Dacia
Dacian Kingdom | |||||||||||||||
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c. 82 BC–106 AD | |||||||||||||||
Zamolxism | |||||||||||||||
Demonym(s) | Dacian | ||||||||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||||
King | |||||||||||||||
• 82-44 BC | Burebista (first) | ||||||||||||||
• 87-106 AD | Decebal (last) | ||||||||||||||
Historical era | Classical antiquity | ||||||||||||||
• Established | c. 82 BC | ||||||||||||||
84–88 AD | |||||||||||||||
101–106 AD | |||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 106 AD | ||||||||||||||
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Dacia (/ˈdeɪʃə/, DAY-shə; Latin: [ˈd̪aː.ki.a]) was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It thus roughly corresponds to present-day Romania, as well as parts of Moldova, Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary, Slovakia, and Ukraine.
A Dacian kingdom that united the Dacians and the Getae people existed between 82 BC until the Roman conquest in AD 106, reaching its height under King Burebista. As a result of the two wars with Emperor Trajan, the population was dispersed and the central city, Sarmizegetusa Regia, was destroyed by the Romans, but was rebuilt by them 40 km away to serve as the capital of the Roman province of Dacia. A group of "Free Dacians", may have remained outside the Roman Empire in the territory of modern-day Northern Romania until the start of the Migration Period. The provincial area was conquered by the Romans and incorporated as Roman Dacia, and the area was controlled by the Romans from the conquest in AD 106 to AD 275, over a century of rule.[1]
Nomenclature
The Dacians are first mentioned in the writings of the
Geographical history
The extent and location of Dacia varied in its three distinct historical periods (see below):
1st century BC
The Dacia of
1st century AD
Strabo, in his Geography written around AD 20, says:[10]
″As for the southern part of Germany beyond the Albis, the portion which is just contiguous to that river is occupied by the Suevi; then immediately adjoining this is the land of the Getae, which, though narrow at first, stretching as it does along the Ister [Danube] on its southern side and on the opposite side along the mountain-side of the Hercynian [Black] Forest (for the land of the Getae also embraces a part of the mountains), afterwards broadens out towards the north as far as the Tyregetae; but I cannot tell the precise boundaries″
On this basis, Lengyel and Radan (1980), Hoddinott (1981) and Mountain (1998) consider that the Geto-Dacians inhabited both sides of the Tisza river prior to the rise of the Celtic Boii, and again after the latter were defeated by the Dacians.[11] The hold of the Dacians between the Danube and Tisza was tenuous.[12] However, the archaeologist Parducz argued a Dacian presence west of the Tisa dating from the time of Burebista.[13] According to Tacitus (AD 56–117) Dacians bordered Germania in the south-east, while Sarmatians bordered it in the east.[14]
In the 1st century AD, the Iazyges settled West of Dacia, on the plain between the Danube and the Tisa rivers, according to the scholars' interpretation of Pliny's text: "The higher parts between the Danube and the Hercynian Forest (Black Forest) as far as the winter quarters of Pannonia at Carnutum and the plains and level country of the German frontiers there are occupied by the Sarmatian Iazyges, while the Dacians whom they have driven out hold the mountains and forests as far as the river Theiss".[15][16][17][18]
2nd century AD
Written a few decades after Emperor
Ptolemy also provided a couple of Dacian
The Roman province Dacia Traiana, established by the victors of the Dacian Wars during AD 101–106, initially comprised only the regions known today as Banat, Oltenia, Transylvania, and was subsequently gradually extended to southern parts of Moldavia, while Dobruja and Budjak belonged to the Roman province of Moesia.
In the 2nd century AD, after the Roman conquest,
After the Marcomannic Wars (AD 166–180), Dacian groups from outside Roman Dacia had been set in motion. So too were the 12,000 Dacians "from the neighbourhood of Roman Dacia sent away from their own country". Their native country could have been the Upper Tisa region, but other places cannot be excluded.[34]
The later Roman province
Cities
Ptolemy gives a list of 43 names of towns in Dacia, out of which arguably 33 were of Dacian origin. Most of the latter included the added suffix "dava" (meaning settlement, village). But, other Dacian names from his list lack the suffix (e.g. Zarmisegethusa regia = Zermizirga). In addition, nine other names of Dacian origin seem to have been Latinised.[36]
The cities of the Dacians were known as -dava, -deva, -δαυα ("-dawa" or "-dava",
- In Dacia: Acidava, Argedava, Buridava, Dokidava, Carsidava, Clepidava, Cumidava, Marcodava, Netindava, Patridava, Pelendava, *Perburidava, Petrodaua, Piroboridaua, Rhamidaua, Rusidava, Sacidava, Sangidava, Setidava, Singidava, Tamasidava, Utidava, Zargidava, Ziridava, Sucidava – 26 names altogether.
- In Lower Moesia (the present Northern Aedeba, *Buteridava, *Giridava, Dausadava, Kapidaua, Murideba, Sacidava, Scaidava (Skedeba), Sagadava, Sukidaua (Sucidava) – 10 names in total.
- In Upper Moesia (the districts of Nish, Sofia, and partly Kjustendil): Aiadaba, Bregedaba, Danedebai, Desudaba, Itadeba, Kuimedaba, Zisnudeba – seven names in total.
Gil-doba, a village in Thracia, of unknown location.
Thermi-daua, a town in Dalmatia. Probably a Grecized form of *Germidava.
Pulpu-deva, (Phillipopolis) today Plovdiv in Bulgaria.
Political entities
Rubobostes
Geto-Dacians inhabited both sides of the Tisa river prior to the rise of the Celtic
Oroles
A kingdom of Dacia also existed as early as the first half of the 2nd century BC under King Oroles. Conflicts with the Bastarnae and the Romans (112–109 BC, 74 BC), against whom they had assisted the Scordisci and Dardani, greatly weakened the resources of the Dacians.
Burebista
Burebista suppressed the indigenous minting of coinages by four major tribal groups, adopting imported or copied Roman denarii as a monetary standard.[11] During his reign, Burebista transferred Geto-Dacians capital from Argedava to Sarmizegetusa Regia.[38][39] For at least one and a half centuries, Sarmizegetusa was the Dacians' capital and reached its peak under King Decebalus. The Dacians appeared so formidable that Caesar contemplated an expedition against them, which his death in 44 BC prevented. In the same year, Burebista was murdered, and the kingdom was divided into four (later five) parts under separate rulers.
Cotiso
One of these entities was Cotiso's state, to whom Augustus betrothed his own five-year-old daughter Julia. He is well known from the line in Horace (Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen, Odes, III. 8. 18).
The Dacians are often mentioned under Augustus, according to whom they were compelled to recognize Roman supremacy. However they were by no means subdued, and in later times to maintain their independence they seized every opportunity to cross the frozen Danube during the winter and ravaging the Roman cities in the province of Moesia, which was under Roman occupation.
Strabo testified: "although the Getae and Daci once attained to very great power, so that they actually could send forth an expedition of two hundred thousand men, they now find themselves reduced to as few as forty thousand, and they have come close to the point of yielding obedience to the Romans, though as yet they are not absolutely submissive, because of the hopes which they base on the Germans, who are enemies to the Romans."[10]
In fact, this occurred because
Decebalus
Decebalus ruled the Dacians between AD 87 and 106. The frontiers of Decebal's Dacia were marked by the Tisa River to the west, by the trans-Carpathians to the north and by the Dniester River to the east.[40] His name translates into "strong as ten men".
Roman conquest
When Trajan turned his attention to Dacia, it had been on the Roman agenda since before the days of Julius Caesar[41][42] when a Roman army had been beaten at the Battle of Histria.[43]
From AD 85 to 89, the Dacians under Decebalus were engaged in two wars with the Romans.
In AD 85, the Dacians had swarmed over the Danube and pillaged Moesia.
To increase the glory of his reign, restore the finances of Rome, and end a treaty perceived as humiliating, Trajan resolved on the conquest of Dacia, the capture of the famous Treasure of Decebalus, and control over the Dacian gold mines of
Decebalus rebuilt his power over the following years and attacked Roman garrisons again in AD 105. In response Trajan again marched into Dacia,
Some of the history of the war is given by Cassius Dio.[56] Trajan erected the Column of Trajan in Rome to commemorate his victory.[57]
Provincial history
Although the Romans conquered and destroyed the ancient Kingdom of Dacia, a large remainder of the land remained outside of Roman Imperial authority. Additionally, the conquest changed the balance of power in the region and was the catalyst for a renewed alliance of Germanic and Celtic tribes and kingdoms against the Roman Empire. However, the material advantages of the Roman Imperial system was attractive to the surviving aristocracy. Afterwards, many of the Dacians became Romanised (see also
According to
Even so, the Germanic and Celtic kingdoms, particularly the
In AD 268–269, at
The province was abandoned by Roman troops, and, according to the Breviarium historiae Romanae by Eutropius, Roman citizens "from the towns and lands of Dacia" were resettled to the interior of Moesia.[60] Under Diocletian, c. AD 296, in order to defend the Roman border, fortifications were erected by the Romans on both banks of the Danube.[35]
Constantinian reconquest
In 328 the emperor
Dacia after the Romans
In 376, the region was conquered by
See also
- Dacians
- Dacian warfare
- Falx (weapon)
- List of Dacian kings
- List of Dacian cities
- List of Dacian tribes
- Dacian bracelets
- Dacian draco
- Dacian language
- Dacian warfare
- History of Dacia
- Trajan's Column
- Trajan's Bridge
Notes
- ^ "The Original Sarmatians: The Men Who Fought Attila the Hun". Culture.pl. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, pp. 145–146.
- ^ Mainly the Dahae and Massagetae
- ^ Padányi, Viktor (1963). Dentumagyaria (in Hungarian). Editorial Transsylvania.
- ^ Hollósy, István (1913). Magyarország őslakói és az oláhok eredete [Natives of Hungary and the origin of the Vlachs] (PDF). Mór Ráth.
- ^ Müller 1877, tabulae XV.
- ^ "History of Romania – Antiquity – The Dacians". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 July 2023.
- ^ Murray 2001, p. 1120.
- ^ a b c Mountain 1998, p. 59.
- ^ a b Strabo, Geography
- ^ a b c d Taylor 2001, p. 215.
- ^ Lengyel & Radan 1980, p. 87: "No matter where the Boii first settled after they left Italia, however, when they arrived at the Danube they had to fight the Dacians who held the entire territory – or at least part of it. Strabo tells us that later animosity between the Dacians and the Boii stemmed from the fact that the Dacians demanded the land from the latter which the Dacians pretended to have possessed earlier."
- ^ Ehrich 1970, p. 228.
- ^ Gruen 2011, p. 204: Germany as a whole is separated from the Gauls and from the Raetians and Pannonians by the rivers Rhine and Danube, from the Sarmatians and Dacians by mutual fear or mountains; the ocean surrounds the rest of it
- ^ Hrushevskyi 1997, p. 93.
- ^ Bosworth 1980, p. 60.
- ^ Carnap-Bornheim 2003, p. 228.
- ^ Shelley 1997, p. 10.
- ^ Mattern 2002, p. 61.
- ^ Hrushevskyi 1997, p. 97: "Dacia, as described by Ptolemy, occupied the region between the Tisa, Danube, upper Dnister, and Seret, while the Black Sea coast – namely, the Greek colonies of Tyras, Olbia, and others – were included in Lower Moesia."
- ^ Bunbury 1979, p. 517.
- ^ Mocsy 1974, p. 21.
- ^ Bărbulescu 2005, p. 71.
- ^ Berenger 1994, p. 25.
- ^ Waldman & Mason 2006, p. 205.
- ^ Avery 1972, p. 113.
- ^ Fol 1996, p. 223.
- ^ Dobiáš 1964, p. 70.
- ^ a b Berindei & Candea 2001, p. 429.
- ^ a b Schütte 1952, p. 270.
- ^ Giurescu & Giurescu 1974, p. 31.
- ^ Childe 1930, p. 245.
- ^ Schütte 1917, pp. 109 & 143.
- ^ Opreanu 1997, p. 249.
- ^ a b Odahl 2003.
- ^ Oltean 2007, p. 114.
- ^ Strabo, Geography, VII:3.11
- ^ MacKendrick 1975, p. 48.
- ^ Goodman & Sherwood 2002, p. 227.
- ^ Vico & Pinton 2004, p. 325.
- ^ Goldsworthy 2004, p. 322.
- ^ Matyszak 2004, p. 213.
- ^ Matyszak 2004, p. 215.
- ^ Matyszak 2004, p. 216.
- ^ Luttwak 1976, p. 53.
- ^ Matyszak 2004, p. 217.
- Diurpaneus(see Manea, p.109), but after this victory he was called Decebalus (the brave one).
- ^ Koch, Nándor. Mangold, Lajos; Horváth, Cirill; Ballagi, Aladár (eds.). Tolnai Világtörténelme [World history of Tolnai] (in Hungarian). Budapest. p. 180.
- ^ Matyszak 2004, p. 219.
- ^ Goldsworthy 2004, p. 329.
- ^ Matyszak 2004, p. 222.
- ^ Matyszak 2004, p. 223.
- ^ Luttwak 1976, p. 54.
- ^ Stoica 1919, p. 52.
- ^ Luttwak 1976, p. 39.
- ^ J. Bennett. Trajan Optimus Princips, Routledge, London and New York, 1997, pp. xii–xiii
- ^ Sinnegen & Boak. A History of Rome to A.D. 565, 6th ed. MacMillan Publishing Co., New York, 1977 p. 312
- ^ "Of the Manner in which the persecutors died" by Lactantius (early Christian author AD 240–320)
- ^ Battle of Naissus and Cladius Gothicus. Beside Zosimuss account there is also Historia Augusta, The Life of Claudius.
- ^ Eutropious. "Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History (Historiae Romanae Breviarium)". www.ccel.org. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
- ^ a b Madgearu 2008, pp. 64–126.
- ^ Heather, Peter (1996). The Goths. Blackwell Publishers. pp. 62, 63.
- ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. p. 250.
- ISSN 1583-1817, p. 111.
- ISBN 0-415-38655-1, p. 261.
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External links
Media related to Dacia at Wikimedia Commons
- "SOLTDM Index". soltdm.com. 28 November 2006. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2023. — Sorin Olteanu's Thraco-Daco-Moesian Languages Project (SoLTDM) (sources, thesaurus, textual criticism, phonetics and morphology, substratum, historical geography a.o.)
- Dacia – The historic region in East-Central Europe (includes Roman Castra)
- Ptolemy's Geography, book III, chapter 5
- UNRV Dacia article
- sights.seindal.dk – Dacians as they appear on the Arch of Constantine
- www.fectio.org.uk – Draco Late Roman military standard
- www.stoa.org/trajan Archived 2004-10-11 at the Wayback Machine – Dacian Wars on Trajan's Column
- Journey to the Land of the Cloud Rovers – photographic slide show of Sarmizegetusa.
- Dacia on coins.
- Dacian coins
Preceded by Prehistory of the Balkans
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History of Romania | Succeeded by Roman Dacia |