children of the Crown Princess received a rather strict Christian-dominated upbringing, which was characterized by severity, the fulfillment of duties, care and order.[6]

As a younger son of the Crown Prince, there was little expectation that Carl would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother,

Christiansborg Palace Chapel
in 1887.

After his confirmation, as was customary for princes at that time, Prince Carl was expected to start a military education.[dubious – discuss] It was decided that he, in accordance with his own wishes, should enter the Royal Danish Navy. He was educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy from 1889 to 1893, graduating as a second lieutenant. He subsequently remained in service with the Royal Danish Navy until his appointment as Norwegian king in 1905. In 1894 he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant and in 1905 to the rank of admiral.[5] During his naval career, he took part in several naval expeditions, including one in 1904–1905 with the protected cruiser HDMS Heimdal to the Mediterranean and the Atlantic.[3]

Marriage

Wedding of Princess Maud and Prince Carl at Buckingham Palace

On 28 October 1895, at the age of 23, Prince Carl was engaged to his first cousin

Princess Alexandra of Denmark, who was Prince Carl's aunt as the eldest daughter of King Christian IX and Queen Louise. The wedding was celebrated on 22 July 1896,[7] in the Private Chapel of Buckingham Palace, and was attended by the bride's grandmother, the 77-year-old Queen Victoria
.

After the wedding, the couple settled in

Olav V of Norway), was born on 2 July 1903.[7]

Accession to the Norwegian throne

Background and election

See also: Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden
King of Norway
until October 1905.

Following several years of disagreements on various topics, the

great powers of Europe. Its provisions included the full recognition of Norway's sovereignty and the abdication of the Swedish King Oscar II
from the Norwegian throne. One month later, the union was formally dissolved as King Oscar II on 26 October signed the documents recognizing Norway as an independent state, and abdicated as Norwegian king on the same day.

Subsequently, a committee of the Norwegian government identified several princes of European royal houses as candidates for the vacant Norwegian crown. Although Norway had legally had the status of an independent state since 1814, it had not had its own king since 1387. Gradually, Prince Carl became the leading candidate, largely because he was descended from independent Norwegian kings. He also had a son, providing an heir-apparent to the throne, and the fact that his wife, Princess Maud, was a member of the British royal family was viewed by many as an advantage to the newly independent Norwegian nation.[9]

Ballots with yes and no from the 1905 Norwegian monarchy referendum.

The democratically minded Prince Carl, aware that Norway was still debating whether to remain a kingdom or to switch instead to a republican system of government, was flattered by the Norwegian government's overtures, but he made his acceptance of the offer conditional on the holding of a referendum to show whether monarchy was the choice of the Norwegian people. After the

Oscar II of Sweden
, who had abdicated the Norwegian throne in October.

A delegation from the Norwegian Parliament is received on 20 November 1905 at Amalienborg by King Christian IX of Denmark, who gives his consent to the election of his grandson Prince Carl as King of Norway. Painting by Paul Fischer.

Two days later, on the morning of 20 November, a large crowd gathered outside King Haakon and Queen Maud's residence in Bernstorff's Palace in Copenhagen. The attendees greeted the royal couple as they appeared in the window and started singing the patriotic song

President of the Storting Carl Berner
, conveyed a greeting and congratulations from the Norwegian people, and expressed the people's wishes for a happy cooperation. The king replied:

Mr. President of the Storthing, gentlemen. The first greeting from the Representatives of the Norwegian People, who in their unanimous Storthing decision on 18 November has elected me their King, has touched me deeply. The people have thereby shown me a confidence which I know how to appreciate, and which I hope will still grow stronger as it gets to know my wife and me. As it will be known to you, gentlemen, it was at my request that the newly concluded referendum took place. I wanted to be sure that it was a people and not a party that wanted me to be king, as my task above all should be to unite, not divide. My life I will devote to the good of Norway, and it is the fervent wish of my wife and I that the people who have chosen us will unite to cooperate and strive towards this great goal, and with full confidence I can then take as my motto: ALL FOR NORWAY.[12]

Arrival in Norway

Kristiania. Painting by Vilhelm Arnesen
(1906).

Just three days later, on 23 November, the new Norwegian royal family left Copenhagen for Norway on board the Danish

Kristiania
(now Oslo) early on the morning of 25 November 1905.

Crown Prince Olav on his arm and is greeted on board the ship Heimdal by Prime Minister Christian Michelsen
.

The king was received at the harbour by the Prime Minister of Norway Christian Michelsen. On the deck of the Heimdal, the Prime Minister gave the following speech to the king:

For almost 600 years, the Norwegian people have not had their own king. Never has he been completely our own. Always have we had to share him with others. Never has he had his home with us. But where the home is, there will also be the fatherland. Today it is different. Today, Norway's young king comes to build his future home in Norway's capital. Named by a free people as a free man to lead his country, he will be completely our own. Once again, the Norwegians' king will be the strong, unifying mark for all national deeds in the new, independent Norway ... [13]

Two days later, on 27 November, Haakon VII took his constitutional oath before parliament as Norway's first independent king in 518 years. However, Norway counts 18 November, the day of his election, as the formal beginning of his reign.

Coronation

See also: Coronations in Norway
Coronation portrait of King Haakon VII and Queen Maud, 22 June 1906

On 22 June 1906, King Haakon and Queen Maud were solemnly crowned and anointed in the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim by the Bishop of Trondheim Vilhelm Andreas Wexelsen.[7] The coronation was in keeping with the constitutional mandate, but many Norwegian statesmen had come to regard coronation rites as "undemocratic and archaic". The coronation clause was deleted from Norway's constitution in 1908, and although coronations are not expressly banned under current Norwegian legislation, this became the most recent coronation of a Norwegian monarch. In the period before and after the coronation, the King and Queen made an extensive coronation journey through Norway.

The King and Queen moved into the Royal Palace in Oslo. Haakon became the first monarch to use the palace permanently and the palace was therefore refurbished for two years before he, Queen Maud and Crown Prince Olav could move in. While the Royal Palace was being refurbished, the King and Queen Maud lived their first year in Norway at the Bygdøy Royal Estate in Oslo which they continued to use frequently as a summer residence.[14] After the coronation, King Haakon and Queen Maud also received the estate Kongesæteren at Holmenkollen in Oslo as a gift from the Norwegian people.[14]

Early reign

King Haakon VII, Crown Prince Olav and Queen Maud, on 17 July 1913 in Norway

King Haakon gained much sympathy from the Norwegian people. He travelled extensively through Norway. As king, Haakon endeavored to redefine the role of the monarchy in

Council of State) in his name. Haakon confined himself to non-partisan roles without interfering in politics, a practice continued by his son and grandson. However, his long rule gave him considerable moral authority
as a symbol of the country's unity.

Gustav V of Sweden and Haakon VII at the meeting of the three Scandinavian kings in Malmö
in December 1914.

At the outbreak of the

Gustav V of Sweden (Haakon's mother's cousin) met along with their foreign ministers to discuss and emphasize the neutrality of the Nordic countries, and in a joint declaration, confirmed the three states' strict neutrality during the war.[15][16]
The meeting in 1914 was followed by another three-kings meeting in Kristiania in November 1917.

King George V of the United Kingdom and King Frederick VIII of Denmark
.

In 1927, the Labour Party became the largest party in parliament and early the following year Norway's first Labour Party government rose to power. The Labour Party was considered to be "revolutionary" by many and the deputy prime minister at the time advised against appointing Christopher Hornsrud as Prime Minister. Haakon, however, refused to abandon parliamentary convention and asked Hornsrud to form a new government. In response to some of his detractors he stated, "I am also the King of the Communists" (Norwegian: "Jeg er også kommunistenes konge").[17]

The bride and groom behind their parents at the wedding in 1929.

On 21 March 1929, Crown Prince Olav married his first cousin

Harald
(born 1937), who was to become king in 1991.

During the

Eastern Greenland, a very tense atmosphere prevailed. On 5 April 1933, Norway lost the arbitration case which had been submitted to the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague. The next day, Aftenposten quoted across the front page the telegram King Haakon had sent to his brother King Christian X:

Have received the wording of the sentence and congratulate Denmark on the result.[18]

Queen Maud died unexpectedly while visiting the United Kingdom on 20 November 1938.[19] In 1939, King Haakon toured southeast Montana and parts of the proposed secessionist state of Absaroka, with supporters of the secession movement claiming this event as formal recognition of their state.[20]

Resistance during World War II

See also: German occupation of Norway

The German invasion

Main article: Operation Weserübung

president of the Storting, C. J. Hambro, created the opportunity for the royal family
, the cabinet, and most of the 150 members of the Storting (parliament) to make a hasty departure from the capital by special train.

The Storting first convened at Hamar the same afternoon, but with the rapid advance of German troops, the group moved on to Elverum. The assembled Storting unanimously enacted a resolution, the so-called Elverum Authorization, granting the cabinet full powers to protect the country until such time as the Storting could meet again.

The next day,

Christian X, which had surrendered almost immediately after the previous day's invasion, and threatened Norway with harsh reprisals if it did not surrender. Haakon told Bräuer that he could not make the decision himself, but could only act on the advice of the Government.[citation needed
]

In a meeting in Nybergsund, the King reported the German ultimatum to the cabinet sitting as a council of state. Haakon told the cabinet:

I am deeply affected by the responsibility laid on me if the German demand is rejected. The responsibility for the calamities that will befall people and country is indeed so grave that I dread to take it. It rests with the government to decide, but my position is clear.

For my part I cannot accept the German demands. It would conflict with all that I have considered to be my duty as King of Norway since I came to this country nearly thirty-five years ago.[22]

Haakon went on to say that he could not appoint Quisling as prime minister, since he knew neither the people nor the Storting had confidence in him. However, if the cabinet felt otherwise, the King said he would abdicate so as not to stand in the way of the Government's decision.

Nils Hjelmtveit, Minister of Church and Education, later wrote:

This made a great impression on us all. More clearly than ever before, we could see the man behind the words; the king who had drawn a line for himself and his task, a line from which he could not deviate. We had through the five years [in government] learned to respect and appreciate our king, and now, through his words, he came to us as a great man, just and forceful; a leader in these fatal times to our country.[23]

Inspired by Haakon's stand, the government unanimously advised him not to appoint any government headed by Quisling.[24] Within hours, it telephoned its refusal to Bräuer. That night, NRK broadcast the government's rejection of the German demands to the Norwegian people. In that same broadcast, the government announced that it would resist the German invasion as long as possible, and expressed their confidence that Norwegians would lend their support to the cause.[citation needed]

After Norway was eventually conquered, Quisling "transformed [the country] into a one-party fascist state and recruited 6,000 Norwegians to fight alongside the Germans on the Russian front".[25] A very small percentage of the population supported Quisling and many joined the Norwegian resistance movement. After the war, Quisling was convicted of treason and executed.[25]

Norwegian campaign

Main article: Norwegian campaign
King Haakon VII and Crown Prince Olav seeking shelter on the outskirts of Molde during a German bombing raid on the city in April 1940.

The following morning, 11 April 1940, in an attempt to wipe out Norway's unyielding king and government, Luftwaffe bombers attacked Nybergsund, destroying the small town where the Government was staying. Neutral Sweden was only 26 kilometres (16 mi) away, but the Swedish government decided it would "detain and incarcerate" King Haakon if he crossed their border (which Haakon never forgave).[26] The Norwegian king and his ministers took refuge in the snow-covered woods and escaped harm, continuing farther north through the mountains toward Molde on Norway's west coast. As the British forces in the area lost ground under Luftwaffe bombardment, the King and his party were taken aboard the British cruiser HMS Glasgow at Molde and conveyed a further 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) north to Tromsø, where a provisional capital was established on 1 May. Haakon and Crown Prince Olav took up residence in a forest cabin in Målselvdalen valley in inner Troms County, where they would stay until evacuation to the United Kingdom.

The Allies had a fairly secure hold over northern Norway until late May. The situation was dramatically altered, however, by their deteriorating situation in the

government in exile in the British capital.[27][28]

Government in exile

King Haakon VII, Crown Prince Olav, and Hans Reidar Holtermann in Scotland during World War II.
Main article: Nygaardsvold's Cabinet

Initially, King Haakon and Crown Prince Olav were guests at

Norwegian resistance.[30] Many broadcasts were made from Saint Olav's Norwegian Church in Rotherhithe, where the royal family were regular worshippers.[31]

Meanwhile, Hitler had appointed Josef Terboven as Reichskommissar for Norway. On Hitler's orders, Terboven attempted to coerce the Storting to depose the King; the Storting declined, citing constitutional principles. A subsequent ultimatum was made by the Germans, threatening to intern all Norwegians of military age in German concentration camps.[32] With this threat looming, the Storting's representatives in Oslo wrote to their monarch on 27 June, asking him to abdicate. The King declined, politely replying that the Storting was acting under duress. The King gave his answer on 3 July, and proclaimed it on BBC radio on 8 July.[33]

After one further German attempt in September to force the Storting to depose Haakon failed, Terboven finally decreed that the royal family had "forfeited their right to return" and dissolved the democratic political parties.[34]

The King's monogram became a symbol of resistance during the Second World War

During Norway's five years under German control, many Norwegians surreptitiously wore clothing or jewellery made from coins bearing Haakon's "H7" monogram as symbols of resistance to the German occupation and of solidarity with their exiled King and Government, just as many people in Denmark wore his brother's monogram on a pin. The King's monogram was also painted and otherwise reproduced on various surfaces as a show of resistance to the occupation.[35]

The royal family of Norway waving to the welcoming crowds from HMS Norfolk at Oslo, June 1945.

Nazi Germany controlled Norway until the

7 June 1945,[37] exactly five years after they had been evacuated from Tromsø.[38]

Post-war years

Speech from the Throne to the Storting
in 1950, Crown Prince Olav on his right side

After his return, Haakon did not continue the political role that he had played during the war, and limited himself to his constitutional duties as head of state. In the late summer of 1945 he went on an extensive tour of Norway to examine the war damage and to give consolation to the population. Because of his role during the war and his personal integrity, Haakon VII was considered the highest moral authority in the country and enjoyed great esteem in all classes of the population.

In 1947, the Norwegian people, by public subscription, purchased the royal yacht Norge for the King.[39]

In 1952, he attended the funeral of his wife's nephew King George VI and openly wept.

The King's granddaughter, Princess Ragnhild, married businessman Erling Lorentzen (of the Lorentzen family) on 15 May 1953, being the first member of the new Norwegian royal family to marry a commoner.[40]

Haakon lived to see two of his great-grandchildren born; Haakon Lorentzen (b. 23 August 1954) and Ingeborg Lorentzen (b. 3 February 1957).

Crown Princess Märtha died of cancer on 5 April 1954.[41]

King Haakon VII fell in his bathroom at the

thighbone
and, although there were few other complications resulting from the fall, the King was left using a wheelchair. The once-active King was said to have been depressed by his resulting helplessness and began to lose his customary involvement and interest in current events. With Haakon's loss of mobility, and as his health deteriorated further in the summer of 1957, Crown Prince Olav appeared on behalf of his father on ceremonial occasions and took a more active role in state affairs. [42]

Death and succession

Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden and King Frederik IX of Denmark
.

Haakon died at the Royal Palace in Oslo on 21 September 1957. He was 85 years old. At his death, Olav succeeded him as Olav V. Haakon was buried on 1 October 1957 alongside his wife in the white sarcophagus in the Royal Mausoleum at Akershus Fortress. He was the last surviving son of King Frederick VIII of Denmark.

Legacy

Haakon VII is regarded by many as one of the greatest Norwegian leaders of the pre-war period, managing to hold his young and fragile country together in unstable political conditions. He was ranked highly in the Norwegian of the Century poll in 2005.[43]

Honours

Royal cypher.

The

King Haakon VII Vidde by Roald Amundsen when he in 1911 became the first human to reach the South Pole. See Polheim.[44]

In 1914

Haakon County in the American state of South Dakota was named in his honour.[45]

Two

Haakon VII, a training ship in commission from 1958 to 1974—have been named after King Haakon VII.[46]

For his struggles against the Nazi regime and his effort to revive the

Queen Sonja (his paternal granddaughter-in-law), and Sweden's Ingemar Stenmark).[47]

Honorary military appointments
National[52]
  •  Denmark:[53]
    • Knight of the Elephant
      , 3 August 1890
    • Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog
      , 3 August 1890
    • Grand Commander of the Dannebrog
      , 28 July 1912
    • King Christian X's Freedom Medal
    • Commemorative Medal for King Christian IX and Queen Louise's Golden Wedding anniversary
    • Commemorative Medal for King Christian IX's 100th birthday
    • Commemorative Medal for King Frederick VIII's 100th birthday
  •  Norway:
    • War Cross with Sword
    • Gold
      Medal for Outstanding Civic Achievement
    • Grand Master of the Order of St. Olav, 18 November 1905
Foreign[52]

In popular culture

Haakon was portrayed by

Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards. The film made the shortlist of nine finalists in December 2016.[67][68][69][70] Haakon was portrayed by Søren Pilmark in the 2020 NRK drama series Atlantic Crossing, a series regarding Crown Princess Märtha
's handling of the royal family exile from 1939 to 1945.

Issue

Norwegian Royalty
House of Oldenburg
(Glücksburg branch)
Haakon VII
Children
Olav V
Olav V
Children
Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen
Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner
Harald V
Harald V
Children
Princess Märtha Louise
Crown Prince Haakon
Grandchildren
Princess Ingrid Alexandra
Prince Sverre Magnus
Name Birth Death Notes[4]
Olav V 2 July 1903 17 January 1991 King of Norway 1957–1991; married 1929,
Harald V of Norway

Ancestry

See also

References

Citations

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  2. Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived
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  26. ISBN 9100580481
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Bibliography

External links

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Haakon VII
House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg
Born: 3 August 1872 Died: 21 September 1957
Regnal titles
Vacant
Title last held by
Oscar II 		King of Norway
1905–1957 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haakon_VII&oldid=1220054767"