Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)
Kingdom of Hungary Magyar Királyság ( Latin ) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1301–1526 | |||||||||||||
historical context section) | |||||||||||||
| Capital | |||||||||||||
| Common languages | King | | |||||||||||
• 1301–1305 (first) | Ladislaus V | ||||||||||||
• 1516–1526 (last) | Louis II | ||||||||||||
| Palatine | |||||||||||||
• 1302–1309 (first) | Máté Csák | ||||||||||||
• 1526–1530 (last) | István Báthory | ||||||||||||
| Legislature | Royal Diet | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | Medieval | ||||||||||||
• Extinction of the Árpád dynasty | 14 January 1301 | ||||||||||||
| 1301-1308 | |||||||||||||
| 1370-1382, 1440-1444 | |||||||||||||
| 1443-1444 | |||||||||||||
| 4–22 July 1456 | |||||||||||||
| 2 April 1479 | |||||||||||||
| 29 January – 1 June 1485 | |||||||||||||
• Peasants' revolt of György Dózsa | 9 April - 15 July 1514 | ||||||||||||
| 1520 | |||||||||||||
| 29 August 1526 | |||||||||||||
| Currency | Forint | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
.svg)
.svg)
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| History of Hungary |
|---|
 |
 Hungary portal |
| History of Slovakia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 1918–1938 | |
| Slovak Soviet Republic | 1919 |
| Slovakia during World War II | 1939–1945 |
| Slovak Republic | 1939–1945 |
| Slovak National Uprising | 1944 |
| Slovaks in Czechoslovakia | 1948–1989 |
| Slovak Socialist Republic | 1969–1990 |
| Velvet Revolution | 1989 |
| Post-revolution Czechoslovakia | 1989–1992 |
| Dissolution of Czechoslovakia | 1993 |
Slovakia portalIn the Late Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Hungary, a country in Central Europe, experienced a period of interregnum in the early 14th century. Royal power was restored under Charles I (1308–1342), a scion of the Capetian House of Anjou. Gold and silver mines opened in his reign produced about one third of the world's total production up until the 1490s. The kingdom reached the peak of its power under Louis the Great (1342–1382) who led military campaigns against Lithuania, southern Italy and other faraway territories.[citation needed]
The expansion of the
Background
The Kingdom of Hungary came into being when Stephen I, grand prince of the Hungarians, was crowned king in 1000 or 1001. He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept Christianity. Although written sources emphasize the role played by German and Italian knights and clerics in the process, a significant part of the Hungarian vocabulary for agriculture, religion and state was taken from Slavic languages. Civil wars, pagan uprisings and the Holy Roman Emperors' unsuccessful attempts to expand their authority over Hungary jeopardized the new monarchy. Its position stabilized under Ladislaus I (1077–1095) and Coloman (1095–1116). Following the succession crisis in Croatia as a result of their campaign the Kingdom of Croatia entered a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary in 1102. Both them were regarded as a successor by hereditary rights[3][4] Coloman was crowned in Biograd in 1102 and the title now claimed by Coloman was "King of Hungary, Dalmatia, and Croatia".[citation needed]
Rich in uncultivated lands and in silver, gold, and salt deposits, the kingdom became a preferred target of the continuous immigration of mainly German, Italian and French colonists. The colonists were mostly peasants who settled in villages, but also large number of townsfolk arrived as craftsmen and merchants. Their arrival contributed to the development of Esztergom, Székesfehérvár and many other cities and large number of villages in various parts of the Kingdom. Situated at the crossroads of international trade routes, Hungary was affected by several cultural trends. Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance buildings, and literary works written in Latin prove the predominantly Roman Catholic character of the culture of the Kingdom, but Orthodox, and even non-Christian ethnic minority communities also existed. Latin was the language of legislation, administration and judiciary, but "linguistic pluralism" (János M. Bak)[5] contributed to the survival of a number of tongues, including a great variety of Slavic dialects.[citation needed]
The predominance of royal estates initially ensured the sovereign's preeminent position, but the alienation of royal lands gave rise to the emergence of a self-conscious group of lesser landholders. They forced
Interregnum (1301–1323)
Andrew III died on January 14, 1301.
At the news of Andrew III's death, viceroy Šubić invited Charles of Anjou, the late Charles Martel's son, to claim the throne, who hurried to Esztergom where he was crowned king.[12] However, most secular lords opposed his rule and proposed the throne to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia's namesake son.[13] The young Wenceslaus could not strengthen his position[14] and renounced in favor of Otto III, Duke of Bavaria in 1305.[13] The latter was forced to leave the kingdom in 1307 by Ladislaus Kán.[15] A papal legate persuaded all the lords to accept Charles of Anjou's rule in 1310, but most territories remained out of royal control.[16]
Assisted by the prelates and a growing number of lesser nobles, Charles I launched a series of expeditions against the great lords.
The Angevins' monarchy (1323–1382)
Charles I introduced a centralized power structure in the 1320s.
The king even afforded to grant privileges which contradicted customary law.
Charles I
Charles I also ordered the minting of stable golden coins modelled on the
The first campaign against Naples was abandoned because of the arrival of the "Black Death".[37] In Hungary, fewer locals fell victim to the epidemic than in Western Europe, because the kingdom was still an underpopulated territory with well nourished inhabitants.[38] Indeed, colonization also continued in the 14th century.[39] The new settlers mainly came from Moravia, Poland and other neighboring countries.[40] They were customarily exempted of taxation for 16 years, which is reflected by the lehota ("lightening") placenames in present-day Slovakia.[41]
Earlier distinctions between freemen, serfs and udvornici disappeared in the 14th century, because all peasants had acquired the right to free movement by the 1350s.[42] Most of them cultivated well defined parcels with a hereditary right to use it for a rent in cash and in-kind "gifts" due to the landowner.[43] The legal position of "true noblemen" was also standardized when the idea of "one and the same liberty" was enacted in 1351.[44] For instance, all noblemen received the right to "adjudicate all offences committed" by the peasants living in their estates (Martyn Rady).[45]
Most towns were still dominated by German merchants,
Louis I who was
His control over Wallachia, the other Romanian principality always remained doubtful.[54] Vladislav I of Wallachia even allied with the emerging Ottoman Empire in 1375.[53] Therefore, Louis I was the first Hungarian monarch who had to fight against the Ottomans.[53]
Religious fanaticism is one of the featuring element of Louis I's reign.[55] He attempted, without success, to convert many of his Orthodox subjects to Catholicism by force.[56] He expelled the Jews around 1360, but allowed them to return in 1367.[57]
New royal castles were erected, for instance, in
New consolidation (1382–1437)
Louis I was succeeded in 1382 by his daughter,
Sigismund distributed more than 50 percent of the royal estates to his supporters.[69] Furthermore, large territories in Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia remained controlled by Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić and Ladislaus of Naples's other supporters.[70] When Queen Mary died childless in 1395, her sister, Queen Jadwiga of Poland claimed the throne for herself, but Sigismund's partisans defeated her troops.[71]
In the meantime,
The Diet of
Sigismund's open bias towards Stibor of Stiboricz, Hermann of Cilli and his (mostly foreign) favorites gave rise to a number of plots.[76] Led by John Kanizsai, archbishop of Esztergom, the native barons even imprisoned him in 1401.[80] For six months, the barons administered the realm in the name of the Holy Crown, "the impersonal sovereign of the kingdom" (Miklós Molnár),[81] but finally restored Sigismund's rule.[80] A group of barons offered the crown to Ladislaus of Naples in 1412,[81] but Sigismund again gained the upper hand.[82] Since Pope Boniface IX supported his opponent, Sigismund prohibited both the proclamation of papal documents without a previous royal consent[83] and the appointment of prelates by the Holy See.[77]
The major towns always remained faithful to Sigismund.[84] He exempted many of them from internal custom duties and even invited their representatives to the Diet in 1405.[84] However, the Diet was not convoked for three decades.[85] The king spent more and more time abroad especially after his election King of the Romans in 1410.[85] The kingdom was governed by his most faithful partisans who were united in a formal league, the Order of the Dragon.[86]
This knightly order was established on the occasion of the royal troop's victory over Hrvoje Hrvatinić in 1408.[87] Thereafter most Dalmatian towns seceded from Ladislaus of Naples,[87] but he soon sold his claims to the Republic of Venice.[88] In the following decade, the republic forced the settlements on the Dalmatian coasts one by one to accept her suzerainty.[89]
_m%C3%A1sodik_kett%C5%91s_fels%C3%A9gpecs%C3%A9tj%C3%A9nek_h%C3%A1tlapja_(1366-1382).jpg)
On the southern borders, Sigismund attempted to create a buffer zone against the Ottomans.
The Ottomans occupied Golubac Fortress in 1427 and started to regularly plunder the neighboring lands.[92] The Ottoman raids forced many locals to depart for better protected regions.[92] Their place was occupied by South Slavic refugees (mainly Serbs).[92] Many of them were organized into mobile military units[94] known as hussars.[95]
The northern regions of the kingdom (present-day Slovakia) were pillaged in almost every year by
Sigismund erected a splendid royal palace (later destroyed by the Ottomans) at
The kingdom's defense and Sigismund's active foreign policy demanded new sources of income.
Age of the two Hunyadis (1437–1490)
Sigismund, who had no sons, died in late 1437.[104] The Estates elected his son-in-law, Albert V of Austria, king.[105] Albert promised not to make any decisions without consulting the prelates and the lords.[105] He died of dysentery during an unsuccessful military operation against the Ottomans in 1439.[106]
Although Albert's widow, Elizabeth of Luxembourg, gave birth to a posthumous son, Ladislaus V,[107] most noblemen preferred a monarch capable to fight.[108] They offered the crown to Władysław III of Poland.[108] Both Ladislaus and Władysław were crowned which caused a civil war.[109] John Hunyadi, a talented military leader who supported Władysław, rose to prominence during these fights.[109]
Władysław appointed Hunyadi (together with his close friend,
Following Władysław's death, the Diet of 1445 acknowledged the infant Ladislaus V as rightful monarch.
Large territories remained independent of the central government in Hunyadi's regency.[116] For instance, Frederick III held several towns along the western borders, and a Czech mercenary, John Jiskra of Brandýs, administered many fortresses in the northern regions.[116][117] Even so, Hunyadi was planning to fight against the Ottomans in their own territories.[118] However, his new campaign ended with the Christian forces' defeat at Kosovo in 1448.[118]
Ladislaus V's Austrian and Bohemian subjects forced Emperor Frederick III to hand their young monarch over to his new guardian, Ulrich II, Count of Celje in 1452.[119] Hunyadi also resigned from the regency, but he continued to administer a significant part of royal revenues and many royal fortresses.[120] According to a contemporary proposal for the reform of royal revenues, more than 50 percent thereof (around 120,000 florins) derived from the royal monopoly on salt and a direct tax payable by the peasantry.[121]
The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 demonstrated the beginning of a new phase of Ottoman expansion under Sultan Mehmed II.[122] In two years, he occupied Serbia and decided to take Belgrade (Hungarian: Nándorfehérvár), the key fort at Hungary's southern frontier.[123][124] The defence was organized by John Hunyadi, who was assisted by the Franciscan preacher, John of Capistrano.[125] They mobilized 25-30,000 commoners, cut the Ottomans' supply lines and forced them to withdraw on July 22, 1456.[126] Hunyadi died in an epidemic in two weeks.[126]
Ulrich of Celje ordered Hunyadi's elder son, Ladislaus, to hand over all royal castles held by his father.[127] Ladislaus Hunyadi pretended to accept the command, but his retinue murdered Ulrich in Belgrade.[128] He was arrested in March 1457, along with his younger brother Matthias, and subsequently executed.[128] However, the execution stirred up the lesser nobility to revolt.[128] Ladislaus V fled to Prague, where he died before the end of the year.[125]
A Diet was convoked and the assembled noblemen elected Matthias Hunyadi king in 1458.[129] The young monarch in short time removed the powerful Ladislaus Garay from the office of palatine and his uncle, Michael Szilágyi, of the regency.[130] Led by Garay, his opponents offered the crown to Frederick III, but Matthias defeated them and concluded a peace treaty with the emperor in 1464.[130] In the meantime, the zone of buffer states along the kingdom's southern frontiers collapsed with the occupation of Serbia and Bosnia by the Ottomans.[131] As an immediate consequence, a great number of Serbian refugees settled in the kingdom.[132]
King Matthias introduced far-reaching fiscal and military reforms.[133] First of all, peasants were in each year obliged to pay a lump-sum "extraordinary tax",[134] often without the consent of the Diet.[135] Traditional taxes were renamed in order to abolish earlier exemptions (for instance, the "thirtieth" was collected under the name "duty of the Crown" from 1467).[136] Contemporary estimations suggest that his total yearly income was about 650,000 golden florins.[137] More than 60 percent of his revenues (about 400,000 florins) derived from the "extraordinary tax", but salt monopoly and coinage still yielded significant income (60-80,000 florins).[137]
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Increased royal revenues enabled Matthias to set up and maintain a standing army.
Although his war against the "heretic" king of Bohemia,
Matthias rarely convoked a Diet and governed by
Matthias's court was "unquestionably among the most brilliant in Europe" (Miklós Molnár).[150] His library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana with its 2,000 manuscripts, was the second greatest in size among contemporary book-collections.[151] Matthias was the first monarch north of the Alps to introduce Italian Renaissance style in his realms.[151] Inspired by his second wife, Beatrice of Naples, he had the royal palaces at Buda and Visegrád rebuilt under the auspices of Italian architects and artists after 1479.[151]
Decline (1490–1526)
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Matthias' reforms did not survive the turbulent decades that followed his death in 1490. An oligarchy of quarrelsome magnates gained control of Hungary. Not wanting another heavy-handed king, they procured the accession of Vladislaus II, the king of Bohemia and son of Casimir IV of Poland, precisely because of his notorious weakness: he was known as King Dobže, or Dobzse (meaning "all right"), from his habit of accepting, without question, every petition and document laid before him.[152]
Vladislaus II donated most of the royal estates,
Vladislaus II also abolished the taxes that had supported Matthias' mercenary army. As a result, the king's army dispersed just as the Turks were threatening Hungary. The magnates also dismantled Mathias' administration and antagonized the lesser nobles. In 1492 the
Shocked by the peasant revolt, the Diet of 1514 passed laws that condemned the serfs to eternal bondage and increased their work obligations. Corporal punishment became widespread, and one noble even branded his serfs like livestock. The legal scholar István Werbőczy included the new laws in his Tripartitum of 1514, which made up the espirit of Hungary's legal corpus until the revolution of 1848. However, the Tripartitum was never used as a code. The Tripartitum gave Hungary's king and nobles, or magnates, equal shares of power: the nobles recognized the king as superior, but in turn the nobles had the power to elect the king. The Tripartitum also freed the nobles from taxation, obligated them to serve in the military only in a defensive war, and made them immune from arbitrary arrest.[citation needed]
When Vladislaus II died in 1516, his ten-year-old son Louis II became king, but a royal council appointed by the Diet ruled the country. Hungary was in a state of near anarchy under the magnates' rule. The king's finances were a shambles; he borrowed to meet his household expenses despite the fact that they totaled about one-third of the national income. The country's defenses sagged as border guards went unpaid, fortresses fell into disrepair, and initiatives to increase taxes to reinforce defenses were stifled. In 1521 Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent recognized Hungary's weakness and seized Belgrade in preparation for an attack on Hungary.[citation needed]
Battle of Mohács (1526)
Following the fall of Belgrade, Louis II and his wife, Mary of Habsburg, tried to manage an anti-magnate putsch, but were not successful. In August 1526, the Ottomans under Suleiman appeared in southern Hungary, and he marched nearly 100,000 Turkish-Islamic troops into Hungary's heartland. The Hungarian army, numbering around 26,000, met the Turks at Mohács. Though the Hungarian troops were well-equipped and well-trained, they lacked a good military leader, while reinforcements from Croatia and Transylvania did not arrive in time. They were utterly defeated, with up to 20,000 killed on the field, while Louis himself died when he fell from his horse into a bog.[157]
Partitioning (1526–1541)
After Louis's death, the rival factions of Hungarian nobles simultaneously elected two kings, John Zápolya and Ferdinand of Habsburg. Each claimed sovereignty over the entire country but lacked sufficient forces to eliminate his rival. Zápolya, a Hungarian who was military governor of Transylvania, was recognized by Sultan Suleiman and was supported mostly by lesser nobles opposed to new foreign kings. Zápolya's realm also became an Ottoman vassal in 1529 when he swore fealty to Suleiman. Ferdinand drew support from magnates in western Hungary who hoped he could convince his brother, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, to expel the Turks. In 1538 George Martinuzzi, Zápolya's adviser, arranged an agreement between the rivals, known as the Treaty of Nagyvárad,[158] that would have made Ferdinand sole monarch upon the death of the then-childless Zápolya. The agreement failed when, just before his death in 1540, Zápolya married and fathered a son, John Sigismund Zápolya. Violence erupted, and the Turks seized the opportunity, conquering the city of Buda and then partitioning the country in 1541.
See also
- List of Hungarian rulers
- Bulgarian–Hungarian wars
- Ottoman–Hungarian wars
- Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary
Notes
- ^ The last pagan Cumans were definitely christianized in the 16th century, mostly by conversion to Protestantism.
References
- ^ Kulcsár, Krisztina (13 November 2019). "A magyar nyelv hivatalossá tételéről rendelkező törvény, 1844 (Act on the officialization of the Hungarian language, 1844)". Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár (National Archives of Hungary).
- ^ Peter Farbaky, Louis A. Waldman (7 November 2011). Italy & Hungary: Humanism and Art in the Early Renaissance. Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ Márta Font - Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku (Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middle Ages) Archived 2017-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, p. 8-9
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- ^ Bak 1993, p. 269.
- ^ Fukuyama, Francis (February 6, 2012). "What's Wrong with Hungary". Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law (blog). The American Interest.
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- ^ Engel 2001, p. 111., 124.
- ^ Makkai 1994, p. 34.
- ^ Kirschbaum 2005, pp. 44-45.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 126.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 128.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 87.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 129.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 130.
- ^ Makkai 1994, p. 37.
- ^ a b c Kontler 1999, p. 88.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 132.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 131.
- ^ Makkai 1994, pp. 37-38.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 133.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 140.
- ^ Molnár 2001, p. 46.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 89.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 141.
- ^ Rady 2000, pp. 107-109.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 192-193.
- ^ a b c Kontler 1999, p. 90.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 155-156.
- ^ Bak 1994, p. 58.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 346.
- ^ a b Sedlar 1994, p. 348.
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- ^ Molnár 2001, p. 50.
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- ^ Engel 2001, p. 175.
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- ^ a b Kirschbaum 2005, p. 46.
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- ^ Molnár 2001, p. 53.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 172-173.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 99.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 147-148.
- ^ Kontler 1999, pp. 99-100.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 472.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 194.
- ^ a b c d Kontler 1999, p. 101.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 195.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 198.
- ^ Bak 1994, p. 54.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 397.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 102.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 199-201.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 398.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 201.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 412.
- ^ Kontler 1999, pp. 102-103.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 424.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 203.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 104.
- ^ a b Sedlar 1994, p. 167.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 219.
- ^ Kirschbaum 2005, p. 53.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 206.
- ^ a b Molnár 2001, p. 56.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 208.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 210.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 106.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 214.
- ^ Molnár 2001, p. 57.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 105.
- ^ Goldstein 1999, p. 29-30.
- ^ Fine 1994, pp. 489-490.
- ^ a b Bak 1994, p. 61.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 232-234.
- ^ a b c d Engel 2001, p. 237.
- ^ Crowe 2007, p. 70.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 111.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 339.
- ^ Spiesz et al 2006, pp. 52-53.
- ^ a b c Bak 1994, p. 60.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 241.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 126.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 109.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 227-228.
- ^ Georgescu 1991, p. 30.
- ^ Georgescu 1991, pp. 31., 41.
- ^ Bak 1994, p. 62.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 279.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 112.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 279-280.
- ^ a b Bak 1994, p. 63.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, pp. 282-283.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 284-285.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 114.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 286-287.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 116.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 288.
- ^ a b Bak 1994, p. 67.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 289.
- ^ Spiesz et al 2006, p. 54.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 291.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 292.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 117.
- ^ Bak 1994, p. 68.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 295.
- ^ Fine 1991, pp. 568-569.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 251.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 296.
- ^ a b Bak 1994, p. 69.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 118.
- ^ a b c Bak 1994, p. 70.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 298.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 299.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 300-301.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 576.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 121.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 310-311.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 120.
- ^ Bak 1994, p. 71.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 311.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, pp. 225., 238
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 309.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 308-309.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 125.
- ^ Kontler 1999, pp. 123-125.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 303-304.
- ^ a b c Bak 1994, p. 72.
- ^ Bak 1994, pp. 72-73.
- ^ a b Bak 1994, p. 73.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 290.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 316.
- ^ a b Bak 1994, p. 74.
- ^ Molnár 2001, p. 79.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 319.
- ^ "Hungary—Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
- ^ Francis Fukuyama: Origins of Political Order: From Pre-Human Times to the French Revolution
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- ^ a b Bain 1911.
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- ^ Johnson 2011, p. 75.
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- Master Roger's Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars (Translated and Annotated by János M. Bak and Martyn Rady) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; CEU Press; ISBN 978-9639776951.
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