Kingdom of Dardania
Kingdom of Dardania | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4th century BC–28 BC | |||||||
Monunius | |||||||
Historical era | Classical antiquity | ||||||
• Founded | 4th century BC | ||||||
• Roman conquest | 28 BC | ||||||
Area | |||||||
• Total | 56,000 km2 (22,000 sq mi) | ||||||
| |||||||
Today part of | Kosovo Albania North Macedonia Serbia Montenegro |
The Kingdom of Dardania was a polity in the central
History
Tribal aristocracy and pre-urban development first emerged in Dardania from the 6th–5th centuries BC. This proto-urban development was followed by the creation of urban centers and the emergence of craftsmanship, and a Dardanian
The first written references to the Dardani are as opponents of Macedon in the fourth century, clashing with Philip II who managed to subdue them and their neighbors in 345. However, Philip took no new territory and ended Macedon's borders near the Danube watershed in Paeonia.[6] The Dardani then remained quiet until Philip's assassination in 336, after which they began planning to revolt alongside the Illyrians and the Thracians. The first century historian Pompey Trogue reports that these barbarous nations…were of wavering faith and perfidious dispositions and that only Alexander III's smooth succession averted disaster.[7] Indeed, the Dardani are not mentioned in any ancient accounts of Alexander's Balkan campaign in 335.[8] They remain absent from our sources until 284 when Lysimachus seized Paeonia, which had revolted earlier in 322, forcing her prince Ariston to flee to Dardania.[9] It appears that the Dardani escaped the Macedonian yoke entirely during the Wars of the Diadochi as they again began to freely raid Upper Greece under the reign of Lysimachus. Thereafter the Dardani became a constant threat to Macedonia's northern borders.[10]
In 279, during a
the Macedonians were in a sad condition if, after having subdued the whole east without assistance, they now required aid from the Dardanians to defend their country; and that he had for soldiers the sons of those who had served under Alexander the Great, and had been victorious throughout the world.[11]
Underestimating the Celtic strength, Ptolemy was later captured in battle and subsequently decapitated by their Gallic leader Bolgios.[12][13] The tribes then pushed on towards Southern Greece, but were permanently turned back at Delphi by the Greeks. The remainder withdrew north through Dardania where they were, according to Diodorous, subsequently destroyed by the Dardani.[14] They then disappear from the written historical record until the 230s BC when a constant series of wars, raids, and counter-raids began against the Macedonians.[15]
Following the Celtic invasion, and the consequent diminishment in power of the Macedonians, the influence of Dardania began to grow in the region. In
230, the Dardani under
Groups of Illyrians began to desert the Ardiaen queen Teuta at around the same time and join the Dardani, forcing her to end an expedition into Phoenice.[19] When Philip V rose to the Macedonian throne, skirmishing with Dardania began in 220-219 and he managed to recapture Bylazora from them in 217. Skirmishes continued in 211 and in 209 when a force of Dardani under Aeropus, probably a pretender to the Macedonian throne, captured Lychnidus and looted Macedonia taking 20.000 prisoners and retreating before Philip's forces could reach them.[20]
In 201,
The Romans created the province of Moesia from parts of Dardania, but later made it a separate province called Dardania.
Geography
Identified places and settlements in Kosovo.Sites in Kosovo
# | Settlement[note 1] | Description | Location | Geographic coordinates | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Municipium Dardanorum | Soqanicë | 43°3′17″N 20°48′36″E / 43.05472°N 20.81000°E | [23] | |
2 | Romajë | Romajë | 42°17′31″N 20°35′34″E / 42.29194°N 20.59278°E | [24] | |
3 | Busavatë | Busavatë | 42°34′49″N 21°32′36″E / 42.58028°N 21.54333°E | [25] | |
4 | Ulpiana | Ulpiana | 42°35′47″N 21°10′31″E / 42.59639°N 21.17528°E | [26] | |
5 | Vindenis
|
Gllamnik | 42°51′58″N 21°10′59″E / 42.86611°N 21.18306°E | [27] | |
6 | Vlashnjë | Vlashnjë | 42°12′09″N 20°39′45″E / 42.20250°N 20.66250°E | ||
7 | Topanicë | Topanicë | 42°31′25″N 21°38′23″E / 42.52361°N 21.63972°E | [28] | |
8 | Duboc | Dubovc | 42°46′37″N 20°54′37″E / 42.77694°N 20.91028°E | [29] | |
9 | Dardana Fortress | Kamenica | 42°35′33″N 21°33′49″E / 42.59250°N 21.56361°E | [30] |
Culture
The eastern parts of the region were at the Thraco-Illyrian contact zone. In archaeological research, Illyrian names are predominant in western Dardania (present-day Kosovo), while Thracian names are mostly found in eastern Dardania (present-day south-eastern Serbia). Thracian names are absent in western Dardania; some Illyrian names appear in the eastern parts.[31][32] The correspondence of Illyrian names, including those of the ruling elite, in Dardania with those of the southern Illyrians suggests a "thracianization" of parts of Dardania.[33][34] Strabo in his geographica mentions them as one of the three strongest Illyrian peoples, the other two being the Ardiaei and Autariatae.[35]
Dardanian rulers
- Unnamed Dardanian king (early 3rd century BC), who offered the Ptolemy Ceraunos 20,000 soldiers to counteract the invading Celts, but Ceraunos declined the offer.[10]
- Longarus;[36]
According to a historical reconstruction the first attested Dardanian king was
See also
Notes
- ^ Italics: the ancient names are unattested.
References
- ^ Shukriu, Edi (2008). "Prehistory and Antique History of Kosova" (PDF). Thesis Kosova. 1: 11–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2022-07-16.
- ^ Petrović 2007, p. 10.
- ^ Shukriu 2008, p. 9.
- ^ Šašel Kos 2010, p. 626.
- ^ Gavrilović Vitas 2021, p. 3.
- ISBN 978-90-04-20650-2.
- ^ Justin. Historia Philippicae et Totius Mundi Origines et Terrae Situs [Justinus: Epitome of Pompeius Trogus' Philippic Histories]. Translated by Watson, John Selby. pp. 11.1.6–10.
- ^ Vujčić, Nemanja (2021). "The City of Pelion and the Illyrian War of Alexander". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 61: 504–505.
- ^ Wilkes 1992, pp. 145–146.
- ^ a b c Petrović 2007, p. 8.
- ^ Justin, 24.4.9–10.
- ^ Errington 1990, p. 160.
- ^ Hammond 1988, p. 253
- ^ Diodorus. Bibliotheca historica [Historical Library]. Translated by Walton, Francis R. Loeb Classical Library. pp. XXII 9.
- ^ Petrović 2007, p. 9.
- ^ Errington 1990, p. 185.
- ^ Kuzmin, Yuri (2019). "KING DEMETRIUS II OF MACEDON: IN THE SHADOW OF FATHER AND SON". Živa antika/Antiquité vivante (69). Skopje, North Macedonia: 78.
- ^ Eckstein 2008, pp. 34–35.
- ^ Hammond 1988, p. 335
- ^ Hammond 1988, p. 404
- ^ Errington 1990, p. 185.
- ISBN 0-19-814815-1.
- ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 258.
- ^ Schermer, Shukriu & Deskaj 2011, p. 236.
- ^ Alaj 2019, p. 41.
- ISBN 1-887829-34-2, 1997, page 100
- ISBN 978-99956-10-32-6.
- ^ Alaj 2019, p. 51.
- ^ Alaj 2019, p. 65.
- ^ Alaj 2019, p. 91.
- Thracianworlds retained their individuality and, alone among the peoples of that region, succeeded in maintaining themselves as an ethnic unity even when they were militarily and politically subjected by the Roman arms [...] and when, towards the end of the ancient world, the Balkans were involved in far-reaching ethnic perturbations, the Dardanians, of all the Central Balkan tribes, played the greatest part in the genesis of the new peoples who took the place of the old
- ISBN 1-4381-2918-1.
According to ancient sources, the Dardani, variously grouped but probably Illyrians, lived west of present-day Belgrade in present-day Serbia and Montenegro in the third century B.C.E, their homeland in the ancient region of Thrace (and possibly there since the eight century B.C.E).
- ISBN 978-1-4443-5163-7.
- ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 85
Whether the Dardanians were an Illyrian or a Thracian people has been much debated and one view suggests that the area was originally populated with Thracians who then exposed to direct contact with Illyrians over a long period. [..] The meaning of this state of affairs has been variously interpreted, ranging from notions of Thracianization' (in part) of an existing Illyrian population to the precise opposite. In favour of the latter may be the close correspondence of Illyrian names in Dardania with those of the southern 'real' lllyrians to their west, including the names of Dardanian rulers, Longarus, Bato, Monunius and Etuta, and those on later epitaphs, Epicadus, Scerviaedus, Tuta, Times and Cinna.
- ^ Alaj 2019, p. 7.
- ^ a b Wilkes 1992, p. 86
... including the names of Dardanian rulers, Longarus, Bato, Monunius and Etuta, and those on later epitaphs, Epicadus, Scerviaedus, Tuta, Times and Cinna. Other Dardanian names are linked with...
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- ISBN 978-90-04-20650-2.
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- Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: history and culture. Noyes Press. ISBN 978-0-8155-5052-5.
- Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2010). "Peoples on the northern fringes of the Greek world: Illyria as seen by Strabo". In Jean-Luc Lamboley, Maria Paola Castiglioni (ed.). L'Illyrie méridionale et l'Épire dans l'Antiquité V: Actes du Ve colloque international de Grenoble (8–11 octobre 2008). L'Illyrie méridionale et l'Épire dans l'Antiquité (V). Vol. 2. De Boccard Editions. pp. 617–629. ISBN 978-2-9519433-3-9.
- Schermer, Shirley; Shukriu, Edi; Deskaj, Sylvia (2011). Marquez-Grant, Nicholas; Fibiger, Linda (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation: An International Guide to Laws and Practice in the Excavation and Treatment of Archaeological Human Remains. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-87956-2.
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- Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1969). Some problems of Greek history. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-215249-7.
- Vujčić, Nemanja (2021). "The City of Pelion and the Illyrian War of Alexander". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 61.
- Wilkes, J. J. (1992). The Illyrians. Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19807-5.
- Wilkes, John (2012). "Dardani". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 414. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8.
External links
Media related to Kingdom of Dardania at Wikimedia Commons