Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)

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Kingdom of Croatia
Kraljevina Hrvatska (
Latin)
Horvát Királyság (Hungarian)
Königreich Kroatien (German
)
1527–1868
Franz Joseph I
Ban 
• 1527–1531 (first)
Ivan Karlović
• 1867–1868 (last)
Levin Rauch de Nyék
Legislature
Early Modern period
1 January 1527
26 January 1699
11 March 1712
15 March 1848
30 March 1867
26 September 1868
Currency
Florin
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Kingdom of Croatia
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
City of Fiume
Today part of

The Kingdom of Croatia (

Election in Cetin, and the Austrian Empire
from 1804 to 1867.

The Kingdom of Croatia had large territorial losses in wars with the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. Until the 18th century, the kingdom included only a small north-western part of present-day Croatia around Zagreb, and a small strip of coastland around Rijeka, that were not part of the Ottoman Empire or part of the Croatian Military Frontier. Between 1744 and 1868, the Kingdom of Croatia included a subordinate autonomous kingdom, the Kingdom of Slavonia. The territory of the Slavonian kingdom was recovered from the Ottoman Empire, and was subsequently part of the Military Frontier for a short period. In 1744, these territories were organized as the Kingdom of Slavonia and included within the Kingdom of Croatia as an autonomous part. In 1868, they were merged into the newly formed Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia.

History and government

Battle of Mohács 1526 by Bertalan Székely

Habsburg rule

Following the fall of the

Habsburg.[3][4] Some nobles dissented and supported John Zápolya
, but the Habsburg option fully prevailed in 1540, when John Zápolya died.

Territory recovered by the Austrians from the

Hungarian part of the empire, while the Kingdom of Dalmatia remained a crown land in the Austrian part
of the empire.

Croatian-Ottoman Wars

The change of leadership was far from a solution to the war with the Ottomans, in fact, the Ottoman Empire gradually expanded in the 16th century to include most of Slavonia, western Bosnia and Lika. Croatian territory under Habsburg rule was 25 years later reduced to about 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi). In 1558, the parliaments of Croatia and Slavonia were united after many centuries into one. The centre of the Croatian state moved northward from coastal Dalmatia, as these lands were conquered by the Ottomans. The town of Zagreb gained importance, as did nearby Varaždin.[5]

Taking advantage of the growing conflict between King

Battle of Szigetvár, bought enough time to allow Austrian troops to regroup before the Ottomans could reach Vienna.[6][5]

Battle of Szigetvár
An old map of Croatia from the end of the 16th century (1593)
Flag of Croatia from 1848 until it was banned in 1852. It was during that time replaced with the Red-White flag, but was allowed again in 1860.[1][2]

By orders of the king in 1553 and 1578, large areas of Croatia and Slavonia adjacent to the Ottoman Empire were carved out into the

Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks and Rusyns/Ukrainians
and other Slavs in the Military Frontier, creating an ethnic patchwork. The negative effects of
Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt. Matija Gubec
and other leaders of the mutiny raised peasants to arms in over sixty fiefs throughout the country in January 1573, but their uprising was crushed by early February. Matija Gubec and thousands of others were publicly executed shortly thereafter, in a rather brutal manner in order to set an example for others.

After the

Latin: reliquiae reliquiarum olim magni et inclyti regni Croatiae).[7][8]

The Revived Croatia

Main article:
Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian theater in Great Turkish War

By 1699, the Ottoman Empire was driven out of Ottoman Hungary and Croatia, throughout the course of Great Turkish War, and Austria brought the territory back under central control.

Kingdom of Croatia (including the so-called Turkish Croatia (Türkisch Kroatien), a green marked territory occupied by the Ottomans) on a 1791 map by Austrian cartographer Franz J.J. von Reilly
The Croatian Parliament (Sabor) in 1848. The tricolour flag can be seen in the background.
The Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia (red) at its largest territorial extent in late 1848. The Kingdom of Slavonia (light red) was at the time an autonomous Kingdom subordinate to the Kingdom of Croatia.
Nagodba. Other lands of the Austrian Empire
are in light grey.

The Enlightened Absolutism Period

Main articles: Maria Theresa and Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

Croatia was one of the crown lands that supported Emperor Charles VI's Pragmatic Sanction of 1713[4] and supported Empress Maria Theresa in the War of the Austrian Succession of 1741–48 and the Croatian Parliament signed their own Pragmatic Sanction of 1712. Subsequently, the empress made significant contributions to Croatian matters, by making several reforms in the administrative control of the Military Frontier, the feudal and tax system. In 1767 she founded the Croatian Royal Council (Croatian: Hrvatsko kraljevinsko vijeće) as royal government of Croatia and Slavonia, with its seat in Varaždin, later in Zagreb, presided by the ban, but it was abolished in 1779 when Croatia was relegated to just one seat in the governing council of Hungary (the Royal Hungarian Council of Lieutenancy, also known as the Hungarian Vice-regency Council, headed by the palatine), held by the ban of Croatia. The empress also gave the independent port of Rijeka to Croatia in 1776. However, she also ignored the Croatian Parliament.

Napoleonic Wars

Main article: Napoleonic Wars

With the

Adriatic mostly came under the authority of France which passed its rights to Austria the same year. Eight years later they were restored to France as the Illyrian Provinces, but won back to the Austrian
crown by 1815.

19th century

Main article: Illyrian movement
Field Marshal count Josip Jelačić, Ban of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and Commander of the Croatian Military Frontier
.

In the 19th century Croatian

Germanization and Magyarization. The Croatian national revival began in the 1830s with the Illyrian movement. The movement attracted a number of influential figures and produced some important advances in the Croatian language and culture. The champion of the Illyrian movement was Ljudevit Gaj who also reformed and standardized Croatian. The official language in Croatia was Latin until 1847 when it became Croatian.[4]

By the 1840s, the movement had moved from cultural goals to resisting Hungarian political demands. By the royal order of January 11, 1843, originating from the chancellor Metternich, the use of the Illyrian name and insignia in public was forbidden. This deterred the movement's progress but it couldn't stop the changes in the society that had already started.

Springtime of Nations - 1848

In the

Bach's absolutism as well as Hungarian hegemony under Ban Levin Rauch when the Austrian Empire was transformed into a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
in 1867.

From 1848 to 1850 Croatia was governed by the Ban's Council (

Bach's absolutism (the October Diploma of 1860 and the February Patent of 1861), the Royal Croatian-Slavonian Court Chancellery (Croatian: Kraljevska hrvatsko-slavonska dvorska kancelarija) in Vienna - from 1861 to 1862 "courtly (aulic) department for Croatia and Slavonia" (ministry) - and the Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian Royal Council of Lieutenancy (also known as the Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian Vice-regency Council, it was headed by the ban; Croatian: Kraljevsko namjesničko vijeće) in Zagreb were founded. These remained Croatian-Slavonian government until 1868.[9]

Ban Jelačić had succeeded in the abolition of serfdom in Croatia, which eventually brought about massive changes in society: the power of the major landowners was reduced and arable land became increasingly subdivided, to the extent of risking famine. Many Croatians started emigrating to the New World countries in this period, a trend that would continue throughout the next hundred years and create a large Croatian diaspora.

The Illyrian movement was rather broad in scope, both nationalist and pan-Slavist. It would eventually develop into two major causes:

  • a Croatian national cause aimed primarily at the unification and independence of the people of Croatia, headed by people like the parliamentarian Ante Starčević, who formed the Party of Rights in 1861
  • a pan-South-Slavic,
    Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1867 and re-founded the University of Zagreb
    in 1874.

Dual Monarchy Period

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The loss of Croatian domestic autonomy was rectified a year after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, when in 1868 the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement was negotiated, which combined Croatia and Slavonia into the autonomous Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. With this agreement, the Kingdom of Croatia received autonomy in administrative, educational, religious and judicial affairs.[10] However, the governor (ban) was still appointed by Hungary, 55% percent of all tax money went to Budapest, and Hungary had authority over the biggest sea port of Rijeka (something that was reportedly not part of the Settlement actually agreed upon).

Subdivisions

See also: Counties of Croatia § Habsburg era

The Kingdom of Croatia was divided into counties (Croatian: županije;

Latin (also in other languages): comitatus
).

Until 1848

For most of the period of Habsburg rule the Kingdom of Croatia was divided into three counties:

These were direct continuations of the medieval counties of Croatia. (The remainder had fallen to the Ottomans, and when conquered by the Habsburgs had become part of either the Military Frontier or the Kingdom of Slavonia.) In the late 18th century a fourth – Severin County – existed, carved out of the part of Zagreb County west of the Kupa, but it lasted for less than a decade before being reintegrated; however, the coastal area was instead attached to the Corpus separatum of Fiume (Rijeka) as the Hungarian or Croatian Littoral.

The Littoral and most of Zagreb County, although not Zagreb itself or anything north of the Sava, was annexed to the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces in the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn. After the Napoleonic wars in 1815 this territory was returned to Austria but initially formed part of the Kingdom of Illyria (as the Karlstädter Kreis and part of the Fiumaner Kreis); it was returned to Zagreb County and the Littoral in 1822. As of 1842 the Littoral included (in addition to Fiume) the settlements of Bakar (Buccari), Kraljevica (Porto-Rè) and Novi Vinodolski (Novi).[11] The counties remained more-or-less unchanged until the revolutions of 1848.

From 1848

In the period following the revolutions of 1848 substantial changes took place in the region. The Slavonian Syrmia County de facto became part of the self-declared Serbian Vojvodina in 1848; the eastern half of Syrmia officially became part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar crown land in 1849. Međimurje, Fiume and the Littoral became part of Croatia. Croatia and Slavonia were formally a single crown land in 1853.[12] The counties were restructured in 1850[13] and again in 1854.[14] In 1850 the counties were formally referred to in German as Gespanschaften and were divided into political districts akin to those of modern Austria,[13] much like most of the rest of the Empire. In 1854 they were referred to as Comitate and a different system of Bezirke subordinate to the counties was introduced,[14] which mirrored the structure introduced to the re-established Kreise in other crown lands. The city of Zagreb/Agram was also made directly subordinate to the kingdom and several other cities were directly subordinate to their counties (rather than a Bezirk).[14]

In 1850 the Slavonian Virovitica County became Osijek (Essek) County and it absorbed the rump of Syrmia.[13] In 1854 the western exclave of Požega County (Kutina) went to Zagreb (Agram) and western parts of Osijek County (the area around Virovitica) went to Požega County.[14]

In 1850 Varaždin (Varasdin) County absorbed Međimurje (die Murinsel), except for the area around Legrad, which went to Križevci (Kreutz) County.[13] Fiume (Rijeka), the Hungarian/Croatian Littoral and western parts of Zagreb (the Processus Montanus) became the new Rijeka (Fiume) County.[13] Križevci County was dissolved in 1854 and partitioned between Zagreb and Varaždin counties.[14]

Croatian and Slavonian counties 1850–54:

Croatian and Slavonian counties from 1854:

The Zagreb, Varaždin and Rijeka counties constituted Croatia, while Požega and Osijek counties constituted Slavonia.

After 1860

In 1860 the pre-1848 status quo was largely restored and the counties reverted to their pre-1848 state. However, Rijeka County was retained until the restructuring of the counties of Croatia-Slavonia in 1886, despite the restoration of the city itself to Hungary.

Demographics

According to the 1802 data, the population of the Kingdom of Croatia included 400,000 (98.8%)

Protestants.[15]

In 1840, a Hungarian statistician Fenyes Elek analyzed the ethnicity in the countries belonging to the Hungarian Crown. According to the data he collected and processed, 526,550 people lived in the Kingdom of Croatia, out of which 519,426 (98.64%) were Croats, 3,000 (0.56%) Germans, 2,900 (0.55%) Serbs and 1,037 (0.19%) Jews.[16][17] Population data by counties:

Primorje County

Varaždin County

Zagreb County

Križevci County

The first modern population census was conducted in 1857 and it recorded religion of the citizens. Population by religion in the counties of Kingdom of Croatia:[18]

Insignia

In 1848 the Kingdom of Croatia adopted a new official flag and coat of arms. The new flag was the Croatian tricolor of red, white, and blue, and it was to remain the symbol of Croatia up to the present day. The coat of arms adopted in 1848 was an amalgam of three coats of arms, one for Croatia, another for the Kingdom of Dalmatia, and another for the Kingdom of Slavonia. The Kingdom also used the name "Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia" during certain periods (though this was not recognized by the Empire). The Kingdom still controlled the Kingdom of Slavonia, but did not control the Kingdom of Dalmatia. In 1852 the imperial Austrian government, which never recognized the tricolor as official, banned its use, along with the coat of arms. Between 1852 and 1861 the Kingdom of Croatia used the red and white flag, and its old chequy coat of arms. The tricolor was used again after 1861 (October Diploma and February Patent) and became official after 1868.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Heimer, Željko. "Hrvatska-povijesne zastave". zeljko-heimer-fame.from.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  2. ^ a b Heimer, Željko; Zdvořák, Janko Ehrlich. "Croatia in the Habsburg Empire". crwflags.com. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  3. ^ Milan Kruhek: Cetin, grad izbornog sabora Kraljevine Hrvatske 1527, Karlovačka Županija, 1997, Karlovac
  4. ^
    Sabor. Archived
    from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2010. (in Croatian)
  5. ^ a b Ivo Goldstein: Croatia: A History, Zagreb, 1999, p. 36
  6. ISBN 0-06-011139-9
  7. ^ Vjekoslav Klaić: Povijest Hrvata od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX. stoljeća, Knjiga peta, Zagreb, 1988, p. 480
  8. ^ Ivo Goldstein: Sisačka bitka 1593., Zagreb, 1994, p. 30
  9. Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia even long before Croatian–Hungarian Settlement
    of 1868.
  10. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia
  11. ^ a b c d A. Balbis (1842), Allgemeine Erdbeschreibung oder Hausbuch des geographischen Wissens., Pest, p. 323, retrieved 2023-07-13
  12. ^ Gesetz vom 19. Jänner 1853, RGBl. 10/1853: "Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 19. Jänner 1853, womit die Allerhöchsten Entschließungen über die Einrichtung und Amtswirksamkeit der Bezirksämter, Kreisbehörden und Statthaltereien, über die Einrichtung der Gerichtsstellen und das Schema der systemisirten Gehalte und Diätenclassen, sowie über die Ausführung der Organisirung für die Kronländer Oesterreich ob und unter der Enns, Böhmen, Mähren, Schlesien, Galizien und Lodomerien mit Krakau, Bukowina, Salzburg, Tirol mit Vorarlberg, Steiermark, Kärnthen, Krain, Görz, Gradiska und Istrien mit Triest, Dalmatien, Kroatien und Slawonien, Siebenbürgen, die serbische Wojwodschaft mit dem Banate, kundgemacht werden". ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online (in German). 1853-01-19. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  13. ^ a b c d e Gesetz vom 12. Juni 1850, RGBl. 245/1850: "Verordnung des Ministeriums des Innern vom 12. Juni 1850, betreffend die Organisirung der politischen Verwaltungsbehörden im Königreiche Croatien und Slavonien". Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich (in German). 1850-06-12. Retrieved 2023-09-02 – via ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
  14. ^ a b c d e Gesetz vom 3. Juni 1854, RGBl. 136/1854: "Verordnung der Ministerien des Innern, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 3. Juni 1854, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Organisirung der Königreiche Kroatien und Slawonien". Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich (in German). 1854-06-03. Retrieved 2023-07-13 – via ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
  15. ^ Mladen Lorković, Narod i zemlja Hrvata, page 86
  16. ^ Elek Fényes, Magyarország statistikája, Trattner-Károlyi, Pest 1842, pages 50–52
  17. ^ Mladen Lorković, Narod i zemlja Hrvata, page 87
  18. ^ Statistische übersichten über die bevölkerung und den viehstand von Österreich nach der zählung vom 31. october 1857, page 120

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