Kingdom of Bohemia
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Kingdom of Bohemia
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1198–1918 | |||||||||||||||||
Medieval, | |||||||||||||||||
(1914) | |||||||||||||||||
Status |
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Capital and largest city | Latin, German | ||||||||||||||||
Religion |
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Government | King | | |||||||||||||||
• 1198–1230 | Ottokar I (first) | ||||||||||||||||
• 1916–1918 | Charles III (last) | ||||||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||||||
• Kingdom established | 1198 | ||||||||||||||||
• Hereditary royal title confirmed | 26 September 1212 | ||||||||||||||||
• Inauguration of the Luxembourg dynasty | December 1310 | ||||||||||||||||
• Became main part of the Crown of Bohemia | 7 April 1348 | ||||||||||||||||
25 December 1356 | |||||||||||||||||
16 December 1526 | |||||||||||||||||
• Renewed Land Ordinance imposed hereditary Habsburg succession to throne | 10 May 1627 | ||||||||||||||||
• Crown of Bohemia de facto dissolved | 1 May 1749 | ||||||||||||||||
• Dissolution of Austria-Hungary | 31 October 1918 | ||||||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||||||
Approximately 2 million | |||||||||||||||||
Currency |
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Today part of | Czech Republic Germany Poland |
The Kingdom of Bohemia (
The Kingdom of Bohemia was an
The kingdom was established by the Přemyslid dynasty in the 12th century by the Duchy of Bohemia, later ruled by the House of Luxembourg, the Jagiellonian dynasty, and from 1526 the House of Habsburg and its successor, the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Numerous kings of Bohemia were also elected Holy Roman Emperors, and the capital, Prague, was the imperial seat in the late 14th century, and again at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries.
Shortly before the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the kingdom became part of the newly proclaimed Habsburg Austrian Empire, and subsequently the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1867. Bohemia retained its name and formal status as a separate Kingdom of Bohemia until 1918, known as a crown land within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and its capital Prague was one of the empire's leading cities. The Czech language (called the Bohemian language in English usage until the 19th century)[10] was the main language of the Diet and the nobility until 1627 (after the Bohemian Revolt was suppressed). German was then formally made equal with Czech and eventually prevailed as the language of the Diet until the Czech National Revival in the 19th century. German was also widely used as the language of administration in many towns after the Germans immigrated and populated some areas of the country in the 13th century. The royal court used the Czech, Latin, and German languages, depending on the ruler and period.
Following the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, both the Kingdom and Empire were dissolved. Bohemia became the core part of the newly formed Czechoslovak Republic.
History
13th century (growth)
Although some former rulers of Bohemia had enjoyed a non-hereditary royal title during the 11th and 12th centuries (
Under these terms, the Czech king was to be exempt from all future obligations to the Holy Roman Empire except for participation in the imperial councils. The imperial prerogative to ratify each Bohemian ruler and to appoint the bishop of Prague was revoked. The king's successor was his son Wenceslaus I, from his second marriage.
Wenceslaus I's sister
The 13th century was the most dynamic period of the
Přemysl Ottokar II (1253–78) married a German princess, Margaret of Babenberg, and became duke of Austria. He thereby acquired Upper Austria, Lower Austria, and part of Styria. He conquered the rest of Styria, most of Carinthia, and parts of Carniola. He was called "the king of iron and gold" (iron because of his conquests, gold because of his wealth). He campaigned as far as Prussia, where he defeated the pagan natives and in 1256, founded a city he named Královec in Czech, which later became Königsberg (now Kaliningrad).
In 1260, Ottokar defeated
Ottokar was succeeded by his son King
The 13th century was also a period of large-scale German immigration, during the Ostsiedlung, often encouraged by the Přemyslid kings. The Germans populated towns and mining districts on the Bohemian periphery and in some cases formed German colonies in the interior of the Czech lands. Stříbro, Kutná Hora, Německý Brod (present-day Havlíčkův Brod), and Jihlava were important German settlements. The Germans brought their own code of law – the ius teutonicum – which formed the basis of the later commercial law of Bohemia and Moravia. Marriages between Czech nobles and Germans soon became commonplace.
14th century ("Golden Age")
The 14th century – particularly the reign of
Charles IV strengthened the power and prestige of the Bohemian kingdom. In 1344 he elevated the bishopric of Prague, making it an archbishopric and freeing it from the jurisdiction of Mainz, and the archbishop was given the right to crown Bohemian kings. Charles curbed the Bohemian, Moravian, and Silesian nobility, and rationalized the provincial administration of Bohemia and Moravia. He created the Crown of Bohemia, incorporating Moravia, Silesia and Lusatia.
In 1355 Charles was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The next year he issued the Golden Bull of 1356, defining and codifying the process of election to the Imperial throne, with the Bohemian king among the seven electors. Issuance of the Golden Bull together with the ensuing acquisition of the Brandenburg Electorate gave the Luxemburgs two votes in the electoral college. Charles also made Prague into an Imperial capital.
Extensive building projects undertaken by the king included the founding of the New Town southeast of the old city. The royal castle,
Charles died in 1378, and the Bohemian crown went to his son,
15th century (Hussite movement)
The
Hussitism began during the long reign of
Soon after Hus assumed office, German professors of theology demanded the condemnation of Wycliffe's writings. Hus protested, receiving the support of the Czech element at the university. Having only one vote in policy decisions against three for the Germans, the Czechs were outvoted,[
Hus' victory was short-lived. He preached against the sale of
Hus's death sparked the
The Hussite Wars followed a pattern. When a crusade was launched against Bohemia, moderate and radical Hussites would unite and defeat it. Once the threat was over, the Hussite armies would focus on raiding the land of Catholic sympathizers. Many historians have painted the Hussites as religious fanatics; they fought in part for a nationalist purpose: to protect their land from a King and a Pope who did not recognize the right of the Hussites to exist. Žižka led armies to storm castles, monasteries, churches, and villages, expelling the Catholic clergy, expropriating ecclesiastical lands, or accepting conversions.
During the struggle against Sigismund, Taborite armies penetrated into areas of modern-day Slovakia as well. Czech refugees from the religious wars in Bohemia settled there, and from 1438 to 1453 a Czech noble, John Jiskra of Brandýs, controlled most of southern Slovakia from the centers of Zólyom (today Zvolen) and Kassa (today Košice). Thus Hussite doctrines and the Czech Bible were disseminated among the Slovaks, providing the basis for a future link between the Czechs and their Slovak neighbors.
When Sigismund died in 1437, the Bohemian estates elected Albert of Austria as his successor. Albert died and his son, Ladislaus the Posthumous – so called because he was born after his father's death – was acknowledged as king. During Ladislaus' minority, Bohemia was ruled by a regency composed of moderate reform nobles who were Utraquists. Internal dissension among the Czechs provided the primary challenge to the regency. A part of the Czech nobility remained Catholic and loyal to the pope. A Utraquist delegation to the Council of Basel in 1433 had negotiated a seeming reconciliation with the Catholic Church. The Compacts of Basel accepted the basic tenets of Hussitism expressed in the Four Articles of Prague: communion under both kinds; free preaching of the Gospels; expropriation of church land; and exposure and punishment of public sinners. The pope, however, rejected the compact, thus preventing the reconciliation of Czech Catholics with the Utraquists.
George sought to establish a "Charter of a Universal Peace Union." He believed that all monarchs should work for a sustainable peace on the principle of national sovereignty of states, principles of non-interference, and solving problems and disputes before an International Tribunal. Also, Europe should unite to fight the Turks. States would have one vote each, with a leading role for France. George did not see a specific role for Papal authority.[citation needed]
Czech Catholic nobles joined in the League of Zelená Hora in 1465, challenging the authority of George of Poděbrady; the next year,
After 1471: Jagiellonian and Habsburg rule
Upon the death of the Hussite king, the Bohemian estates elected the Polish prince
In 1526 Vladislav's son, King Louis, was decisively defeated by the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Mohács and subsequently died. As a result, the Turks conquered part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and the rest (mainly present-day Slovakia territory) came under Habsburg rule under the terms of King Louis' marriage contract. The Bohemian estates elected Austrian Archduke Ferdinand, younger brother of Emperor Charles V, to succeed Louis as king of Bohemia. Thus began almost four centuries of Habsburg rule for both Bohemia and Hungary.
The incorporation of Bohemia into the
Defeat and dissolution
In 1740 the Prussian Army conquered Bohemian Silesia in the Silesian Wars and forced Maria Theresa in 1742 to cede the majority of Silesia, except the southernmost area with the duchies of Cieszyn, Krnov and Opava, to Prussia. In 1756 Prussian King Frederick II faced an enemy coalition led by Austria, when Maria Theresa was preparing for war with Prussia to reclaim Silesia. The Prussian army conquered Saxony and in 1757 invaded Bohemia. In the Battle of Prague (1757) they defeated the Habsburgs and subsequently occupied[citation needed] Prague. More than one quarter of Prague was destroyed and the St. Vitus Cathedral suffered heavy damage. In the Battle of Kolín, however, Frederick lost and had to vacate Prague and retreat from Bohemia.
With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Bohemian kingdom was incorporated into the now two years old Austrian Empire and the royal title retained alongside the title of Austrian Emperor. In the course of the 1867 Austro-Hungarian Compromise the provinces of Bohemia, Moravia and Austrian Silesia became k. k. crown lands of Cisleithania. The Bohemian Kingdom officially ceased to exist in 1918 by transformation into the Czechoslovak Republic.
The current Czech Republic consisting of Bohemia, Moravia and
Economy
Bohemia was among the first countries in Europe to become industrialized. Mining of tin and silver began in
Lands of the Bohemian Crown
Bohemia proper (Čechy) with the County of Kladsko (Hrabství kladské) was the main area of the Kingdom of Bohemia. The Egerland (Chebsko) was ultimately obtained by King Wenceslaus II between 1291 and 1305; given in pawn to Bohemia by King Louis IV of Germany in 1322 and subsequently joined in personal union with Bohemia proper. In 1348 Charles IV created the Crown of Bohemia (Koruna česká), together with the incorporated provinces:
- the Bretislaus Iin 1019/1029 (uncertain dating);
- Upper Lusatia (Horní Lužice), incorporated by Charles' father King John of Bohemia in 1319 (Bautzen Land) and 1329 (Görlitz), and Lower Lusatia (Dolní Lužice, former March of Lusatia), acquired by Charles IV from the Wittelsbach duke Otto V of Bavaria in 1367. The Habsburg emperor Ferdinand II ceded the Lusatias to the Electorate of Saxony by the 1635 Peace of Prague;
- the Duchies of Maria Theresa lost Silesia in 1742 to the Prussian king Frederick the Great by the Treaty of Breslau, with the exception of Austrian Silesia.
- the northern part of the Rupert of Germany;
- the Brandenburg Electorate, acquired in 1373 by Charles IV from the Wittelsbach duke Otto V of Bavaria. Charles' son Emperor Sigismund granted Brandenburg to Frederick I of Hohenzollern in 1415.[15]
at times were incorporated into the Kingdom of Bohemia these provinces:
- the Rudolph of Habsburg in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld;
The modern Czech Republic (Czechia) is the legal successor of the Crown of Bohemia, as stated in the preamble to its Constitution.
Administrative division
Kraje/Kreise of Bohemia (pre-1833)
Prior to 1833, Bohemia was divided into seven to sixteen district units, known in Czech as Kraje (sg. Kraj) and in German as Kreise (sg. Kreis). These included the following in different time periods:
- Bechyňský kraj at Bechyně (German: Beching)
- Boleslavský kraj at Mladá Boleslav (German: Jung-Bunzlau)
- Čáslavský kraj at Čáslav (German: Czaslau, Tschaslau)
- Chrudimský kraj at Chrudim
- Hradecký kraj at Hradec Králové (German: Königgrätz)
- the County of Kladsko at Kladsko (German: Glatz); lost to Prussia following the First Silesian War (1740–42)
- Kouřimský kraj at Prague (Czech: Praha, German: Prag); named for Kouřim (German: Kaurzim, Kaurzin, Kaurim)
- Litoměřický kraj at Litoměřice (German: Leitmeritz)
- Loket(German: Elbogen)
- Plzeňský kraj at Plzeň (German: Pilsen)
- Podbrdsko or Berounský kraj at Beroun (German: Beraun)
- Prácheňsko or Prácheňský kraj at Písek (German: Prachens; named after Prácheň castle )
- Rakovnický kraj at Rakovník (German: Rakonitz)
- Slánský kraj at Slaný (German: Schlan)
- Vltavský kraj at Vltava (German: Moldau)
- Žatecký kraj at Žatec (German: Saaz)
Kraje/Kreise 1833–1849
According to Johann Gottfried Sommer Bohemia was divided into 16 district units between 1833 and 1849:
- Berounský kraj (German: Berauner Kreis)
- Bydžovský kraj at Nový Bydžov (German: Bidschower Kreis)
- Budějovický kraj at České Budějovice (German: Budweiser Kreis)
- Boleslavský kraj (German: Bunzlauer Kreis)
- Čáslavský kraj (German: Caslaver Kreis)
- Chrudimský kraj (German: Chrudimer Kreis)
- Loketský kraj (German: Elbogener Kreis)
- Kouřimský kraj (German: Kaurimer Kreis)
- Klatovský kraj at Klatovy (German: Klattauer Kreis)
- Hradecký kraj (German: Königgrätzer Kreis)
- Litoměřický kraj (German: Leitmeritzer Kreis)
- Plzeňský kraj (German: Pilsener Kreis)
- Prácheňský kraj at Písek (German: Prachiner Kreis); named after Prácheň castle)
- Rakovnický kraj (German: Rakonitzer Kreis)
- Táborský kraj (German: Taborer Kreis)
- Žatecký kraj (German: Saazer Kreis)
Okresy/Bezirke 1849–1954
In 1849 the number of Kreise/Kraje was reduced to seven. They were then subdivided into political districts (German: politischer Bezirk or
- City of Prague
- Prager Kreis – 8 political districts:
- Smichow
- Eule
- Carolinenthal
- Rakonitz
- Schlan
- Melnik
- Przibram
- Horzowic
- Budweiser Kreis – 9 political districts:
- Budweis
- Krumau
- Kaplitz
- Neuhaus
- Tabor
- Mühlhausen
- Pilgram
- Beneschau
- Wotitz
- Pardubitzer Kreis – 11 political districts:
- Pardubitz
- Kolin
- Schwarz-Kosteletz
- Kuttenberg
- Ledetsch
- Deutsch-Brod
- Chotieborg
- Chrudim
- Hohenmauth
- Leitomischl
- Landskron
- Gitschiner Kreis – 16 political districts:
- Gitschin
- Königgrätz
- Königinhof
- Trautenau
- Braunau
- Reichenau
- Senftenberg
- Neustadt
- Horzic
- Hohenelbe
- Podiebrad
- Neubidschow
- Turnau
- Semil
- Jungbunzlau
- Nimburg
- Böhmisch-Leippaer Kreis – 10 political districts:
- Böhmisch-Leippa
- Reichenberg
- Friedland
- Gabel
- Tetschen
- Außig
- Schlukenau
- Rumburg
- Dauba
- Leitmeritz
- Egerer Kreis – 12 political districts:
- Eger
- Falkenau
- Plan
- Tachau
- Carlsbad
- Luditz
- Graßlitz
- Joachimsthal
- Saaz
- Kaaden
- Brüx
- Teplitz
- Pilsner Kreis – 13 political districts:
- Pilsen
- Rokitzan
- Kralowitz
- Klattau
- Przestiz
- Bischofteinitz
- Tauß
- Schüttenhofen
- Winterberg
- Prachatitz
- Pisek
- Strakinitz
- Brzeznitz
Kraje/Kreise 1854–1868
In 1854 the political districts were abolished and the previous more centralised administrative structure largely restored. However, 13 new Kraje/Kreise were established in place of the old ones. These Kraje/Kreise were subdivided into between twelve and 20 Bezirke (207 in total, plus the capital city of Prague); these acted merely as administrative units of the Kraje/Kreise rather than taking on powers of their own. Prague remained a statutory city, as well acting as the administrative centre of the Prager Kreis/Pražský kraj. The city of Reichenberg was a Stadtbezirk (city district) subordinate to the Bunzlauer Kreis, as well as the seat of Landbezirk Reichenberg; the two were counted together as a single Bezirk.[17]
Name (German) | Name (Czech) | Area (square Austrian miles) | Population | Districts (Bezirke, Okresy) |
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Prag (English: Prague) | Praha | 0.2 | 67,260 | 1 |
Budweiser Kreis | Budějovický kraj | 78.9 | 260,597 | 15 |
Bunzlauer Kreis | Boleslavský kraj | 62.4 | 385,910 | 17 |
Chrudimer Kreis | Chrudimský kraj | 58.4 | 332,455 | 12 |
Časlauer Kreis | Čáslavský kraj | 68.6 | 340,267 | 14 |
Egerer Kreis | Chebský kraj | 75.7 | 342,017 | 19 |
Jičiner Kreis | Jičínský kraj | 51.7 | 318,855 | 16 |
Königgrätzer Kreis | Hradecký kraj | 51.6 | 333,153 | 13 |
Leitmeritzer Kreis | Litoměřický kraj | 55.0 | 386,401 | 19 |
Pilsner Kreis | Plzeňský kraj | 86.0 | 358,603 | 18 |
Piseker Kreis | 77.4 | 288,088 | 13 | |
Prager Kreis | Pražský kraj | 101.6 | 443,378 | 20 |
Saazer Kreis | Žatecký kraj | 54.9 | 219,441 | 15 |
Taborer Kreis | Táborský kraj | 80.5 | 329,680 | 16 |
Total | 902.9 | 4,406,105 | 208 |
11 of the Kraje/Kreise had a single district court (Kreisgericht). These were located in the administrative centre of the Kraj/Kreis, except for the Čáslavský kraj/Časlauer Kreis, whose district court was located at Kutná Hora/Kuttenberg. The Bunzlauer and Leitmeritzer Kreise (Boleslavský and Litoměřický kraje) each had two district courts: Jung-Bunzlau and Reichenberg for the Bunzlauer Kreis; Leitmeritz and Böhmisch-Leipa for the Leitmeritzer Kreis.[17]
Okresy/Bezirke 1868–1954
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In 1868 the Kraj/Kreis system was abolished and the political districts re-established.[18] In 1868 Bohemia was divided into 89 political districts, each of which was constituted from between one and four of the 1854 administrative districts.[19] This would grow to 104 districts by 1913.[citation needed]
1868 districts:
- Asch (Czech: Aš)
- Außig (Czech: Ústí nad Labem)
- Beneschau (Czech: Benešov)
- Bischofteinitz (Czech: Horušův Týn)
- Blatna (Czech: Blatná)
- Böhmisch Brod (Czech: Český Brod)
- Böhmisch Leipa (Czech: Česká Lípa)
- Braunau (Czech: Broumov)
- Brüx (Czech: Most)
- Budweis (Czech: Budějovice)
- Časlau (Czech: Čáslav)
- Chotěboř
- Chrudim
- Dauba (Czech: Dubá)
- Deutsch Gabel (Czech: Německé Jablonné)
- Deutschbrod (Czech: Německý Brod)
- Eger (Czech: Cheb)
- Falkenau (Czech: Falknov)
- Friedland (Czech: Frýdlant)
- Gablonz an der Neiße (Czech: Jablonec nad Nisou)
- Graslitz (Czech: Kraslice)
- Hohenelbe (Czech: Vrchlabí)
- Hohenmauth (Czech: Vysoké Mýto)
- Hořowitz (Czech: Hořovice)
- Jičin (Czech: Jičín)
- Joachimsthal (Czech: Jáchymov)
- Jungbunzlau (Czech: Mláda Boleslav)
- Kaaden (Czech: Kadaň)
- Kaplitz] (Czech: Kaplice)
- Karlsbad (Czech: Karlovy Vary)
- Karolinenthal (Czech: Karlín)
- Klattau (Czech: Klatovy)
- Kolin (Czech: Kolín)
- Komotau (Czech: Chomutov)
- Königgrätz (Czech: Hradec Králové)
- Königinhof an der Elbe (Czech: Dvůr Králové nad Labem)
- Kralowitz (Czech: Kralovice)
- Krumau (Czech: Krumlov)
- Kuttenberg (Czech: Kutná Hora)
- Landskron (Czech: Lanškroun)
- Laun (Czech: Louny)
- Ledeč
- Leitmeritz (Czech: Litoměřice)
- Leitomischl (Czech: Litomyšl)
- Luditz (Czech: Žlutice)
- Melnik (Czech: Mělník)
- Mies (Czech: Stříbro)
- Moldauthein (Czech: Týn nad Vltavou)
- Mühlhausen (Czech: Milevsko)
- Münchengrätz (Czech: Mnichovo Hradiště)
- Neubydžow (Czech: Nový Bydžov)
- Neuhaus (Czech: Jindřichův Hradec)
- Neustadt an der Mettau (Czech: Nové Město nad Metují)
- Pardubitz (Czech: Pardubice)
- Pilgram (Czech: Pelhřimov)
- Pilsen (Czech: Plzeň)
- Pisek (Czech: Písek)
- Plan (Czech: Planá)
- Poděbrad (Czech: Poděbrady)
- Podersam (Czech: Podbořany)
- Polička
- Polna (dissolved in 1884; Czech: Polná)
- Prachatitz (Czech: Prachatice)
- Prague (statutory city; German: Prag; Czech: Praha)
- Přestitz (Czech: Přeštice)
- Příbram (Czech: Příbram)
- Rakonitz (Czech: Rakovník)
- Raudnitz (Czech: Roudnice nad Labem)
- Reichenau an der Kněžna (Czech: Rychnov nad Kněžnou)
- Bezirkshauptmannschaft]; Czech: Liberec)
- Rumburg (Czech: Rumburk)
- Saaz (Czech: Žatec)
- Schlan (Czech: Slaný)
- Schluckenau (Czech: Šluknov)
- Schüttenhofen (Czech: Sušice)
- Selčan (Czech: Sedlčany)
- Semil (Czech: Semily)
- Senftenberg (Czech: Žamberk)
- Smichow (Czech: Smíchov; district seat: Prague)
- Starkenbach (Czech: Jilemnice)
- Strakonitz (Czech: Strakonice)
- Tabor (Czech: Tábor)
- Tachau (Czech: Tachov)
- Taus (Czech: Domažlice)
- Tepl (Czech: Teplá)
- Teplitz-Schönau (Czech: Teplice-Šanov)
- Tetschen (Czech: Děčín)
- Trautenau (Czech: Trutnov)
- Turnau (Czech: Turnov)
- Wittingau (Czech: Třeboň)
Districts established after 1868:
- Brandeis an der Elbe (after 1908; Czech: Brandýs nad Labem)
- Dux (after 1896; Czech: Duchcov)
- Elbogen (before 1913 part of the Falkenau district;[20] Czech: Loket)
- Humpoletz (from 1910; Czech: Humpolec)
- Kamenitz an der Linde (from 1905; Czech: Kamenice nad Lipou)
- Kladno (from 1893)
- Königliche Weinberge (from 1884; Czech: Královské Vinohrady)
- Kralup an der Moldau (before 1913 part of the Schlan district;[20] Czech: Kralupy nad Vltavou)
- Neupaka (from 1903; Czech: Nová Paka)
- Marienbad (from 1902; Czech: Mariánské Lázně)
- Nachod (before 1899 part of the Neustadt an der Mettau district; Czech: Náchod)
- Neudek (from 1910; Czech: Neydek)
- Preßnitz (from 1902; Czech: Přísečnice)
- Rokitzan (from 1896; Czech: Rokycany)
- Warnsdorf (from 1908; Czech: Varnsdorf)
- Žižkov (from 1898)
Demographics
History of the Czech lands |
---|
Czech Republic portal |
1910 census
Religion | Number | % |
---|---|---|
Latin Catholics | 6,475,835 | 95.66 |
Lutherans | 98,379 | 1.45 |
Jewish
|
85,826 | 1.26 |
Calvinists
|
78,562 | 1.16 |
Old Catholics | 14,631 | 0.21 |
Greek Catholics | 1,691 | 0.02 |
Moravian Church | 891 | 0.01 |
Greek Orthodox | 824 | 0.01 |
Anglicans | 173 | 0.00 |
Unitarians | 20 | 0.00 |
Muslims | 14 | 0.00 |
Armenian Catholics | 10 | 0.00 |
Lipovans | 9 | 0.00 |
Armenian Orthodox | 8 | 0.00 |
Mennonites
|
4 | 0.00 |
Others | 1,467 | 0.02 |
Nonbelievers | 11,204 | 0.16 |
Total | 6,769,548 | 100.00 |
Language | Number | % |
---|---|---|
Czech (together with Slovak) | 4,241,918 | 62.66 |
German | 2,467,724 | 36.45 |
Polish | 1,541 | 0.02 |
Ruthenian | 1,062 | 0.01 |
Slovenian
|
292 | 0.00 |
Croatian (together with Serbian) | 190 | 0.00 |
Italian (together with Ladin) | 136 | 0.00 |
Hungarian | 48 | 0.00 |
Romanian | 33 | 0.00 |
Others (mostly Romani) | 56,604 | 0.83 |
Total | 6,769,548 | 100.00 |
Language distribution by district (1910)
District (Bezirk) | Czech name | Area (km²) | Population | German | % | Czech | % | Other | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asch | Aš | 141.83 | 44,896 | 41,265 | 91.9% | 5 | 0.0% | 3,626 | 8.1% |
Aussig | Ústí nad Labem | 355.78 | 117,834 | 108,512 | 92.1% | 6,392 | 5.4% | 2,930 | 2.5% |
Beneschau | Benešov | 883.60 | 68,657 | 127 | 0.2% | 68,394 | 99.6% | 136 | 0.2% |
Bischofteinitz | Horušův Týn | 628.96 | 49,342 | 38,024 | 77.1% | 11,154 | 22.6% | 164 | 0.3% |
Blatna | Blatná | 680.72 | 47,563 | 12 | 0.0% | 47,523 | 99.9% | 28 | 0.1% |
Böhmisch Brod | Český Brod | 470.87 | 48,038 | 59 | 0.1% | 47,915 | 99.7% | 64 | 0.1% |
Böhmisch Leipa | Česká Lípa | 640.60 | 73,493 | 70,507 | 95.9% | 2,180 | 3.0% | 806 | 1.1% |
Brandeis an der Elbe (since 1908) | Brandýs nad Labem | 303.67 | 41,928 | 409 | 1.0% | 41,385 | 98.7% | 13 | 0.0% |
Braunau | Broumov | 407.78 | 56,642 | 42,224 | 74.5% | 13,583 | 24.0% | 835 | 1.5% |
Brüx | Most | 336.60 | 101,759 | 75,342 | 74.0% | 25,056 | 24.6% | 1,361 | 1.3% |
Karlsbad | Karlovy Vary | 242.12 | 78,762 | 77,107 | 97.9% | 210 | 0.3% | 1,445 | 1.8% |
Časlau | Čáslav | 603.26 | 64,224 | 237 | 0.4% | 63,876 | 99.5% | 111 | 0.2% |
Budweis | Budějovice | 1,015.27 | 120,659 | 24,929 | 20.7% | 95,317 | 79.0% | 413 | 0.3% |
Chotěboř | Chotěboř | 539.07 | 46,790 | 284 | 0.6% | 46,427 | 99.2% | 79 | 0.2% |
Chrudim | Chrudim | 398.94 | 41,660 | 30 | 0.1% | 41,580 | 99.8% | 50 | 0.1% |
Dauba | Dubá | 430.43 | 25,392 | 24,379 | 96.0% | 931 | 3.7% | 82 | 0.3% |
Deutschbrod | Německý Brod | 589.83 | 50,395 | 11,506 | 22.8% | 38,809 | 77.0% | 80 | 0.2% |
Dux (since 1896) | Duchcov | 369.85 | 84,388 | 61,572 | 73.0% | 21,420 | 25.4% | 1,396 | 1.7% |
Eger | Cheb | 455.34 | 69,062 | 64,030 | 92.7% | 161 | 0.2% | 4,871 | 7.1% |
Elbogen (since 1913) | Loket | 207.62 | 41,758 | 40,385 | 96.7% | 457 | 1.1% | 916 | 2.2% |
Falkenau | Falknov | 291.59 | 54,237 | 52,626 | 97.0% | 904 | 1.7% | 707 | 1.3% |
Friedland | Frýdlant | 401.06 | 50,680 | 48,665 | 96.0% | 335 | 0.7% | 1,680 | 3.3% |
Gablonz an der Neisse | Jablonec nad Nisou | 210.11 | 98,991 | 90,939 | 91.9% | 6,568 | 6.6% | 1,484 | 1.5% |
Deutsch Gabel | Německé Jablonné | 261.07 | 31,503 | 30,927 | 98.2% | 322 | 1.0% | 254 | 0.8% |
Graslitz | Kraslice | 171.66 | 39,216 | 38,649 | 98.6% | 1 | 0.0% | 566 | 1.4% |
Hohenelbe | Vrchlabí | 359.65 | 45,550 | 43,275 | 95.0% | 1,555 | 3.4% | 720 | 1.6% |
Hohenmauth | Vysoké Mýto | 553.25 | 68,241 | 705 | 1.0% | 67,407 | 98.8% | 129 | 0.2% |
Hořowitz | Hořovice | 581.83 | 74,915 | 1,041 | 1.4% | 73,690 | 98.4% | 184 | 0.2% |
Humpoletz (since 1910) | Humpolec | 312.24 | 27,607 | 16 | 0.1% | 27,564 | 99.8% | 27 | 0.1% |
Jičin | Jičín | 620.96 | 69,166 | 545 | 0.8% | 68,476 | 99.0% | 145 | 0.2% |
Joachimsthal | Jáchymov | 202.09 | 18,662 | 18,408 | 98.6% | 9 | 0.0% | 245 | 1.3% |
Jungbunzlau | Mláda Boleslav | 568.34 | 76,989 | 1,258 | 1.6% | 75,372 | 97.9% | 359 | 0.5% |
Kaaden | Kadaň | 466.50 | 42,598 | 42,100 | 98.8% | 264 | 0.6% | 234 | 0.5% |
Kamenitz an der Linde (since 1905) | Kamenice nad Lipou | 453.20 | 36,171 | 8 | 0.0% | 36,113 | 99.8% | 50 | 0.1% |
Kaplitz | Kaplice | 905.77 | 53,796 | 50,840 | 94.5% | 2,848 | 5.3% | 108 | 0.2% |
Karolinenthal | Karlín | 207.64 | 69,184 | 3,538 | 5.1% | 65,169 | 94.2% | 477 | 0.7% |
Kladno (since 1893) | Kladno | 286.34 | 80,785 | 1,412 | 1.7% | 79,172 | 98.0% | 201 | 0.2% |
Klattau | Klatovy | 871.74 | 78,383 | 17,211 | 22.0% | 60,923 | 77.7% | 249 | 0.3% |
Kolin | Kolín | 489.25 | 73,311 | 45 | 0.1% | 73,119 | 99.7% | 147 | 0.2% |
Komotau | Chomutov | 504.00 | 74,774 | 71,537 | 95.7% | 2,058 | 2.8% | 1,179 | 1.6% |
Königgrätz | Hradec Králové | 459.53 | 74,125 | 721 | 1.0% | 73,131 | 98.7% | 273 | 0.4% |
Königinhof an der Elbe | Dvůr Králové nad Labem | 375.86 | 69,791 | 18,017 | 25.8% | 51,260 | 73.4% | 514 | 0.7% |
Königliche Weinberge (since 1884) | Královské Vinohrady | 344.93 | 182,381 | 8,565 | 4.7% | 172,305 | 94.5% | 1,511 | 0.8% |
Kralowitz | Kralovice | 657.84 | 35,242 | 6,178 | 17.5% | 29,015 | 82.3% | 49 | 0.1% |
Kralup an der Moldau | Kralupy nad Vltavou | 216.86 | 32,217 | 24 | 0.1% | 32,070 | 99.5% | 123 | 0.4% |
Krumau | Krumlov | 759.24 | 61,068 | 45,161 | 74.0% | 15,729 | 25.8% | 178 | 0.3% |
Kuttenberg | Kutna Hora | 550.84 | 64,037 | 205 | 0.3% | 63,709 | 99.5% | 123 | 0.2% |
Landskron | Lanškroun | 472.22 | 68,709 | 26,830 | 39.0% | 41,721 | 60.7% | 158 | 0.2% |
Laun | Louny | 358.08 | 44,699 | 311 | 0.7% | 44,304 | 99.1% | 84 | 0.2% |
Ledeč | Ledeč | 651.72 | 49,839 | 16 | 0.0% | 49,790 | 99.9% | 33 | 0.1% |
Leitmeritz | Litoměřice | 628.10 | 90,740 | 71,439 | 78.7% | 18,397 | 20.3% | 904 | 1.0% |
Leitomischl | Litomyšl | 491.86 | 50,775 | 14,699 | 28.9% | 36,014 | 70.9% | 62 | 0.1% |
Luditz | Žlutice | 498.24 | 28,906 | 28,232 | 97.7% | 562 | 1.9% | 112 | 0.4% |
Marienbad (since 1902) | Marianske Lazne | 322.25 | 31,993 | 31,656 | 98.9% | 14 | 0.0% | 323 | 1.0% |
Melnik | Mělnik | 413.39 | 43,137 | 72 | 0.2% | 42,892 | 99.4% | 173 | 0.4% |
Mies | Stříbro | 877.91 | 73,109 | 59,864 | 81.9% | 12,938 | 17.7% | 307 | 0.4% |
Moldauthein | Týn nad Vltavou | 254.65 | 17,008 | 6 | 0.0% | 16,990 | 99.9% | 12 | 0.1% |
Mühlhausen | Milevsko | 608.86 | 37,694 | 52 | 0.1% | 37,627 | 99.8% | 15 | 0.0% |
Münchengrätz | Mnichovo Hradiště | 438.86 | 39,021 | 2,620 | 6.7% | 36,250 | 92.9% | 151 | 0.4% |
Nachod (since 1899) | Náchod | 233.32 | 59,330 | 320 | 0.5% | 58,685 | 98.9% | 325 | 0.5% |
Neubydžow | Nový Bydžov | 491.16 | 57,905 | 103 | 0.2% | 57,733 | 99.7% | 69 | 0.1% |
Neudek (since 1910) | Neydek | 242.34 | 36,314 | 35,898 | 98.9% | 5 | 0.0% | 411 | 1.1% |
Neuhaus | Jindřichův Hradec | 711.23 | 52,409 | 22,293 | 42.5% | 30,017 | 57.3% | 99 | 0.2% |
Neupaka (since 1903) | Nová Paka | 221.64 | 64,628 | 2,661 | 4.1% | 61,860 | 95.7% | 107 | 0.2% |
Neustadt an der Mettau | Nové Město nad Metují | 445.13 | 49,634 | 5,644 | 11.4% | 43,747 | 88.1% | 243 | 0.5% |
Pardubitz | Pardubice | 785.86 | 102,055 | 751 | 0.7% | 100,996 | 99.0% | 308 | 0.3% |
Pilgram | Pelhřimov | 729.50 | 52,347 | 32 | 0.1% | 52,253 | 99.8% | 62 | 0.1% |
Pilsen | Plzeň | 659.71 | 156,069 | 11,763 | 7.5% | 143,591 | 92.0% | 715 | 0.5% |
Pisek | Písek | 973.62 | 79,096 | 289 | 0.4% | 78,644 | 99.4% | 163 | 0.2% |
Plan | Planá | 561.25 | 34,285 | 34,092 | 99.4% | 73 | 0.2% | 120 | 0.4% |
Poděbrad | Poděbrady | 693.79 | 82,610 | 167 | 0.2% | 82,299 | 99.6% | 144 | 0.2% |
Podersam | Podbořany | 579.17 | 43,787 | 42,280 | 96.6% | 1,350 | 3.1% | 157 | 0.4% |
Politcka | Polička | 320.42 | 34,727 | 9,904 | 28.5% | 24,788 | 71.4% | 35 | 0.1% |
Prachatitz | Prachatice | 1,094.39 | 74,058 | 36,127 | 48.8% | 37,740 | 51.0% | 191 | 0.3% |
Prag | Praha | 105.10 | 223,741 | 18,853 | 8.4% | 202,067 | 90.3% | 2,921 | 1.3% |
Preßnitz (since 1902) | Přísečnice | 56.51 | 17,501 | 16,878 | 96.4% | 45 | 0.3% | 578 | 3.3% |
Přestitz | Přeštice | 517.65 | 45,298 | 134 | 0.3% | 45,101 | 99.6% | 63 | 0.1% |
Příbram | Příbram | 707.63 | 67,392 | 114 | 0.2% | 67,193 | 99.7% | 85 | 0.1% |
Rakonitz | Rakovník | 646.44 | 51,551 | 845 | 1.6% | 50,642 | 98.2% | 64 | 0.1% |
Raudnitz | Roudnice nad Labem | 459.29 | 53,629 | 165 | 0.3% | 53,311 | 99.4% | 153 | 0.3% |
Reichenau an der Kněžna | Rychnov nad Kněžnou | 412.89 | 53,056 | 138 | 0.3% | 52,802 | 99.5% | 116 | 0.2% |
Reichenberg | Liberec | 320.24 | 130,012 | 118,232 | 90.9% | 8,485 | 6.5% | 3,295 | 2.5% |
Rokitzan (since 1896) | Rokycany | 711.00 | 59,659 | 347 | 0.6% | 59,106 | 99.1% | 206 | 0.3% |
Rumburg | Rumburk | 84.81 | 29,817 | 29,220 | 98.0% | 71 | 0.2% | 526 | 1.8% |
Saaz | Žatec | 403.25 | 49,452 | 46,089 | 93.2% | 2,953 | 6.0% | 410 | 0.8% |
Schlan | Slaný | 549.41 | 86,720 | 148 | 0.2% | 86,407 | 99.6% | 165 | 0.2% |
Schluckenau | Šluknov | 190.84 | 57,590 | 55,656 | 96.6% | 92 | 0.2% | 1,842 | 3.2% |
Schüttenhofen | Sušice | 817.05 | 53,295 | 21,379 | 40.1% | 31,760 | 59.6% | 156 | 0.3% |
Selčan | Sedlčany | 744.93 | 54,051 | 34 | 0.1% | 53,963 | 99.8% | 54 | 0.1% |
Semil | Semily | 313.61 | 63,046 | 677 | 1.1% | 62,259 | 98.8% | 110 | 0.2% |
Senftenberg | Žamberk | 600.04 | 58,710 | 27,726 | 47.2% | 30,581 | 52.1% | 403 | 0.7% |
Smichow | Smíchov | 489.22 | 167,830 | 5,310 | 3.2% | 161,403 | 96.2% | 1,117 | 0.7% |
Starkenbach | Jilemnice | 338.14 | 49,204 | 10,848 | 22.0% | 38,243 | 77.7% | 113 | 0.2% |
Strakonitz | Strakonice | 863.29 | 73,903 | 69 | 0.1% | 73,737 | 99.8% | 97 | 0.1% |
Tabor | Tábor | 978.55 | 79,540 | 36 | 0.0% | 79,405 | 99.8% | 99 | 0.1% |
Tachau | Tachov | 621.80 | 43,441 | 43,152 | 99.3% | 26 | 0.1% | 263 | 0.6% |
Taus | Domažlice | 492.16 | 48,680 | 8,515 | 17.5% | 39,946 | 82.1% | 219 | 0.4% |
Tepl | Teplá | 388.51 | 26,559 | 26,478 | 99.7% | 9 | 0.0% | 72 | 0.3% |
Teplitz-Schönau | Teplice-Šanov | 197.30 | 102,888 | 86,679 | 84.2% | 12,851 | 12.5% | 3,358 | 3.3% |
Tetschen | Děčín | 602.83 | 120,400 | 115,413 | 95.9% | 1,490 | 1.2% | 3,497 | 2.9% |
Trautenau | Trutnov | 516.23 | 85,514 | 65,694 | 76.8% | 18,968 | 22.2% | 852 | 1.0% |
Turnau | Turnov | 330.73 | 48,186 | 2,571 | 5.3% | 45,479 | 94.4% | 136 | 0.3% |
Warnsdorf (since 1908) | Varnsdorf | 79.38 | 39,339 | 37,619 | 95.6% | 599 | 1.5% | 1,121 | 2.8% |
Wittingau | Třeboň | 800.78 | 48,825 | 1,375 | 2.8% | 47,383 | 97.0% | 67 | 0.1% |
Žižkov (since 1898) | Žižkov | 237.99 | 102,514 | 1,633 | 1.6% | 100,333 | 97.9% | 548 | 0.5% |
See also
- List of Bohemian monarchs
- Crown of Saint Wenceslas
- History of the Czech lands
- Kingdom Come: Deliverance
Notes
References
- ^ Hugo Gerhard Ströhl: Wappenrolle Österreich-Ungarns. Erste Auflage, Wien 1890, S. VIII.
- ^
- ^
- ISBN 978-9041187789.
- ISBN 978-0-521-88909-4. Archivedfrom the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
The Luxemburg project halted under Charles IV's elder son, Wenceslas (r. 1363–1419 in Bohemia, 1376–1400 in Germany), who inherited a Bohemian kingdom endowed with a population of some 2 million
- ISBN 978-1-351-88633-8. Archivedfrom the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
Around 1400 the population of Bohemia was about 2 million
- ^ Czech denarius Archived 6 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. National Library of the Czech Republic.
- ^ Bradshaw, George (1867). Bradshaw's illustrated hand-book to Germany. London. p. 223. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 80-86161-61-7.
- ^ Šitler, Jiří (12 July 2016). "From Bohemia to Czechia". Radio Prague. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
- ^ "Rytířské řády a Čechy". 29 November 2006. Archived from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
- ^ Weinhold, Karl (1887). Die Verbreitung und die Herkunft der Deutschen in Schlesien. Stuttgart: J. Engelhorn
- ^ Charles Higounet.(1986) Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter [Aus dem Französischen von Manfred Vasold]. Berlin : Siedler, 405 p. , cartes, plans, illustrations.
- OCLC 66743141.
- ISBN 0817944931. Archivedfrom the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ Gesetz vom 9. August 1849, RGBl. 352/1849: "Erlaß der Ministeriums des Innern vom 9. August 1849, womit die in Folge Allerhöchster Entschliesung vom 4. August 1849 genehmigte Organisirung der politischen Verwaltungsbehörden für das Kronland Böhmen kundgemacht wird, und sie Maßregeln zu deren Durchführung festgesetzt werden". Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich (in German). 9 August 1849. Retrieved 4 November 2023 – via ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
- ^ a b Gesetz vom 9. October 1854, RGBl. 274/1854: "Verordnung der Ministerien des Innern, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 9. October 1854, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Organisirung des Königreiches Böhmen". Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich (in German). 9 October 1854. Retrieved 4 November 2023 – via ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
- ^ Gesetz vom 19. Mai 1868, RGBl. 44/1868: "Gesetz vom 19. Mai 1868, über die Einrichtung der politischen Verwaltungsbehörden in den Königreichen Böhmen, Dalmatien, Galizien und Lodomerien mit den Herzogthümern Auschwitz und Zator und dem Großherzogthume Krakau, den Erzherzogthümern Oesterreich unter und ob der Enns, den Herzogthümern Salzburg, Steiermark, Kärnthen, Krain, Bukowina, der Markgrafschaft Mähren, den Herzogthümern Ober- und Nieder-Schlesien, der gefürsteten Grafschaft Tirol und dem Lande Vorarlberg, der Markgrafschaft Istrien, der gefürsteten Grafschaft Görz und Gradiska und der Stadt Triest mit ihrem Gebiete". Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich. 19 May 1868. Retrieved 4 November 2023 – via ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
- ^ Gesetz vom 10. Juli 1868, RGBl. 101/1868: "Verordnung des Ministers des Innern vom 10. Juli 1868, die Durchführung des Gesetzes vom 19. Mai 1868 (Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt Nr. 44) in Böhmen, Dalmatien, Oesterreich unter und ob der Enns, Steiermark, Kärnthen, Bukowina, Mähren, Schlesien, Tirol und Vorarlberg, Istrien, Görz und Gradiska betreffend". Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich (in German). 10 July 1868. Retrieved 4 November 2023 – via ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
- ^ a b Kundmachung vom 24. Oktober 1913, RGBl. 226/1913: "Kundmachung des Ministeriums des Innern vom 24. Oktober 1913, betreffend die Errichtung neuer Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Böhmen mit dem Amtssitze in Kralup und Elbogen". Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich (in German). 24 October 1913. Retrieved 4 November 2023 – via ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
Bibliography
- Pánek, Jaroslav; Tůma Oldřich; et al. (2009). A History of the Czech lands. Prague: ISBN 978-80-246-1645-2.
- Bobková, Lenka (2006). 7. 4. 1348 – Ustavení Koruny království českého: český stát Karla IV [Founding of the Crown of Bohemian Kingdom: Czech State of Charles IV] (in Czech). Praha: Havran. ISBN 80-86515-61-3.
- Agnew, Hugh LeCaine (2004). The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 0-8179-4492-3.
External links