John III of Portugal
John III | |
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Sebastian | |
Born | 7 June 1502 Alcáçova Palace, Lisbon, Portugal |
Died | 11 June 1557 Ribeira Palace, Lisbon, Portugal | (aged 55)
Burial | |
Spouse | |
Issue more... | |
Roman Catholicism | |
Signature |
John III
During his rule, Portuguese possessions were extended in Asia and in the New World through the
During his reign, the Portuguese became the first Europeans to make contact with Japan (during the
Early life
John, the eldest son of King Manuel I born from his second wife Maria of Aragon, was born in Lisbon on 7 June 1502. The event was marked by the presentation of Gil Vicente's Visitation Play or the Monologue of the Cowherd (Auto da Visitação ou Monólogo do Vaqueiro) in the queen's chamber.
The young prince was sworn heir to the throne in 1503, the year his youngest sister, Isabella of Portugal, Empress Consort of the Holy Roman Empire between 1527 and 1538, was born.
John was educated by notable scholars of the time, including the
John's
At the age of sixteen John was chosen to marry his first cousin, the 20-year-old
Initial reign
On 19 December 1521 John was crowned king in the Church of São Domingos in Lisbon, beginning a thirty-six-year reign characterized by extensive activity in internal and overseas politics, especially in relations with other major European states. John III continued the absolutist politics of his predecessors. He called the Portuguese Cortes only three times and at great intervals: 1525 in Torres Novas, 1535 in Évora and 1544 in Almeirim. During the early part of his reign, he also tried to restructure administrative and judicial life in his realm.
The marriage of John's sister
Policy
The large and far-flung
Among John III's many colonial governors in Asia were Vasco da Gama, Pedro Mascarenhas, Lopo Vaz de Sampaio, Nuno da Cunha, Estêvão da Gama, Martim Afonso de Sousa, João de Castro and Henrique de Meneses. Overseas, the Empire was threatened by the Ottoman Empire in both the Indian Ocean and North Africa, causing Portugal to increase spending on defense and fortifications. Meanwhile in the Atlantic, where Portuguese ships already had to withstand constant attacks of privateers, an initial settlement of French colonists in Brazil created yet another "front". The French made alliances with native South Americans against the Portuguese and military and political interventions were used. Eventually they were forced out, but not until 1565.
In the first years of John III's reign, explorations in the
John III achieved an important political victory in securing the control of the
International relations
The reign of John III was marked by active diplomacy. With Spain, he made alliances through marriage that ensured peace in the
John III remained neutral during the war between France and Spain, but stood firm in fighting the attacks of French privateers.
He strengthened relations with the
Commercial relations were intensified with England, the countries of the Baltic regions and Flanders during John III's reign. Meanwhile, in the opposite side of the world, Portugal was the first European nation to make contact with Japan. In China Macau was offered to the Portuguese, and soon Portugal controlled major trade routes in the area. In South Asia, the Portuguese continued its hostile stance against their Muslim rivals and insurgent Indian leaders.
Culture
John III's support for the
The monarch awarded many scholarships to universities abroad, mainly in the University of Paris, where fifty Portuguese students were sent to the Collège Sainte-Barbe headed by Diogo de Gouveia. He definitively transferred the Portuguese university from Lisbon to Coimbra in 1537. In 1542 John III created in Coimbra a College of Arts (
Another noteworthy aspect of John III's rule was the support he gave to
Inquisition
This article includes a improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2023) ) |
The Inquisition was introduced into Portugal in 1536. Just like in Spain, the Inquisition was placed under the authority of the king.
The Grand Inquisitor, or General Inquisitor, was named by the Pope after being nominated by the king, and he always came from within the royal family. The Grand Inquisitor would later nominate other inquisitors. In Portugal the first Grand Inquisitor was Cardinal Henry, the king's brother (who would later himself become king).
There were Courts of the Inquisition in Lisbon, Coimbra, Évora and from 1560 onwards, in Goa. The Goa Inquisition changed the demographics of Goa considerably. Goa was called the "Lisbon of the Far East" and trade reached a new level.
The Portuguese did not leave Goa undeveloped, but rather they introduced modern architecture and built strong roads and bridges that have stood the test of time even today.
The activities of the Inquisition extended from book censorship, repression and trial for divination, witchcraft and bigamy, as well as the prosecution of sexual crimes, especially sodomy.
Originally created to punish religious deviance, the Inquisition came to have influence in almost every aspect of Portuguese society: politics, culture and social habits.
Imperial management
Luso-African relations
In John III's time, trade between the Portuguese and Africans was extremely intense in
John III refused to abandon all of the Portuguese North African strongholds, but he had to make choices based on the economic or strategic value of each possession. John III decided to leave
John III's
Luso-Asian relations
Before the reign of John III, the Portuguese had already reached Siam (1511), the Maluku Islands (1512), the Chinese littoral (1513), Canton (1517) and Timor (1515). During John's rule the Portuguese reached Japan, and at the end of John's reign Macau was offered to Portugal by China. From India, John III imported an amazing variety of spices, herbs, minerals, and fabrics; from Malacca, exotic woods and spice; from Bengala, fabrics and exotic foodstuffs; from Alexandria and Cairo, exotic woods, metals, minerals, fabrics, and boullion; and from China, musk, rhubarb, & silk in exchange for gromwells, pearls, horses from Arabia and Persia, non-worked silk, silk embroidery threads, fruits of the date palm, raisins, salt, sulphur and many other goods.[13]
As Muslims and other peoples constantly attacked Portuguese
The hostility of many Indian kingdoms and alliances between
The Portuguese arrived in Japan in 1543. Japan had been known in Portugal since the time of Marco Polo, who called it "Cipango". Whether Portuguese nationals were the first Europeans to arrive in Japan is debated. Some say the first Portuguese arrival was the writer Fernão Mendes Pinto, while others say it was the navigators António Peixoto, António da Mota, and Francisco Zeimoto.
Portuguese traders started negotiating with Japan as early as of 1550 and established a base there in Nagasaki. By then, trade with Japan was a Portuguese monopoly under the rule of a captain. Because the Portuguese established themselves in Macau, Chinese commercial relations and the silver trade with Japan were improved under John III's rule.
After the voyage of
In 1553, Leonel de Sousa obtained authorization for the Portuguese to establish themselves in Canton and Macau. Macau was later offered to John III as a reward for Portuguese assistance against maritime piracy in the period between 1557 and 1564. Malacca, which controlled the eponymous Strait of Malacca, was vital to Portuguese interests in the Far East. After an unsuccessful expedition in 1509, Malacca was finally captured by Afonso de Albuquerque, the Portuguese viceroy of India, on 24 August 1511. Malacca was later taken by the Dutch in 1641.
In order to follow its trade routes to the Far East, Portugal depended on the seasonal monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean. In winter the prevailing northeasterly monsoon impeded travel to India; in summer the southwest monsoon made departure from India difficult. As a result, Portugal decided that it needed permanent bases in India in addition to its ports in Africa, to pass the time while the wind was changing. In addition to Goa, they established themselves in Ceylon (in what is now Sri Lanka) through the conquest of several Ceylonese kingdoms in the sixteenth century. Portuguese Ceylon remained in Portuguese hands until 1658, when it was seized by the Dutch after an epic siege.
Portuguese America
During the reign of King John III the Portuguese Empire established itself in South America with the foundation of the twelve
Immediately following the discovery of Brazil in 1500, the Portuguese imported
In the final years of John's reign Portugal's colony of Brazil was just beginning its rapid development as a producer of sugar that compensated for the gradual decline of revenues from Asia, a development that would continue during the reign of his grandson and successor,
Death and dynastic issue
From 1539, the heir to the throne was
Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
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By Catherine of Austria (married 10 February 1525) | |||
Prince Afonso |
24 February 1526 | 12 April 1526 | Prince of Portugal (1526). |
Princess Maria Manuela | 15 October 1527 | 12 August 1545 | Princess of Portugal (1527–1531). Princess consort of Asturias by marriage to King Philip II of Spain, then Prince of Asturias. She had one deformed child, Prince Carlos, and she died a few days after his birth. |
Infanta Isabel | 28 April 1529 | 28 April 1529 | |
Infanta Beatriz (Beatrice) | 15 February 1530 | 15 February 1530 | |
Prince Manuel |
1 November 1531 | 14 April 1537 | Prince of Portugal (1531–1537). Declared heir in 1535. |
Prince Filipe (Philip) |
25 March 1533 | 29 April 1539 | Prince of Portugal (1537–1539). Declared heir in 1537. |
Infante Dinis (Denis) | 6 April 1535 | 1 January 1537 | |
Prince João Manuel | 3 June 1537 | 2 January 1554 | Prince of Portugal (1537–1554). Declared heir in 1539. Married Sebastian I .
|
Infante António (Anthony) | 9 March 1539 | 20 January 1540 | |
By Isabel Moniz | |||
Duarte, Archbishop of Braga | 1529 | 11 November 1543 | Natural son. |
Style
Like his predecessors John III used the style "El-rei" (the king) followed by "Dom" (abbreviated to
The official style was the same used by his father Manuel I: "Dom João, by the grace of God, King of Portugal, of the
Ancestry
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In popular culture
John III of Portugal figures in José Saramago's 2008 novel The Elephant's Journey.
John III features in Laurent Binet's 2021 novel Civilizations.
John III was mentioned in the historical Thai film The Legend of Suriyothai in 2001, but his role was cut when it was released.[20]
John III (referred to as João III) leads the Portuguese civilization in the 2016 4X video game Civilization VI, being released in the Portugal Pack on 25 March 2021, as part of the "New Frontier Pass" DLC. His ability and civilization focuses on maritime trade.[21]
See also
Notes
- ^ Rendered as Joam in Archaic Portuguese
- ISSN 0104-8775.
- ISBN 0-521-34536-7.
- ISBN 0-8232-1024-3
- ^ Marcel Bataillon, "Études sur le Portugal au temps de l'humanisme", pp.73–77 UC Biblioteca Geral 1, 1952
- ^ ISBN 0-226-46733-3. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- ^ Hooykaas, Reijer (1979). The Erasmian influence on D. João de Castro (1st, UC Biblioteca Geral 1, 1979 ed.). Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- and bush redpepper brought by the Portuguese.
- ^ Here is a passage from a letter to Manikongo, the King of the Congo: "Now, I say, like you said that there was no capture of slaves in your Kingdom, I just want to provide you with flour and wine for your Eucharistic rites, and for that it would only be needed a caravel each year; if it seems right to you, in exchange for 10,000 slaves and 10,000 armlets and 10,000 ivory tooth, that, it is said, in the Congo there is not much, not even a ship per year; so, this and more shall be as you want."
- ^ Mattoso 1993.
- ISBN 9780739129944.
- ISSN 1413-7704.
- ^ Fernão Lopes de Castanheda, História do Descobrimento e Conquista da Índia pelos Portugueses, 1979.
- ISBN 978-1-5013-2327-0.
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ ISBN 9780812293203.
- ^ ISBN 9780722224731. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b Isabella I, Queen of Spain at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ "Production Painting". Pantip.com (in Thai).
- ^ "CIVILIZATION VI - FIRST LOOK: JOÃO III OF PORTUGAL". civilization.com.
References
- Serrão, Joel (dir.) (1971). Dicionário da História de Portugal. Vol. II. Lisboa: Iniciativas Editoriais.
- Domingues, Mário (1962). D. João III O Homem e a Sua Época. Lisboa: Edição Romano Torres.
- Serrão, Joaquim Veríssimo (1978). História de Portugal. Vol. III. Lisboa: Verbo.
- Mattoso, José (dir.) (1993). História de Portugal. Vol. III. Círculo de Leitores.
- Braga, Paulo Drummond (2002). D. João III. Lisbon: Hugin.
- Johnson, Harold (1995). "The Portuguese settlement of Brazil, 1500–1580". In Bethell, Leslie (ed.). Cambridge History of Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
- Herculano, Alexandre (1879–80). História da Origem e Estabelecimento da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "John III. of Portugal". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 444. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the