Bahrain

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Coordinates: 26°4′N 50°30′E / 26.067°N 50.500°E / 26.067; 50.500
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This article is about the country in West Asia. For other uses, see Bahrain (disambiguation).

Kingdom of Bahrain
مملكة البحرين (
Arabic
)
Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn
Anthem: بحريننا
Crown Prince and Prime Minister
Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa
Legislature
Council of Representatives
Establishment
1783
• Declared Independence[5]
14 August 1971
• Independence from United Kingdom[6]
15 August 1971
21 September 1971
14 February 2002
AST)
Driving sideright
Calling code+973
ISO 3166 codeBH
Internet TLD.bh
Website
bahrain.bh
  1. Since 17 November 1967[12]
  2. 46% are Bahraini citizens, 4.7% are other Arabs.

Bahrain (

Arabic: البحرين, romanized: al-Baḥrayn, locally [æl bɑħˈreːn] ⓘ), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain,[a] is an island country in West Asia. It is situated on the Persian Gulf, and comprises a small archipelago made up of 50 natural islands and an additional 33 artificial islands, centered on Bahrain Island which makes up around 83 per cent of the country's landmass. Bahrain is situated between Qatar and the northeastern coast of Saudi Arabia, to which it is connected by the King Fahd Causeway. The population of Bahrain is 1,501,635 as of May 14, 2023, based on elaborations of the United Nations data, of whom 712,362 are Bahraini nationals.[2] Bahrain spans some 760 square kilometres (290 sq mi),[13] and is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore.[14] The capital and largest city is Manama
.

Bahrain is the site of the ancient

Ahmed al Fateh as Bahrain's first hakim
.

In the late 1800s, following successive treaties with the British, Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom.[17] In 1971, it declared independence. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared an Islamic constitutional monarchy in 2002.

Bahrain developed the first post-oil economy in the

Shanghai Cooperation Organization.[21][22]

Etymology

Bahrain is the

al-Jawahari commented on this, saying that the more formally correct term Bahrī (lit. "belonging to the sea") would have been misunderstood and so was unused.[23]

It remains disputed which "two seas" the name Bahrayn originally refers to.[24] The term appears five times in the Quran, but does not refer to the modern island—originally known to the Arabs as Awal.[24]

Today, Bahrain's "two seas" are generally taken to be the bay east and west of the island,[25] the seas north and south of the island,[26] or the salt and fresh water present above and below the ground. In addition to wells, there are areas of the sea north of Bahrain where fresh water bubbles up in the middle of the saltwater as noted by visitors since antiquity.[27] An alternative theory concerning Bahrain's toponymy is offered by the al-Ahsa region, which suggests that the two seas were the Great Green Ocean (the Persian Gulf) and a peaceful lake on the Arabian mainland.

Until the late

coastal strip of Eastern Arabia was known as "Bahrain" for a millennium.[29] The island and kingdom were also commonly spelled Bahrein[16][30]
into the 1950s.

History

Main article: History of Bahrain

Antiquity

Bahrain was home to Dilmun, an important Bronze Age trade centre linking Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley.[31] Bahrain was later ruled by the Assyrians and Babylonians.[32]

From the sixth to third century BC, Bahrain was part of the Achaemenid Empire. By about 250 BC, Parthia brought the Persian Gulf under its control and extended its influence as far as Oman. The Parthians established garrisons along the southern coast of the Persian Gulf to control trade routes.[33]

During the

classical era, Bahrain was referred to by the ancient Greeks as Tylos, the centre of pearl trading, when the Greek admiral Nearchus serving under Alexander the Great landed on Bahrain.[34] Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit the island, and he found a verdant land that was part of a wide trading network; he recorded: "That on the island of Tylos, situated in the Persian Gulf, are large plantations of cotton trees, from which are manufactured clothes called sindones, of strongly differing degrees of value, some being costly, others less expensive. The use of these is not confined to India, but extends to Arabia."[35] The Greek historian Theophrastus states that much of Bahrain was covered by these cotton trees and that Bahrain was famous for exporting walking canes engraved with emblems that were customarily carried in Babylon.[36]
Alexander had planned to settle Greek colonists in Bahrain, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Bahrain became very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper classes was Greek (although
Aramaic was in everyday use). Local coinage shows a seated Zeus, who may have been worshipped there as a syncretised form of the Arabian sun-god Shams.[37] Tylos was also the site of Greek athletic contests.[38]

The Greek historian

Arnold Heeren who said that: "In the Greek geographers, for instance, we read of two islands, named Tyrus or Tylos, and Aradus, which boasted that they were the mother country of the Phoenicians, and exhibited relics of Phoenician temples."[42] The people of Tyre, in particular, have long maintained Persian Gulf origins, and the similarity in the words "Tylos" and "Tyre" has been commented upon.[43] However, there is little evidence of any human settlement at all on Bahrain during the time when such migration had supposedly taken place.[44]

A 1745 Bellin
map of the historical region of Bahrain
Geographia when the inhabitants are referred to as Thilouanoi.[46] Some place names in Bahrain go back to the Tylos era; for instance the name of Arad, a residential suburb of Muharraq, is believed to originate from "Arados", the ancient Greek name for Muharraq.[34]

In the 3rd century,

Sassanid dynasty, marched on Oman and Bahrain, where he defeated Sanatruq the ruler of Bahrain.[47]

Bahrain was also the site of worship of an ox deity called

Samahij[48] as the seat of bishops. In 410, according to the Oriental Syriac Church synodal records, a bishop named Batai was excommunicated from the church in Bahrain.[49] As a sect, the Nestorians were often persecuted as heretics by the Byzantine Empire, but Bahrain was outside the Empire's control, offering some safety. The names of several Muharraq villages today reflect Bahrain's Christian legacy, with Al Dair
meaning "the monastery".

Bahrain's pre-Islamic population consisted of

Aramaic speakers and to some degree Persian speakers, while Syriac functioned as a liturgical language.[52]

Arrival of Islam

Main article: List of expeditions of Muhammad
Munzir ibn-Sawa al-Tamimi
, governor of Bahrain, in AD 628

Munzir ibn Sawa Al Tamimi, the local ruler, responded to his mission and converted the entire area.[59][60]

Middle Ages

In the year 899, the

Ahsa, in medieval Bahrain, for ransom. According to historian Al-Juwayni, the stone was returned 22 years later in 951 under mysterious circumstances. Wrapped in a sack, it was thrown into the Great Mosque of Kufa in Iraq, accompanied by a note saying "By command we took it, and by command, we have brought it back." The theft and removal of the Black Stone caused it to break into seven pieces.[61][62][63]

Following their defeat in the year 976 by the

Jarwanid dynasty of Qatif.[66]
In the mid-15th century, the archipelago came under the rule of the Jabrids, a Bedouin dynasty also based in Al-Ahsa that ruled most of eastern Arabia.[67]

Portuguese and early modern era

Main articles: Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain, History of Bahrain (1783–1971), and Qatari–Bahraini War
The Portuguese Fort of Barém, built by the Portuguese Empire while it ruled Bahrain from 1521 to 1602.

In 1521, the

Huwala.[28][71][72] In 1753, the Huwala clan of Nasr Al-Madhkur invaded Bahrain on behalf of the Iranian Zand leader Karim Khan Zand and restored direct Iranian rule.[72]

In 1783, Al-Madhkur lost the islands of Bahrain following his defeat by the Bani Utbah clan and allied tribes at the 1782 Battle of Zubarah. Bahrain was not new territory to the Bani Utbah; they had been a presence there since the 17th century.[73] During that time, they started purchasing date palm gardens in Bahrain; a document shows that 81 years before the arrival of the Al Khalifa, one of the sheikhs of the Al Bin Ali tribe (an offshoot of the Bani Utbah) had bought a palm garden from Mariam bint Ahmed Al Sanadi in Sitra island.[74]

Portuguese
in the Persian Gulf in the 16th and 17th centuries. Main cities, ports and routes.

The Al Bin Ali were the dominant group controlling the town of Zubarah on the Qatar peninsula,[75][76] originally the centre of power of the Bani Utbah. After the Bani Utbah gained control of Bahrain, the Al Bin Ali had a practically independent status there as a self-governing tribe. They used a flag with four red and three white stripes, called the Al-Sulami flag[77] in Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, and the Eastern province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Later, different Arab family clans and tribes from Qatar moved to Bahrain to settle after the fall of Nasr Al-Madhkur of Bushehr. These families included the House of Khalifa, Al-Ma'awdah, Al-Buainain, Al-Fadhil, Al-Kuwari, Al-Mannai, Al-Noaimi, Al-Rumaihi, Al-Sulaiti, Al-Sadah, Al-Thawadi and other families and tribes.[78]

The House of Khalifa moved from Qatar to Bahrain in 1799. Originally, their ancestors were expelled from Umm Qasr in central Arabia by the Ottomans due to their predatory habits of preying on caravans in Basra and trading ships in Shatt al-Arab waterway until Turks expelled them to Kuwait in 1716, where they remained until 1766.[79]

Around the 1760s, the Al Jalahma and House of Khalifa, both belonging to the Utub Federation, migrated to Zubarah in modern-day Qatar, leaving Al Sabah as the sole proprietors of Kuwait.[80]

19th century and later

In the early 19th century, Bahrain was invaded by both the Omanis and the Al Sauds. In 1802 it was governed by a 12-year-old child, when the Omani ruler Sayyid Sultan installed his son, Salim, as governor in the Arad Fort.[81] In 1816, the British political resident in the Persian Gulf, William Bruce, received a letter from the Sheikh of Bahrain who was concerned about a rumour that Britain would support an attack on the island by the Imam of Muscat. He sailed to Bahrain to reassure the Sheikh that this was not the case and drew up an informal agreement assuring the Sheikh that Britain would remain a neutral party.[82]

This photograph shows the coronation of Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa as the Hakim of Bahrain in February 1933.

In 1820, the Al Khalifa tribe were recognised by the United Kingdom as the rulers ("Al-Hakim" in Arabic) of Bahrain after signing a treaty relationship.[83] However, ten years later they were forced to pay yearly tributes to Egypt despite seeking Persian and British protection.[84]

Map of Bahrain in 1825.

In 1860, the Al Khalifas used the same tactic when the British tried to overpower Bahrain. Writing letters to the Persians and Ottomans, Al Khalifas agreed to place Bahrain under the latter's protection in March due to offering better conditions. Eventually, the Government of British India overpowered Bahrain when the Persians refused to protect it. Colonel Pelly signed a new treaty with Al Khalifas placing Bahrain under British rule and protection.[84]

Manama Harbour, c. 1870

Following the Qatari–Bahraini War in 1868, British representatives signed another agreement with the Al Khalifas. It specified that the ruler could not dispose of any of his territories except to the United Kingdom and could not enter into relationships with any foreign government without British consent.[85][86] In return the British promised to protect Bahrain from all aggression by sea and to lend support in case of land attack.[86] More importantly the British promised to support the rule of the Al Khalifa in Bahrain, securing its unstable position as rulers of the country. Other agreements in 1880 and 1892 sealed the protectorate status of Bahrain to the British.[86]

Unrest amongst the people of Bahrain began when Britain officially established complete dominance over the territory in 1892. The first revolt and widespread uprising took place in March 1895 against Sheikh Issa bin Ali, then ruler of Bahrain.[87] Sheikh Issa was the first of the Al Khalifa to rule without Persian relations. Sir Arnold Wilson, Britain's representative in the Persian Gulf and author of The Persian Gulf, arrived in Bahrain from Muscat at this time.[87] The uprising developed further with some protesters killed by British forces.[87]

Before the development of the petroleum industry, the island was largely devoted to pearl fisheries and, as late as the 19th century, was considered to be the finest in the world.[16] In 1903, German explorer Hermann Burchardt visited Bahrain and took many photographs of historical sites, including the old Qaṣr es-Sheikh, photos now stored at the Ethnological Museum of Berlin.[88] Before the First World War, there were about 400 vessels hunting pearls and an annual export of more than £30,000.[30]

In 1911, a group of Bahraini merchants demanded restrictions on the British influence in the country. The group's leaders were subsequently arrested and exiled to India. In 1923, the British introduced administrative reforms and replaced Sheikh Issa bin Ali with his son. Some clerical opponents and families such as al Dossari left or were exiled to Saudi Arabia and Iran.[89] Three years later the British placed the country under the de facto rule of Charles Belgrave who operated as an adviser to the ruler until 1957.[90][91] Belgrave brought a number of reforms such as establishment of the country's first modern school in 1919 and the abolition of slavery in 1937.[92] At the same time, the pearl diving industry developed at a rapid pace.

In 1927,

Shah of Iran, demanded sovereignty over Bahrain in a letter to the League of Nations, a move that prompted Belgrave to undertake harsh measures including encouraging conflicts between Shia and Sunni Muslims to bring down the uprisings and limit the Iranian influence.[93] Belgrave even went further by suggesting to rename the Persian Gulf to the "Arabian Gulf"; however, the proposal was refused by the British government.[90]
Britain's interest in Bahrain's development was motivated by concerns over Saudi and Iranian ambitions in the region.

A photograph of the First Oil Well in Bahrain, with oil first being extracted in 1931

The

Standard Oil Company of California (Socal),[94] discovered oil in 1932.[95]

In the early 1930s, Bahrain Airport was developed.

Handley Page HP42 aircraft. Later in the same decade, the Bahrain Maritime Airport was established, for flying boats and seaplanes.[96]

Bahrain

participated in the Second World War on the Allied side, joining on 10 September 1939. On 19 October 1940, four Italian SM.82s bombers bombed Bahrain alongside Dhahran oilfields in Saudi Arabia,[97] targeting Allied-operated oil refineries.[98] Although minimal damage was caused in both locations, the attack forced the Allies to upgrade Bahrain's defences, an action which further stretched Allied military resources.[98]

Overview of Manama, 1953.

After World War II, increasing anti-British sentiment spread throughout the Arab World and led to riots in Bahrain. The riots focused on the Jewish community.

Bombay, later settling in Israel (Pardes Hanna-Karkur) and the United Kingdom. As of 2008, 37 Jews remained in the country.[100] In the 1950s, the National Union Committee, formed by reformists following sectarian clashes, demanded an elected popular assembly, removal of Belgrave and carried out a number of protests and general strikes. In 1965 a month-long uprising broke out after hundreds of workers at the Bahrain Petroleum Company were laid off.[101]

Independence

See also:
Bahrain Province
Manama souq
in 1965

On 15 August 1971,

a referendum held by the United Nations and eventually Bahrain declared independence and signed a new treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom. Bahrain joined the United Nations and the Arab League later in the year.[104] The oil boom of the 1970s benefited Bahrain greatly, although the subsequent downturn hurt the economy. The country had already begun diversification of its economy and benefited further from the Lebanese Civil War in the 1970s and 1980s, when Bahrain replaced Beirut as the Middle East's financial hub after Lebanon's large banking sector was driven out of the country by the war.[105]

In 1981, following the 1979

failed coup attempt under the auspices of a front organisation, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain. The coup would have installed a Shia cleric exiled in Iran, Hujjatu l-Islām Hādī al-Mudarrisī, as supreme leader heading a theocratic government.[106] In December 1994, a group of youths threw stones at female runners for running bare-legged during an international marathon. The resulting clash with police soon grew into civil unrest.[107][108]

A popular uprising occurred between 1994 and 2000 in which leftists, liberals and Islamists joined forces.[109] The event resulted in approximately forty deaths and ended after Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa became the Emir of Bahrain in 1999.[110] He instituted elections for parliament, gave women the right to vote, and released all political prisoners.[111] A referendum on 14–15 February 2001 massively supported the National Action Charter.[112] As part of the adoption of the National Action Charter on 14 February 2002, Bahrain changed its formal name from the State (dawla) of Bahrain to the Kingdom of Bahrain.[113] At the same time, the title of the Head of State, Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa, was changed from Emir to King.[114]

After the

military action against the Taliban in October 2001 by deploying a frigate in the Arabian Sea for rescue and humanitarian operations.[115] As a result, in November of that year, US president George W. Bush's administration designated Bahrain as a "major non-NATO ally".[115] Bahrain opposed the invasion of Iraq and had offered Saddam Hussein asylum in the days before the invasion.[115] Relations improved with neighbouring Qatar after the border dispute over the Hawar Islands was resolved by the International Court of Justice in The Hague in 2001.[116] Following the political liberalisation of the country, Bahrain negotiated a free trade agreement with the United States in 2004.[117]

In 2005,

UNESCO World Heritage Site
.

2011 Bahraini protests

Main articles:
Bahraini uprising of 2011, Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain, and Arab Spring

Inspired by the regional

dozens of deaths.[125] Protests, sometimes staged by opposition parties, were ongoing.[126][127][128] More than 80 civilians and 13 policemen have been killed as of March 2014.[129]
According to Physicians for Human Rights, 34 of these deaths were related to government usage of tear gas originally manufactured by U.S.-based Federal Laboratories.[130][131] The lack of coverage by Arab media in the Persian Gulf,[132] as compared to other Arab Spring uprisings, has sparked several controversies. Iran is alleged by United States and others to have a hand in the arming of Bahraini militants.[133]

Post-Arab Spring years

The Saudi-led Intervention of Bahrain issued swift suppression of widespread government protests through military assistance from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

The

the Arab Spring
, ended in a bloody crackdown against the mainly Shiite demonstrators who had demanded an elected government, threatening the Sunni monarchy's grip on power.

In 2012, the Bahrain Pearling Trail, consisting of three oyster beds, was designated as a World Heritage Site, inscribing it as "Pearling, Testimony of an Island Economy".

On 9 April 2020, Bahrain launched a committee to paying private-sector employees for a three-month period in order to ease the financial pain caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Bahrain assailed the movement as an Iranian plot, and banned opposition parties, put civilians in front of military courts and jailed dozens of peaceful political opponents, eliciting harsh international criticism.[134]

"Ten years after Bahrain's popular uprising, systemic injustice has intensified and political repression targeting dissidents, human rights defenders, clerics and independent civil society have effectively shut any space for the peaceful exercise of the right to freedom of expression or peaceful activism", Amnesty International said in a statement.[135]

Bahrain remains militarily and financially dependent on Saudi Arabia and the UAE,[134] though this is changing with the economic reforms being implemented by the government.[136]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Bahrain
Topography

Bahrain is a generally flat and arid archipelago in the Persian Gulf. It consists of a low desert plain rising gently to a low central escarpment with the highest point the 134 m (440 ft) Mountain of Smoke (Jabal ad Dukhan).[137][138] Bahrain had a total area of 665 km2 (257 sq mi) but due to land reclamation, the area increased to 780 km2 (300 sq mi), which is slightly larger than Anglesey.[138]

Often described as an archipelago of 33 islands,

contiguous zone. Bahrain's largest islands are Bahrain Island, the Hawar Islands, Muharraq Island, Umm an Nasan, and Sitra. Bahrain has mild winters and very hot, humid summers. The country's natural resources include large quantities of oil and natural gas as well as fish in the offshore waters. Arable land constitutes only 2.82%[6]
of the total area.

About 92% of Bahrain is desert with periodic droughts and dust storms, the main natural hazards for Bahrainis.[141] Environmental issues facing Bahrain include desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, distribution stations, and illegal land reclamation at places such as Tubli Bay. The agricultural and domestic sectors' over-utilisation of the Dammam Aquifer, the principal aquifer in Bahrain, has led to its salinisation by adjacent brackish and saline water bodies. A hydrochemical study identified the locations of the sources of aquifer salinisation and delineated their areas of influence. The investigation indicates that the aquifer water quality is significantly modified as groundwater flows from the northwestern parts of Bahrain, where the aquifer receives its water by lateral underflow from eastern Saudi Arabia to the southern and southeastern parts. Four types of salinisation of the aquifer are identified: brackish-water up-flow from the underlying brackish-water zones in north-central, western, and eastern regions; seawater intrusion in the eastern region; intrusion of sabkha water in the southwestern region; and irrigation return flow in a local area in the western region. Four alternatives for the management of groundwater quality that are available to the water authorities in Bahrain are discussed and their priority areas are proposed, based on the type and extent of each salinisation source, in addition to groundwater use in that area.[142]

Climate

Main article:
Climate of Bahrain
Bahrain is the eleventh most water stressed country in the world.

The Zagros Mountains across the Persian Gulf in Iran cause low-level winds to be directed toward Bahrain. Dust storms from Iraq and Saudi Arabia transported by northwesterly winds, locally called shamal wind, cause reduced visibility in the months of June and July.[143]

Summers are very hot. The seas around Bahrain are very shallow, heating up quickly in the summer to produce very high humidity, especially at night. Summer temperatures may reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) under the right conditions.[144] Rainfall in Bahrain is minimal and irregular. Precipitation mostly occurs in winter, with an average of 70.8mm of rainfall recorded annually.

Biodiversity

Main articles: Wildlife of Bahrain and List of birds of Bahrain
Greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) are native to Bahrain.

More than 330 species of birds were recorded in the Bahrain archipelago, 26 species of which breed in the country. Millions of migratory birds pass through the Persian Gulf region in the winter and autumn months.[145] One globally endangered species, Chlamydotis undulata, is a regular migrant in the autumn.[145] The many islands and shallow seas of Bahrain are globally important for the breeding of the Socotra cormorant; up to 100,000 pairs of these birds were recorded over the Hawar Islands.[145] Bahrain's national bird is the bulbul while its national animal is the Arabian oryx. And the national flower of Bahrain is the beloved Deena.

Only 18 species of mammals are found in Bahrain, animals such as

green turtle.[146] In 2003, Bahrain banned the capture of sea cows, marine turtles and dolphins within its territorial waters.[145]

The Hawar Islands Protected Area provides valuable feeding and breeding grounds for a variety of migratory seabirds, it is an internationally recognised site for bird migration. The breeding colony of Socotra cormorant on Hawar Islands is the largest in the world, and the dugongs foraging around the archipelago form the second-largest dugong aggregation after Australia.[146]

Bahrain has five designated protected areas, four of which are marine environments.[145] They are:

Bahrain emits a lot of carbon dioxide per person compared to other countries, primarily due to it just being a small country.[147]

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Bahrain
Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, the King of Bahrain

Bahrain under the Al Khalifa is a

semi-constitutional monarchy headed by the King, Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. King Hamad enjoys wide executive powers which include appointing the Prime Minister and his ministers, commanding the army, chairing the Higher Judicial Council, appointing the parliament's upper house and dissolving its elected lower house.[148] The head of government is the prime minister. In 2010, about half of the government was composed of the Al Khalifa family.[149]

Bahrain has a bicameral National Assembly (al-Majlis al-Watani) consisting of the Shura Council (Majlis Al-Shura) with 40 seats and the Council of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nuwab) with 40 seats. The forty members of the Shura are appointed by the king. In the Council of Representatives, 40 members are elected by absolute majority vote in single-member constituencies to serve four-year terms.[150] The appointed council "exercises a de facto veto" over the elected, because draft acts must be approved so they may pass into law. After approval, the king may ratify and issue the act or return it within six months to the National Assembly where it may only pass into law if approved by two-thirds of both councils.[148]

In 1973, the country held its first

V-Dem Democracy indices Bahrain is 2023 the 4th least electoral democratic country in the Middle East.[154]

The opening up of politics saw big gains for both

Ghada Jamsheer, a leading woman activist[160] said the government was using the law as a "bargaining tool with opposition Islamic groups".[161]

Analysts of democratisation in the Middle East cite the Islamists' references to respect human rights in their justification for these programmes as evidence that these groups can serve as a progressive force in the region.[162] Some Islamist parties have been particularly critical of the government's readiness to sign international treaties such as the United Nations' International Convention on Civil and Political Rights. At a parliamentary session in June 2006 to discuss ratification of the convention, Sheikh Adel Mouwda, the former leader of a salafist party, Asalah, explained the party's objections: "The convention has been tailored by our enemies, God kill them all, to serve their needs and protect their interests rather than ours. This why we have eyes from the American Embassy watching us during our sessions, to ensure things are swinging their way".[163]

Military

Main article: Bahrain Defence Force
See also: Peninsula Shield Force and Naval Support Activity Bahrain
F-16 of the Royal Bahraini Air Force

The kingdom has a small but professional and well-equipped military called the Bahrain Defence Force (BDF), numbering around 8,200 personnel, including 6,000 in the

Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa.[166][167] The Commander-in-Chief of the BDF has been Field Marshal Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa since 2008.[168]

The BDF is primarily equipped with United States-made-equipment, such as the

Royal Bahrain Naval Force, with the ship renamed as RBNS Al-Zubara.[171][172] On 18 January 2024 the Bahraini Navy received a second Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate, the former USS Robert G. Bradley, which was renamed RBNS Khalid bin Ali.[173][174] Bahrain was the first country in the Gulf to operate the F-16. Sometime in 2024 the Royal Bahraini Air Force expects to receive 16 aircraft of the modernized F-16 Block 70 variant,[175] in addition to its current 20 F-16C/D and 12 F-5E/F fighters. The Royal Bahraini Army has 180 M60A3 main battle tanks, with 100 in active service and 80 in storage.[165]

The Government of Bahrain has

COMUSNAVCENT) / United States Fifth Fleet (COMFIFTHFLT),[177] and around 6,000 United States military personnel.[178]

Bahrain participates in the

Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh,[179] who was deposed in the 2011 Arab Spring uprising.[180]

The permanent British

HMS Jufair, was officially opened in April 2018.[181]

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Bahrain
King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa meets former U.S. President Donald Trump, May 2017

Bahrain has established

failed coup in 1981 which Bahrain blames Iran for and occasional claims of Iranian sovereignty over Bahrain by ultra-conservative elements in the Iranian public.[187][188] Bahrain and Israel established bilateral relations in 2020 under the Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement.[189]

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Bahrain
Bahraini protests
against the ruling Al Khalifa family in 2011

The period between 1975 and 1999 known as the "State Security Law Era", saw wide range of human rights violations including arbitrary arrests, detention without trial, torture and forced exile.[190][191] After the Emir Hamad Al Khalifa (now king) succeeded his father Isa Al Khalifa in 1999, he introduced wide reforms and human rights improved significantly.[192] These moves were described by Amnesty International as representing a "historic period of human rights".[111]

Consensual male and female homosexual relations between adults over the age of 21 are legal in Bahrain and the only Muslim Gulf country where it is legal since 1976.[193]

Protesters at the Pearl Roundabout just before it was demolished.

Human rights conditions started to decline by 2007 when torture began to be employed again.[194] In 2011, Human Rights Watch described the country's human rights situation as "dismal".[195] Due to this, Bahrain lost some of the high International rankings it had gained before.[196][197][198][199][200]

In 2011, Bahrain was criticised for its crackdown on the

systematic torture. The government promised to introduce reforms and avoid repeating the "painful events".[201] However, reports by human rights organisations Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch issued in April 2012 said the same violations were still happening.[202][203]

Amnesty International's 2015 report on the country points to the continued suppression of dissent, restricted freedom of expression, unjust imprisonment, and frequent torture and other ill-treatment of its citizens.

authoritarian regime" and is rated as "Not Free" by the U.S.-based non-governmental Freedom House.[205] Freedom House continues to label Bahrain as "not free" in its 2021 report.[206] On 7 July 2016, the European Parliament adopted, with a large majority, a resolution condemning human rights abuses performed by Bahraini authorities, and strongly called for an end to the ongoing repression against the country's human rights defenders, political opposition and civil society.[207]

Several people held a sit-in in solidarity with human rights activist Nabeel Rajab

In August 2017, United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson spoke against the discrimination of Shias in Bahrain, saying, "Members of the Shia community there continue to report ongoing discrimination in government employment, education, and the justice system," and that "Bahrain must stop discriminating against the Shia communities." He also stated that "In Bahrain, the government continue to question, detain and arrest Shia clerics, community members and opposition politicians."[208][209] However, in September 2017, the U.S. State Department has approved arms sales packages worth more than $3.8 billion to Bahrain including F-16 jets, upgrades, missiles and patrol boats.[210][211] In its latest report the Amnesty International accused both, US and the UK governments, of turning a blind eye to horrific abuses of human rights by the ruling Bahraini regime.[212] On 31 January 2018, Amnesty International reported that the Bahraini government expelled four of its citizens after having revoked their nationality in 2012; turning them into stateless people.[213] On 21 February 2018, human rights activist Nabeel Rajab was sentenced to a further five years in jail for tweets and documentation of human rights violations.[214] On behalf of the ruling family, Bahraini police have received training on how to deal with public protests from the British government.[215][unreliable source?][216]

Women's rights

Main article: Women's rights in Bahrain

Women in Bahrain acquired voting rights and the right to stand in national elections in the 2002 election.[217] However, no women were elected to office in that year's polls.[218] In response to the failure of women candidates, six were appointed to the Shura Council, which also includes representatives of the Kingdom's indigenous Jewish and Christian communities.[219] Nada Haffadh became the country's first female cabinet minister on her appointment as Minister of Health in 2004. The quasi-governmental women's group, the Supreme Council for Women, trained female candidates to take part in the 2006 general election. When Bahrain was elected to head the United Nations General Assembly in 2006 it appointed lawyer and women's rights activist Haya bint Rashid Al Khalifa President of the United Nations General Assembly, only the third woman in history to head the world body.[220] Female activist Ghada Jamsheer said "The government used women's rights as a decorative tool on the international level." She referred to the reforms as "artificial and marginal" and accused the government of "hinder[ing] non-governmental women societies".[161]

In 2006, Lateefa Al Gaood became the first female MP after winning by default.[221] The number rose to four after the 2011 by-elections.[222] In 2008, Houda Nonoo was appointed ambassador to the United States making her the first Jewish ambassador of any Arab country.[223] In 2011, Alice Samaan, a Christian woman, was appointed ambassador to the United Kingdom.[224]

Media

The predominant forms of media in Bahrain consists of weekly and daily newspapers, television, and radio.

Newspapers are widely available in multiple languages such as Arabic, English, Malayalam, etc. to support the varied population.

Gulf Madhyamam
is a newspaper published in Malayalam.

The country's television network operates five networks, all of which are by the Information Affairs Authority. Radio, much like the television network, is mostly state-run and usually in Arabic. Radio Bahrain is a long-running English language radio station, and Your FM is a radio station serving the large expatriate population from the Indian subcontinent living in the country.

By June 2012, Bahrain had 961,000 internet users.

netizens were among those detained during protests in 2011.[226]

Bahraini journalists risk prosecution for offences that include "undermining" the government and religion. Self-censorship is widespread. Journalists were targeted by officials during anti-government protests in 2011. Three editors from the opposition daily Al-Wasat were sacked and later fined for publishing "false" news. Several foreign correspondents were expelled.[226] An independent commission, set up to look into the unrest, found that state media coverage was at times inflammatory. It said opposition groups suffered from lack of access to mainstream media and recommended that the government "consider relaxing censorship". Assessments by Reporters sans frontières have consistently found Bahrain to be one of the most world's most restrictive regimes.[227]

Governorates

Main article: Governorates of Bahrain

The first municipality in Bahrain was the eight-member Manama municipality which was established in July 1919.[228] Members of the municipality were elected annually; the municipality was said to have been the first municipality to be established in the Arab world.[228] The municipality was in charge of cleaning roads and renting buildings to tenants and shops. By 1929, it undertook road expansions as well as opening markets and slaughterhouses.[228] In 1958, the municipality started water purification projects.[228] In 1960, Bahrain comprised four municipalities: Manama, Hidd, Al Muharraq, and Riffa.[229] Over the next 30 years, the 4 municipalities were divided into 12 municipalities as settlements such as Hamad Town and Isa Town grew.[229] These municipalities were administered from Manama under a central municipal council whose members are appointed by the king.[230]

The first municipal elections to be held in Bahrain after independence in 1971, was in 2002.[231] The most recent was in 2010. The municipalities are listed below:

Map Former Municipality
1. Al Hidd
2. Manama
3. Western Region
4. Central Region
5. Northern Region
6. Muharraq
7. Rifa and Southern Region
8.
Jidd Haffs
9. Hamad Town (not shown)
10. Isa Town
11. Hawar Islands
12. Sitra

After 3 July 2002, Bahrain was split into five administrative

governorates, each of which has its own governor.[232]
These governorates are:

Map Former Governorates
1. Capital Governorate
2. Central Governorate
3. Muharraq Governorate
4. Northern Governorate
5. Southern Governorate

The Central Governorate was abolished in September 2014, its territory divided between the Northern Governorate, Southern Governorate, and Capital Governorate:[233]

Map Current Governorates
1 – Capital Governorate
2 – Muharraq Governorate
3 – Northern Governorate
4 – Southern Governorate

Economy

Main article: Economy of Bahrain
GDP per capita development in Bahrain

According to a January 2006 report by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, Bahrain has the fastest-growing economy in the Arab world.[234] Bahrain also has the freest economy in the Middle East and is twelfth-freest overall in the world based on the 2011 Index of Economic Freedom, published by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal.[235]

In 2008, Bahrain was named the world's fastest-growing financial centre by the City of London's

Islamic banking, have benefited from the regional boom driven by demand for oil.[238] Petroleum production and processing is Bahrain's most exported product, accounting for 60% of export receipts, 70% of government revenues, and 11% of GDP.[6] Aluminium production is the second-most exported product, followed by finance and construction materials.[6]

Manama skyline as viewed from Juffair
A view of the Grand Avenue section of the Avenues
The view from outside one of the entrance gates at the Avenues

Economic conditions have fluctuated with the changing price of oil since 1985, for example during and following the Persian Gulf crisis of 1990–91. With its highly developed communication and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to a number of multinational firms and construction proceeds on several major industrial projects. A large share of exports consists of petroleum products made from imported crude oil, which accounted for 51% of the country's imports in 2007.[141] In October 2008, the Bahraini government introduced a long-term economic vision for Bahrain known as 'Vision 2030' which aims to transform Bahrain into a diversified and sustainable economy.

In recent years, the government has undertaken several economic reforms in order to improve its financial dependency and also to boost its image as an island tourist destination that is compact, has short travel times and provides a much more authentic Arab experience than the regional economic and tourism powerhouse of Dubai.[239] The Avenues is one such example of the recent developments. It is a waterfront facing shopping mall that was opened in October 2019.[240] Bahrain depends heavily on food imports to feed its growing population; it relies heavily on meat imports from Australia and also imports 75% of its total fruit consumption needs.[241][242]

Since only 2.9% of the country's land is

military expenditure is the main reason for this increase in debt.[245]

Access to biocapacity in Bahrain is much lower than the world average. In 2016, Bahrain had 0.52 global hectares [246] of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.[247]

In 2016, Bahrain used 8.6 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use 16.5 times as much biocapacity as Bahrain contains. As a result, Bahrain is running a biocapacity deficit.[246]

Unemployment, especially among the young, and the depletion of both oil and underground water resources are major long-term economic problems. In 2008, the jobless figure was at 4%,[248] with women overrepresented at 85% of the total.[249] In 2007 Bahrain became the first Arab country to institute unemployment benefits as part of a series of labour reforms instigated under Minister of Labour, Majeed Al Alawi.[250]

As of Q4 2022, total employment in Bahrain stood at 746,145 workers. This included both Bahraini and Non-Bahraini workers. These employment levels represented a full recovery of employment since the downturn caused by the COVID pandemic.[251]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Bahrain
The cities of Muharraq (foreground) and Manama (background)
Muharraq Manama

As a tourist destination, Bahrain received over eleven million visitors in 2019.[252] Most of these are from the surrounding Arab states, although an increasing number hail from outside the region due to growing awareness of the kingdom's heritage and partly due to its higher profile as a result of the Bahrain Grand Prix.

The kingdom combines modern Arab culture and the archaeological legacy of five thousand years of civilisation. The island is home to forts including

Tree of Life, a 400-year-old tree that grows in the Sakhir desert with no nearby water, is also a popular tourist attraction.[254]

Tree of Life, a 9.75 meter high Prosopis cineraria
tree that is over 400 years old

Bahrain City Centre and Seef Mall in the Seef district of Manama. The Manama Souq and Gold Souq in the old district of Manama are also popular with tourists.[255]

In January 2019 the state-run Bahrain News Agency announced the summer 2019 opening of an underwater theme park covering about 100,000 square meters with a sunken Boeing 747 as the site's centrepiece. The project is a partnership between the Supreme Council for Environment, Bahrain Tourism and Exhibitions Authority (BTEA), and private investors. Bahrain hopes scuba divers from around the world will visit the underwater park, which will also include artificial coral reefs, a copy of a Bahraini pearl merchant's house, and sculptures.[256] The park is intended to become the world's largest eco-friendly underwater theme park.[257]

Since 2005, Bahrain hosts an annual festival in March, titled Spring of Culture, which features internationally renowned musicians and artists performing in concerts.[258] Manama was named the Arab Capital of Culture for 2012 and Capital of Arab Tourism for 2013 by the Arab League and Asian Tourism for 2014 with the Gulf Capital of Tourism for 2016 by The Gulf Cooperation Council. The 2012 festival featured concerts starring Andrea Bocelli, Julio Iglesias and other musicians.[259]

Value Added Tax (VAT)

The Kingdom of Bahrain introduced the Value Added Tax with effect from 1 January 2019.[260] This is a multipoint tax on the sale of goods and services in Kingdom of Bahrain. This has been managed by the government through the national bureau of revenue. The ultimate burden of this tax is passed on the consumer. To start with the maximum rate of VAT was 5% which is increased to 10% with effect from 1 January 2022.[261] The government of Bahrain is assuring compliance through high penalties on defaults and tighter audits. This first of its kind VAT has invited qualified chartered accounting firms mainly from India to advise on VAT matters. Firms like KPMG, KeyPoint, Assure Consulting and APMH have set up offices looking at the need for consulting in this domain of VAT.

Infrastructure

Main article: Transport in Bahrain
The new terminal of the Bahrain International Airport

Bahrain has one main international airport, the Bahrain International Airport (BAH) which is located on the island of Muharraq, in the north-east. The airport handled almost 100,000 flights and more than 9.5 million passengers in 2019.[262] On January 28, 2021, Bahrain opened its new airport terminal as part of its economic vision 2030.[263] The new airport terminal is capable of handling 14 million passengers and is a big boost to the country's aviation sector.[263] Bahrain's national carrier, Gulf Air operates and bases itself in the BIA.

The King Fahd Causeway as seen from space

Bahrain has a well-developed

highways in Bahrain, connecting several isolated villages, such as Budaiya, to Manama.[264]

To the east, a bridge connected

Ring roads and highways were later built to connect Manama to the villages of the Northern Governorate
and towards towns in central and southern Bahrain.

The four main islands and all the towns and villages are linked by well-constructed roads. There were 3,164 km (1,966 mi) of roadways in 2002, of which 2,433 km (1,512 mi) were paved. A

Umm an-Nasan. It was completed in December 1986, and financed by Saudi Arabia. In 2008, there were 17,743,495 passengers transiting through the causeway.[266] A second causeway, which will have both road and rail connection, between Bahrain and Saudi Arabia called 'King Hamad Causeway' is currently being discussed and is in the planning phase.[267]

Bahrain's port of

nationwide metro system
is currently under construction and is due to be operational by 2025.

Telecommunications

Main articles: Telecommunications in Bahrain and Internet in Bahrain

The

VIVA (owned by STC Group) became the third company to provide mobile services.[272]

Bahrain has been connected to the internet since 1995 with the country's

Internet Service Providers.[276]

Science and technology

Policy framework

The Bahraini Economic Vision 2030 published in 2008 does not indicate how the stated goal of shifting from an economy built on oil wealth to a productive, globally competitive economy will be attained. Bahrain has already diversified its exports to some extent, out of necessity. It has the smallest hydrocarbon reserves of any Persian Gulf state, producing 48,000 barrels per day from its one onshore field.[277] The bulk of the country's revenue comes from its share in the offshore field administered by Saudi Arabia. The gas reserve in Bahrain is expected to last for less than 27 years, leaving the country with few sources of capital to pursue the development of new industries. Investment in research and development remained very low in 2013.[278]

Apart from the Ministry of Education and the Higher Education Council, the two main hives of activity in science, technology, and innovation are the University of Bahrain (established in 1986) and the Bahrain Centre for Strategic, International, and Energy Studies. The latter was founded in 2009 to undertake research with a focus on strategic security and energy issues to encourage new thinking and influence policymaking.[278]

New infrastructure for science and education

Bahrain hopes to build a science culture within the kingdom and to encourage technological innovation, among other goals. In 2013, the Bahrain Science Centre was launched as an interactive educational facility targeting 6- to 18-year-olds. The topics covered by current exhibitions include junior engineering, human health, the five senses, Earth sciences and biodiversity.[278]

In April 2014, Bahrain launched its National Space Science Agency. The agency has been working to ratify international space-related agreements such as the Outer Space Treaty, the Rescue Agreement, the Space Liability Convention, the Registration Convention and the Moon Agreement. The agency plans to establish infrastructure for the observation of both outer space and the Earth.[278]

In November 2008, an agreement was signed to establish a Regional Centre for Information and Communication Technology in Manama under the auspices of UNESCO. The aim is to establish a knowledge hub for the six-member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council. In March 2012, the centre hosted two high-level workshops on ICTs and education. In 2013, Bahrain topped the Arab world for internet penetration (90% of the population), trailed by the United Arab Emirates (86%) and Qatar (85%). Just half of Bahrainis and Qataris (53%) and two-thirds of those in the United Arab Emirates (64%) had access in 2009.[278]

Investment in education and research

In 2012, the government devoted 2.6% of GDP to education, one of the lowest ratios in the Arab world. This ratio was on a par with investment in education in Lebanon and higher only than that in Qatar (2.4% in 2008) and Sudan (2.2% in 2009).[278] Bahrain was ranked 67th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[279]

Bahrain invests little in research and development. In 2009 and 2013, this investment reportedly amounted to 0.04% of GDP, although the data were incomplete, covering only the higher education sector. The lack of comprehensive data on research and development poses a challenge for policymakers, as data inform evidence-based policymaking.[278]

The available data for researchers in 2013 cover only the higher education sector. Here, the number of researchers is equivalent to 50 per million inhabitants, compared to a global average for all employment sectors of 1,083 per million.[278]

The University of Bahrain had over 20,000 students in 2014, 65% of whom are women, and around 900 faculty members, 40% of whom are women. From 1986 to 2014, university staff published 5,500 papers and books. The university spent about US$11 million per year on research in 2014, which was conducted by a contingent of 172 men and 128 women. Women thus made up 43% of researchers at the University of Bahrain in 2014.[278]

Bahrain was one of 11 Arab states which counted a majority of female university graduates in science and engineering in 2014. Women accounted for 66% of graduates in natural sciences, 28% of those in engineering and 77% of those in health and welfare. It is harder to judge the contribution of women to research, as the data for 2013 only cover the higher education sector.[278]

Trends in research output

In 2014, Bahraini scientists published 155 articles in internationally catalogued journals, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded). This corresponds to 15 articles per million inhabitants, compared to a global average of 176 per million inhabitants in 2013. Scientific output has risen slowly from 93 articles in 2005 and remains modest. By 2014, only Mauritania and Palestine had a smaller output in this database among Arab states.[280][278]

Between 2008 and 2014, Bahraini scientists collaborated most with their peers from Saudi Arabia (137 articles), followed by Egypt (101), the United Kingdom (93), the United States (89) and Tunisia (75).[278]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Bahrain
Bahrainis observing public prayers in Manama
Manama Souq on Bahrain National Day

In 2010, Bahrain's population grew to 1.2 million, of which 568,399 were Bahraini and 666,172 were non-nationals.

city states. Much of this population is concentrated in the north of the country with the Southern Governorate being the least densely populated part.[281] The north of the country is so urbanized that it is considered by some to be one large metropolitan area.[285]

Ethnic groups

Main articles:
Bahrani people and Ethnic, cultural and religious groups of Bahrain

Bahraini people are ethnically diverse. Shia Bahrainis are divided into two main ethnic groups: Baharna and Ajam. The Shia Bahrainis are Baharna (Arab), and the Ajam are Persian Shias. Shia Persians form large communities in Manama and Muharraq. A small minority of Shia Bahrainis are ethnic Hasawis from Al-Hasa.

Sunni Bahrainis are mainly divided into two main ethnic groups: Arabs (al Arab) and

Bahraini monarchy are Sunni Arabs. Sunni Arabs have traditionally lived in areas such as Zallaq, Muharraq, Riffa and Hawar islands. The Huwala are descendants of Sunni Iranians; some of them are Sunni Persians,[286][287] while others Sunni Arabs.[288][289] There are also Sunnis of Baloch origin. Most African Bahrainis come from East Africa and have traditionally lived in Muharraq Island and Riffa.[290]

Religion

Main article:
Freedom of religion in Bahrain

Religion in Bahrain (2020) by Pew Research[4]

  
Hinduism (10.2%)
  Buddhism (3.1%)
  Jewish (0.002%)
  Other
(0.9%)
  Unaffiliated (2%)

The state religion of Bahrain is

Bahraini uprising of 2011 were Shia.[295][296][297]

National Evangelical Church, Manama
The Shrinathji temple in Manama

Christians in Bahrain make up about 14.5% of the population.[281] There is a native Christian community in Bahrain. Non-Muslim Bahraini residents numbered 367,683 per the 2010 census, most of whom are Christians.[298] Expatriate Christians make up the majority of Christians in Bahrain, while native Christian Bahrainis (who hold Bahraini citizenship) make up a smaller community. Native Christians who hold Bahraini citizenship number approximately 1,000 persons.[298] Alees Samaan, a former Bahraini ambassador to the United Kingdom is a native Christian. Bahrain also has a native Jewish community numbering thirty-seven Bahraini citizens.[299] Various sources cite Bahrain's native Jewish community as being from 36 to 50 people.[300] According to Bahraini writer Nancy Khedouri, the Jewish community of Bahrain is one of the youngest in the world, having its origins in the migration of a few families to the island from then-Iraq and then-Iran in the late 1880s.[301] There is also a Hindu community on the island. They constitute the third largest religious group. The Shrinathji temple located in old Manama is the oldest Hindu temple in the GCC and the Arab world. It is over 200 years old and was built by the Thattai Hindu community in 1817.[302]

According to the 2001 census, 81.2% of Bahrain's population was Muslim, 10% were Christian, and 9.8% practised

Hinduism or other religions.[6] The 2010 census records that the Muslim proportion had fallen to 70.2% (the 2010 census did not differentiate between the non-Muslim religions).[281]

Languages

Hindi are spoken among significant Indian communities.[303] All commercial institutions and road signs are bilingual, displaying both English and Arabic.[305]

Education

Main article: Education in Bahrain
See also: List of universities in Bahrain
Female students at the University of Bahrain dressed in traditional garb

Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 14.

Coeducation is not used in public schools, with boys and girls segregated into separate schools.[307]

At the beginning of the 20th century, Qur'anic schools (

Qur'an. After World War I, Bahrain became open to western influences, and a demand for modern educational institutions appeared. 1919 marked the beginning of modern public school system in Bahrain when the Al-Hidaya Al-Khalifia School for boys opened in Muharraq.[308] In 1926, the Education Committee opened the second public school for boys in Manama, and in 1928 the first public school for girls was opened in Muharraq.[308] As of 2011, there are a total of 126,981 students studying in public schools.[309]

In 2004, King

A-Levels
.

Bahrain also encourages institutions of higher learning, drawing on expatriate talent and the increasing pool of Bahrain nationals returning from abroad with advanced degrees. The

College of Health Sciences
, these are the only medical schools in Bahrain.

Health

Main articles: Health in Bahrain and Healthcare in Bahrain
Ambulance in International Hospital of Bahrain

Bahrain has a universal health care system, dating back to 1960.[314] Government-provided health care is free to Bahraini citizens and heavily subsidised for non-Bahrainis. Healthcare expenditure accounted for 4.5% of Bahrain's GDP, according to the World Health Organization. Bahraini physicians and nurses form a majority of the country's workforce in the health sector, unlike neighbouring Gulf states.[315] The first hospital in Bahrain was the American Mission Hospital, which opened in 1893 as a dispensary.[316] The first public hospital, and also tertiary hospital, to open in Bahrain was the Salmaniya Medical Complex, in the Salmaniya district of Manama, in 1957.[317] Private hospitals are also present throughout the country, such as the International Hospital of Bahrain.

The life expectancy in Bahrain is 73 for males and 76 for females. Compared to many countries in the region, the prevalence of AIDS and HIV is relatively low.[318] Malaria and tuberculosis (TB) do not constitute major problems in Bahrain as neither disease is indigenous to the country. As a result, cases of malaria and TB have declined in recent decades with cases of contractions amongst Bahraini nationals becoming rare.[318] The Ministry of Health sponsors regular vaccination campaigns against TB and other diseases such as hepatitis B.[318][319]

Currently, Bahrain has an

thalassaemia are prevalent in the country, with a study concluding that 18% of Bahrainis are carriers of sickle-cell anaemia while 24% are carriers of thalassaemia.[323]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Bahrain
Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa
house is an example of traditional architecture in Bahrain.

Islam is the main religion, and Bahrainis are known for their tolerance towards the practice of other faiths.

Mona Marbella Al-Alawi.[325]

Rules regarding female attire are generally relaxed compared to regional neighbours; the traditional attire of women usually include the hijab or the abaya.[138] Although the traditional male attire is the thobe which also includes traditional headdresses such as the keffiyeh, ghutra and agal, Western clothing is common in the country.[138]

Although Bahrain legalized homosexuality in 1976, many homosexuals have since been arrested, often for violating broadly written laws against public immorality and public indecency.[326][327][328]

Art

Main article: Bahraini art
An artisan making pottery using the traditional mud and water mixture on a revolving wheel.

The modern art movement in the country officially emerged in the 1950s, culminating in the establishment of an art society.

Bahraini government was an active patron in Islamic art, culminating in the establishment of an Islamic museum, Beit Al Quran.[329] The Bahrain national museum houses a permanent contemporary art exhibition.[330] The annual Spring of Culture [331] festival run by the Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities[332] has become a popular event promoting performance arts in the Kingdom. The architecture of Bahrain is similar to that of its neighbours in the Persian Gulf. The wind tower, which generates natural ventilation in a house, is a common sight on old buildings, particularly in the old districts of Manama and Muharraq.[333]

Literature

Main article:
Literature of Bahrain
National Library of Bahrain at Isa Cultural Centre

Literature retains a strong tradition in the country; most traditional writers and poets write in the classical Arabic style. In recent years, the number of younger poets influenced by western literature are rising, most writing in free verse and often including political or personal content.[334] Ali Al Shargawi, a decorated longtime poet, was described in 2011 by Al Shorfa as the literary icon of Bahrain.[335]

In literature, Bahrain was the site of the ancient land of Dilmun mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Legend also states that it was the location of the Garden of Eden.[336][337]

Media

Main article: Media of Bahrain

Music

Main article: Music of Bahrain

The music style in Bahrain is similar to that of its neighbours. The Khaliji style of music, which is folk music, is popular in the country. The sawt style of music, which involves a complex form of urban music, performed by an Oud (plucked lute), a violin and mirwas (a drum), is also popular in Bahrain.[338] Ali Bahar was one of the most famous singers in Bahrain. He performed his music with his Band Al-Ekhwa (The Brothers). Bahrain was also the site of the first recording studio amongst the Persian Gulf states.[338]

Entertainment

See also: Category:Entertainment in Bahrain

With regards to cultural and tourism activities, the Ministry of Culture[339] organizes a number of annual festivals. such as the Spring of Culture in March and April, the Bahrain Summer Festival and Ta'a Al-Shabab from August to September, and the Bahrain International Music Festival in October which features musical and theatrical performances, lectures, and much more.

As for cultural sites, residents, visitors, and tourists can re-live history through Bahrain's many historical sites.

Sports

Main article: Sport in Bahrain
Mixed Martial Arts hosted by BRAVE Combat Federation event in Bahrain

Bahrain is the first nation other than United States of America to host International Mixed Martial Arts Federation World Championships of Amateur MMA in partnership with Brave Combat Federation.[340] Bahrain have recorded an influx in global athletes visiting the nation for Mixed Martial Arts training during 2017.[341] Brave Combat Federation is a Bahrain-based Mixed Martial Arts promotion that has hosted events in Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Brazil, Kazakhstan, and India. Bahrain MMA Federation (BMMAF) has been set up under the patronage of Sheikh Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa and the jurisdiction of the Sports Minister, Sheikh Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa.[342] The development of MMA in the nation is convened through KHK MMA, which owns Brave Combat Federation which is the largest Mixed Martial Arts promotion in the Middle East.[343] Bahrain will be hosting Amateur World Championships 2017 in association with International Mixed Martial Arts Federation. Bahrain will be the first Asian and Arab country to host the amateur MMA championship.[344]

In 2018, Cricket was introduced in Bahrain under the initiative of KHK Sports and Exelon.[345] Bahrain Premier League 2018 comprised six franchise squads of 13 resident cricketers competing in the T20 format. The teams were SRam MRam Falcons, Kalaam Knight-Riders, Intex Lions, Bahrain Super Giants, Four Square Challengers and Awan Warriors.[346]

Australia
on June 10, 2009, in a World Cup qualifier

Football is also a popular sport in Bahrain.

Arab Nations Cup and played in the FIFA World Cup qualifiers, though it has never qualified for the World Cup.[348] Bahrain's national football team won the West Asian Football Federation cup and the Arabian Gulf Cup in 2019.[349][350] Both the cups came under the helm of Helio Sousa who is the manager of the nation's national football team. Bahrain has its own top-tier domestic professional football league, the Bahraini Premier League. On 3 August 2020, the Kingdom of Bahrain bought a minority stake in the Paris F.C., a team that plays in France's second tier. Bahrain's entry into the soccer club spurred criticism that the country is trying to whitewash its human rights record and this is another way of buying influence in Europe.[351]

Bahrain Victorius, which participated in the 2017 Tour de France.[352][353]

The podium ceremony at the 2007 Bahrain Grand Prix

Bahrain has a

ongoing anti-government protests.[354] The 2012 race occurred despite concerns of the safety of the teams and the ongoing protests in the country.[355] The decision to hold the race despite ongoing protests and violence[356] has been described as "controversial" by Al Jazeera English,[357] CNN,[358] AFP[359] and Sky News.[360] The Independent named it "one of the most controversial in the history of the sport".[361]

In 2006, Bahrain also hosted its inaugural Australian V8 Supercar event dubbed the "Desert 400". The V8s returned every November to the Sakhir circuit until 2010, in which it was the second event of the series. The series has not returned since. The Bahrain International Circuit also features a full-length dragstrip where the Bahrain Drag Racing Club has organised invitational events featuring some of Europe's top drag racing teams to try to raise the profile of the sport in the Middle East.[362]

See also

References

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Arabic: مملكة البحرين Mamlakat al-Baḥraynⓘ

Citations

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  2. ^ a b c "Bahrain 2020 Census". Information and eGovernment Authority. 28 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  3. ^ Bahrain Country Study Library of Congress
  4. ^ a b Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Bahrain. Pew Research Center. 2020.
  5. ^ "Bahrain ends special pact". The Straits Times. 15 August 1971.
  6. ^ a b c d e "CIA World Factbook, "Bahrain"". Cia.gov. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
  7. ^ "Facts & Figures". data.gov.bh. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  8. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  9. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Bahrain)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  11. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  12. ^ Bahrain Government Annual Reports, Volume 8, Archive Editions, 1987, page 92
  13. ^ "Bahrain – the World Factbook". 19 October 2021.
  14. ^ "Area of Bahrain Expands to 765.3 square kilometres". Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  15. ^ Oman: The Lost Land Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Saudi Aramco World. Retrieved on 7 November 2016.
  16. ^ a b c EB (1878).
  17. ^ "The history of British involvement in Bahrain's internal security". openDemocracy. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  18. ^ "Bahrain: Reform-Promise and Reality" (PDF). J.E. Peterson. p. 157.
  19. ^ "Bahrain's economy praised for diversity and sustainability". Bahrain Economic Development Board. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
  20. ^ "Bahrain". IMUNA | NHSMUN | Model UN. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  21. ^ "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation". eng.sectsco.org. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  22. ^ "Bahrain granted the status of SCO dialogue partner". bna.bh/en/. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  23. ^ "Bahrain Etymology, History, Geography, Government and politics, The Free Encyclopedia". rsmag.org. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
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General and cited sources

External links

The Wikibook Wikijunior:Countries A-Z has a page on the topic of: Bahrain

26°4′N 50°30′E / 26.067°N 50.500°E / 26.067; 50.500

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