Kingdom of Bosnia
Kingdom of Bosnia Bosansko kraljevstvo Босанско краљевство | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1377–1463 | |||||||||
Stephen Tomašević (last) | |||||||||
Historical era | Ottoman conquest | 5 June 1463 | |||||||
Currency | Bosnian Golden Coin | ||||||||
|
The Kingdom of Bosnia (
Although
King
The Ottoman Empire annexed portions of eastern Bosnia in the 1440s and 1450s and went on to conquer Hum, by then renamed to Herzegovina, with the last fortress, Novi, falling in December 1481. Stephen Tomašević, the last king of Bosnia, was captured by the Ottomans and killed in 1463.
The overwhelming majority of the population was rural, with few significant urban centers. Among the more notable towns were
, was a major source of income for Bosnian kings.Background
The
, which had no heir to the throne in 1371.Coronation of Tvrtko
Tvrtko had the strongest claim to the royal title at that time, and even if he had no practical means to rule Serbia, it allowed him to elevate Bosnia to a kingdom, as this would imply more formal independence.
Stanak
The right to take part in the sessions of the stanak was enjoyed by every Bosnian
The Stanak enjoyed power and authority on all matters, including
International recognition
As a main trading partner of the Bosnian state, the Ragusa referred to the Bosnian Kingdom as a separate state ("rusag"), for example in a charter issued to Sandalj Hranić in November 1405, where they articulated that the Ragusan merchants would be safe across the "Bosnian rusag",[24] or 1451, during the war with Stjepan Vukčić, as a "Holly Kingdom".[25] Ragusans also paid Saint Demetrius an income of 2000 Ragusan perpera. Ladislaus of Naples acknowledged the territories of the kingdom on 26 August 1406 at the request of Tvrtko II.[24]
History
Tvrtko's I ascension and reign
Bosnia reached its peak under Tvrtko I, a member of the
In 1377, Tvrtko took the littoral districts from Balšić. That year, on 26 October, he was crowned King of "The Serbs, Bosnia, the Primorje (Seaside), and the western lands".
After the defeat of Altomanović, Lazar was the most powerful lord on the territory of the former Serbian Empire.[34] He wanted to reunite the Serbian state, and the Serbian Orthodox Church saw him as the best suited to succeed the Nemanjić dynasty. The Church, which was the strongest cohesive force among the Serbs at the time, did not support Tvrtko's aspirations in this regard.[35]
By 1390, Tvrtko had expanded his realm to include a part of
In the last months of his reign, Tvrtko devoted himself to solidifying his position in Dalmatia and to plans for taking Zadar, the only Dalmatian city that had evaded his rule. He offered an extensive alliance to Venice, but it did not suit the republic's interests.[37] Meanwhile, Tvrtko was also fostering relations with Albert III, Duke of Austria. By the late summer of 1390, a marriage was expected to be contracted between the recently widowed King and a member of the Austrian ruling family, the Habsburgs. The Hungarian kingdom remained the focus of Tvrtko's foreign policy, however. Although they did not recognize each other as kings, Tvrtko and Hungarian King Sigismund started negotiating a peace in September. Sigismund was in the weaker position and likely ready to make concessions to Tvrtko when his ambassadors arrived at Tvrtko's court in January 1391. The negotiations were probably never concluded, as Tvrtko died on 10 March.[38]
Death of Tvrtko I and decline
While Bosnia retained its standing among neighboring states in the immediate aftermath of Tvrtko's death, during Dabiša's reign conditions within the state started deteriorating. He successfully resisted his sovereigns from Hungary, Naples, and even Ottoman Turks. In the first years of his reign, Dabiša successfully maintained the integrity of the Kingdom.
The latter part of his reign, however, saw the ascent of magnates and considerable loss of territories and influence. The nobility grew stronger and for the first time acted independently of the king, starting with the Zachlumian Sanković noble family. Dabiša curbed the Sanković power, but the trend was irreversible and eventually led to the weakening of the royal authority.[39] Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić, the kingdom's leading magnate, came into agreement with Sigismund and Mary but remained loyal to Dabiša. By June 1394, Dabiša was in open conflict with John Horvat, a fervent supporter of Ladislaus and enemy of Sigismund. He ordered that men from his islands of Brač, Hvar, and Korčula assist in the siege of Omiš, a city ruled by Horvat.[40] Sigismund, who had been amassing an army since April, took advantage of the discord.
The
Despite an auspicious start, Dabiša's reign ended with the kingdom displaying the first signs of decay. Much of Tvrtko's extraordinary legacy was lost in the summer of 1394, and the state resumed its previous boundaries. Dabiša left the state more dependent on Hungarian kings than ever before, and the kingdom's influence in the Balkans waned.[41]
In 1394, Dabiša's wife Helen agreed to Dabiša's decision to designate Sigismund as his heir. When Dabiša died on 8 September the following year, however, the leading noblemen – Grand Duke
By March 1398, Bosnia was beset by internal strife.
Ostoja's and Tvrtko's II infighting
Ostoja was brought to power by the forces of
Following a few minor disputes with the
Hungarian attacks on Bosnia took place annually, making Tvrtko's life "a constant hassle".
Tvrtko remained on the throne until mid-1409, when Ostoja prevailed.
Second reign of Tvrtko II and rising Ottoman influence
The first Ottoman troops attacked Bosnia in May 1414; in August they also brought the deposed monarch, Tvrtko, and set him up as
Ostoja died in September 1418. Despite expectations that Tvrtko would take over, Ostoja's son
Internal troubles forced the Ottomans to withdraw their troops from Bosnia, which enabled Tvrtko to strengthen his hold on the kingdom and for its economy to recover.
In 1432, Stefan Lazarević's successor
Death of Tvrtko II and Thomas's ascension
Thomas succeeded Tvrtko, but his accession was not recognized by the leading
Throughout his reign, Thomas waged a war with the
Tvrtko II's death, religious strife and outbreak of civil war
Radivoj styled himself as King of Bosnia for the remainder of Tvrtko's reign. He was nominally supported by the Ottomans and by Stjepan Vukčić Kosača. This alliance could have easily deposed Tvrtko II in Radivoj's favor if they wished, but it appears that their only goal was to weaken and divide Bosnia for their own future benefit.[64]
Notwithstanding, King Tvrtko II maintained himself on the Bosnian throne longer than any of the
Meanwhile, like most Bosnian nobleman of the era,
In 1443, the Papacy sent envoys to Thomas and Stjepan about a counter-offensive against the Ottomans, but the two were in the middle of the civil war. Ivaniš Pavlović, sent by King Thomas, attacked Stjepan Vukčić. Thomas had at the same time been recognized by the Hungarian regent John Hunyadi. Stjepan turned to King Alfonso V of Aragon, who made him "Knight of the Virgin", but did not give him troops. On 15 February 1444, Stjepan signed a treaty with the King of Aragon and Naples, becoming his vassal in exchange for Alfonso's help against his enemies, namely King Thomas, Duke Ivaniš Pavlović and the Republic of Venice. In the same treaty Stjepan promised to pay regular tribute to Alfonso instead of paying the Ottoman sultan as he had done until then.[69]
Peace through royal marriage
In 1446 Stjepan Vukčić finally recognized Thomas as king, and the pre-war borders were restored.[68] Peace between two rivals was sealed by the marriage of Stjepan's daughter Catherine (Katarina) and King Thomas in May 1446,[67] with Catherine abandoning Bosnian Church and converting to Roman Catholicism.[68]
The Ottomans were displeased with the peace as their interest lay primarily in weakening and dividing Bosnia. Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković was also displeased due to the Srebrenica issue, as the principal mining center of Bosnia returned to Bosnia. In 1448, the Ottomans sent an expedition to plunder King Tomaš's lands, but they also plundered Stjepan Vukčić's lands. Stjepan sent envoys to Despot Đurađ to try to improve the relations between himself on one side and Đurađ and Ottomans on the other.[68]
Renewal of conflict
In the first half of 1448, Stjepan Vukčić, in an attempt to "bolster his case with the Ottomans",[70] added the title of herzog and styled himself Herzog of Hum and the Coast, Grand Duke of Bosnia, Knyaz of Drina, and the rest, first documented in the spring of 1449.[71][72] Later, toward the end of 1449 and the beginning of 1450, in a public relations stunt,[70] he changed it to Herzog of Saint Sava, Lord of Hum, Grand Duke of Bosnia, Knyaz of Drina, and the rest.[71]
In 1451 Stjepan Vukčić attacked the Republic of Ragusa, and laid siege to the city. As he had earlier been made a Ragusan nobleman, the Ragusan government now proclaimed him a traitor. A reward of 15,000 ducats, a palace in Dubrovnik worth 2,000 ducats, and an annual income of 300 ducats was offered to anyone who would kill him.[73] along with the promise of hereditary Ragusan noble status which also helped hold this promise to whoever did the deed. The threat seems to have worked, as Stjepan abandoned the siege.[73] After King Thomas and Despot Đurađ reconciled sometime prior to late fall 1451, Ragusa proposed a league against Stjepan.[74] Thomas' charter from 18 December 1451, apart from ceding of some of Stjepan's territories to Ragusa, who nevertheless firmly held those, also included the obligation that he would attack Vukčić.[75]
Stjepan Tomašević and Ottoman conquest
The rapid conquest of Bosnia, despite its inaccessible mountain fortresses, was unexpected, but many Bosnians were already aware of the impossible situation. If they were to fall, they preferred the Ottomans to the Hungarians, who they saw as an age-long enemies. They offered their kingdom to Venice in return for aid, but when Venice refused, they preferred to remain under the Ottomans than the Hungarians.[78]
Herzegovina emerges
After the fall in 1463,
He was succeeded as herceg by his second and younger son
The very last remnants of Bosnian state territory were these stretches of land held by Vlatko in Hum, while he moved residence to his last capital,
So, the province endured for another fifteen years after Stjepan Vukčić's death, shrinking with time, before it was eventually swallowed by the Ottomans in December 1481, and incorporated into the empire as re-organized territory of already formed and renamed province, Sanjak of Herzegovina.[79]
Jajce banate
The fortified Jajce, the capital of, at that point, all but completely annihilated kingdom, was captured by Hungarians under Matthias on 26 December 1463. Hungarians established a defensive territory between advancing Ottomans and their kingdom further north by constituting the "Banate of Jajce" along with the Banate of Srebrenik and the Banate of Bihać. In Hungarian hands Jajce withstood Ottoman attacks until 1527, when it finally surrendered after a decisive Ottoman victory in the Battle of Mohács. Much of modern northern and western Bosnia and Herzegovina was then incorporated into the Ottoman Sanjak of Bosnia, initially belonging to the Rumelia Eyalet, when in 1580 Bosnian Sanjak became a core province of the newly established Eyalet of Bosnia.
Culture and religion
The territory of Bosnia and today's Herzegovina is littered with medieval gravestones called stećak, which first appeared in the middle of the 12th century. They were a tradition among Bosnian, Catholic and Orthodox Church followers alike.[82] While Bosnia had many architecturally impressive stone fortresses, its medieval churches were small, especially compared to Catholic churches along the coast and Orthodox monasteries in neighboring Serbia,[82] possibly because of the indifference of Bosnian nobles towards formal religion.[82]
Medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina had three
The
It was common for the
Economy
Important mining towns like
Mining was a major industry in Bosnia. Saxons provided engineering expertise, and the mines were often run by Ragusans. Notable among these Saxon engineers was Hans Sasinović, who together with his brother got the rights for silver mines in Ostružnica and Fojnica.[92] Most of the silver mines laid in the king's lands, except from Srebrenica, and there was a demand for Bosnian silver products in the cities on the Adriatic. Germans working in Bosnia produced firearms and cannons, making it one of the first inland Balkan countries to do so.[82]
Vlachs in medieval Bosnia carried much of the traffic between inland and coastal cities. With their caravans, led by kramar,[93] mostly composed of 10 to 100 horses, they conducted much of the trade between inland and coastal cities.[94][95][full citation needed] A particularly large caravan trade happened on 9 August 1428 between Podvisoki and Ragusa, when Vlachs committed to Ragusan lord Tomo Bunić that they would deliver 1500 modius of salt on 600 horses.[96] At the end of the 14th century, merchants from Podvisoki took part in the slave trade. For example, on November 1389 Bogovac Vukojević sold the small boy Milko for 4 ducats.[97]
In the twilight years of the Kingdom of Bosnia, Thomas engaged in vigorous commerce and made business deals with Dalmatian traders. He relied heavily on his silver mining, but profited most from his salt trade monopolies.
The most important customs posts were in Drijeva, Vrabač, Deževice, Podvisoki, Trebinje, Foča, Goražde, Borač, Višegrad, Olovo, and Srebrenica. Customs collection was overseen by protovestiarios, who were often Ragusan citizens.
Historic visual identification
One of the early representations of coats of arms attributed to Bosnia come from the
The coat of arms of the Kings of Bosnia, who ruled from 1377 until 1463 over the area that is present day
List of rulers
History of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
---|
Bosnia and Herzegovina portal |
- Tvrtko I (1377–1391)
- Stephen Dabiša (1391–1395)
- Helen (1395–1398)
- Stephen Ostoja (1398–1404; 1409–1418)
- Tvrtko II(1404–1409; 1420–1443)
- Stephen Ostojić (1418–1420)
- Radivoj (1432–1435; 1443–1446)
- Stephen Thomas (1443–1461)
- Stephen Tomašević (1461–1463)
Queens
- Dorothea of Bulgaria (1377–?), wife of Tvrtko I.
- Helen (1391–1395), wife of Stephen Dabiša.
- Vitača, first wife of Stephen Ostoja.
- Kujava Radinović (1399–1415), second wife of Stephen Ostoja.
- Jelena Nelipčić (1416–1418), third wife of Stephen Ostoja, former wife of Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić.
- Dorothy Garai, wife of Tvrtko II.
- Vojača (1443–1445), wife of Stephen Thomas.
- Catherine (1446–1461), wife of Stephen Thomas.
- Maria of Serbia (1461–1463), wife of Stephen Tomašević.
Timeline (1377–1463)
Sources
- Božić, Ivan (1952). Dubrovnik i Turska u XIV i XV veku (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 200 (Posebna izdanja ed.). Belgrade: Naučna knjiga. Via Scribd
- Ćirković, Sima (1964). Историја средњовековне босанске државе [History of the medieval Bosnian state] (in Serbian). Srpska književna zadruga (Serbian Literary Guild).
- Ćirković, Sima (1964a). Herceg Stefan Vukčić-Kosača i njegovo doba [Herceg Stefan Vukčić-Kosača and his time] (in Serbian). Naučno delo SANU.
- Ćošković, Pejo (2009). Kotromanići (in Serbo-Croatian). Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography.
- Ćošković, Pejo (2005). Crkva Bosanska U XV Stoljeću. Sarajevo: Institut za itoriju. ISBN 9789958964268.
- ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
- Klaić, Nada (1994) [1994]. Srednjovjekovna Bosna. Zagreb: Eminex.
- Ljubez, Bruno (2009). Jajce Grad: prilog povijesti posljednje bosanske prijestolnice (in Serbo-Croatian). HKD Napredak.
- Vego, Marko (1957). Naselja bosanske srednjovjekovne države (in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: Svjetlost. pp. 127–129.
- Vego, Marko (1982). Postanak srednjovjekovne bosanske države. Sarajevo: Svjetlost.
- Velikonja, Mitja (2003). Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-226-7.
- Živković, Pavo (1981). Tvrtko II Tvrtković: Bosna u prvoj polovini xv stoljeća (in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: Institut za istoriju. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
Further reading
- Bataković, Dušan T. (1996). The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics. Dialogue Association. ISBN 9782911527104.
- Kovačević Kojić, Desanka (1961). Trgovina u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni. Naučno društvo NR Bosne i Hercegovine, 1961.
- ISBN 9780814755204.
- "Jajce". Vojna enciklopedija. 10 volumes. Beograd: Vojno izdavački zavod. 1970–1976. book 3, pp. 798–799.
References
- ISBN 9781857431360.
- ^ Fine 1994, pp. 44, 148.
- ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6.
- ^ a b Klaić 1994, pp. 34, 42, 55, 58, 71, 76, 105, 116, 119, 169, 172, 173, 181, 183, 186, 221.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. [page needed].
- ^ Malcolm, Noel (28 April 1994). "What is a Bosnian?". London Review of Books. 16 (8). Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ISBN 978-86-7743-110-5.
- ^ "Medieval Bosnia". www.parlament.ba. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-8444-0041-9.
coronation.
- ISBN 9780070162358.
- ISBN 978-90-04-39144-4.
- ^ a b Vego 1982, p. 113.
- ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 136.
- ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 137.
- ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 138.
- ^ Dautović, Dženan; Dedić, Enes (2016). "Povelja kralja Tvrtka I Kotromanića Dubrovniku" (PDF). Godišnjak (in English and Bosnian). 45. Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina: 242, 243. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
The coronation of Bosnian ban Tvrtko I Kotromanić as the King of "the Serbs and Bosnia and Pomorje and Western parts" in 1377 was one of the most significant events of Bosnian medieval history. With this act the Bosnian state elevated in the rank of kingdoms and its ruling dynasty, the Kotromanićs entered in the narrow circle of the noblest families of Medieval Europe. Contemporary sources about his event, unfortunately, are scarce and very rare.
- ^ a b c d Radušić, Edin (2010). "Istorija parlamentarizma u BiH". Parlamentarna skupština Bosne i Hercegovine. Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
- ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 172.
- ISBN 978-0863565038
- ^ a b c Miroslav Krleža; Ivo Cecić; Igor Gostl, eds. (1980). Enciklopedija Jugoslavije: Bje-Crn. Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod. p. 217.
- ^ a b Radušić, Edin (2010). "Istorija parlamentarizma u BiH". Parlamentarna skupština Bosne i Hercegovine. Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
- ^ Miroslav Krleža; Ivo Cecić; Igor Gostl, eds. (1980). Enciklopedija Jugoslavije: Bje-Crn. Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod. p. 217.
- ^ Vego 1982, pp. 93–125, Chapter: Borbe za samostalnost srednjovjekovne bosanske države — Država — Teritorij.
- ^ a b Vego 1982, p. 119.
- ^ Vego 1982, p. 122.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 384.
- ^ a b c Fine 1994, pp. 392–393.
- ISBN 0-521-27485-0.
- ^ Dizdar, Mak (1971). Stari bosanski tekstovi (in Bosnian) (Biblioteka Kulturno nasleđe ed.). Sarajevo: Svjetlost. pp. 118, 119. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ a b Velikonja 2003, p. 33.
- ^ Mile declared as national monument Archived 3 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. 2003.
- ^ Anđelić, Pavao (1980). "Krunidbena i grobna crkva bosanskih vladara u Milima (Arnautovićima) kod Visokog" [Coronation and Grave Church of the Bosnian Rulers in Mili (Arnautovići) near Visoko]. Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja (in Serbo-Croatian). XXXIV. Sarajevo: Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine: 183–247.
- ^ Dr. Željko Fajfric: Kotromanići Archived 23 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Fine 1994, pp. 387–389.
- ISBN 86-83565-01-7.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 398.
- ^ a b Ćirković 1964, p. 164.
- ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 165.
- ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 171.
- ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 173.
- ^ a b Ćirković 1964, p. 174.
- ^ a b c d Ćošković 2005.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 458.
- ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 176.
- ^ a b Ćirković 1964, p. 184.
- ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 459.
- ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 185.
- ^ Živković 1981, p. 25.
- ^ a b c d e Fine 1994, pp. 463–464.
- ^ Živković 1981, p. 41.
- ^ Živković 1981, p. 42.
- ^ Živković 1981, p. 47.
- ^ Živković 1981, p. 59.
- ^ Živković 1981, p. 61.
- ^ Živković 1981, p. 62.
- ^ Živković 1981, p. 68.
- ^ Živković 1981, p. 71.
- ^ Živković 1981, p. 72.
- ^ Živković 1981, p. 76.
- ^ Živković 1981, p. 79.
- ^ Živković 1981, p. 82.
- ^ Živković 1981, p. 84.
- ^ a b c Fine 1994, p. 472.
- ^ a b c Živković 1981, p. 9.
- ISSN 1330-7487. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ Kurtović, Esad (2010). "Sandalj Hranić Kosača - Biografija bosanskog vlastelina". academia.edu (in Bosnian). Bosna Franciscana via CEEOL. p. 77. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ a b William Miller (1921). Essays on the Latin Orient. CUP Archive. pp. 508–509. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Fine 1994, pp. 471–583.
- ^ Momčilo Spremić, Balkanski vazali kralja Alfonsa Aragonskog, Prekinut uspon, Beograd 2005, pp. 355–358
- ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 578.
- ^ a b Vego 1982, p. 48.
- ^ Ćirković 1964a, p. 106.
- ^ ISBN 0-520-03608-5.
- ^ Božić 1952, p. 119.
- ^ Božić 1952, p. 120.
- ISBN 978-0-691-01078-6. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-275-98088-7.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 585.
- ^ a b c Ćirković, Sima M. (1964b). "Chepter 7: Slom Bosanske države; Part 3: Pad Bosne". Istorija srednjovekovne bosanske države (in Serbian). Serbian Literary Guild. pp. starting with 336. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ^ a b c Ćirković, Sima M. (1964b). "Chepter 7: Slom Bosanske države; Part 3: Pad Bosne". Istorija srednjovekovne bosanske države (in Serbian). Serbian Literary Guild. pp. 340, 341. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ]
- ^ a b c d Fine 1994, p. 487.
- ]
- ^ ]
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 279.
- ISSN 0546-9422.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 281.
- ^ a b Ćošković 2005, p. 138.
- ^ Ćošković 2005, p. 207.
- ^ a b Čošković, Pejo. "Pejo Ćošković – Crkva bosanska u XV. stoljeću". Institut Za Istoriju, Sarajevo (in Bosnian): 81.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Okiç, Les Kristians, 128.
- ^ Михаило Динић, За историју рударства у средњевековној Србији и Босни, I део, САН, Посебна издања 240, Одељење друштвених наука 14, Београд 1955, 8–9.
- ^ Vego 1957, p. 129.
- ^ Vego 1957, p. 128.
- ^ Malcolm 1994.
- ^ "State archive, Ragusa Republic, Series: Diversa Cancellariae, Number: XLV, Foil: 31 verso.
- ^ State archive Ragusa Republic, Series: Diversa Notariae, Number: X, Foil: 77.
- ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 292.
- ^ Ćošković 2009.
- ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 312.
- ^ Ljubez 2009, p. 149.
- ^ ISBN 9789926802516. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ISBN 8677430555, pp. 289-294.
- ^ Sulejmanagic, Amer. "Signa bosniensia rediviva" (in Bosnian, English, and German). Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ISSN 0546-9422. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ISBN 978-9926-491-04-8. Retrieved 26 October 2023.