Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia | |||||||||||||
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1815–1866 | |||||||||||||
Motto: A.E.I.O.U. (Motto for the House of Habsburg) "All the world is subject to Austria"[2][3] | |||||||||||||
Anthem: Inno Patriottico "The Patriotic Song" | |||||||||||||
Status | Crown land of the Austrian Empire | ||||||||||||
Capital | |||||||||||||
Common languages | Francis Joseph I | ||||||||||||
Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria | |||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||
• ceded to France | 10 November 1859 | ||||||||||||
14 June 1866 | |||||||||||||
23 August 1866 | |||||||||||||
12 October 1866 | |||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||
1852[4] | 46,782 km2 (18,063 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||
• 1852[4] | 4,671,000 | ||||||||||||
Currency |
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Today part of | Italy |
The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (
The kingdom would cease to exist within the next fifty years—the region of Lombardy was ceded to France in 1859 after the Second Italian War of Independence, which then immediately ceded it to the Kingdom of Sardinia. Lombardy-Venetia was finally dissolved in 1866 when its remaining territory was incorporated into the recently proclaimed Kingdom of Italy following the kingdom's victory against Austria in the Third Italian War of Independence.
History
Creation
In the
The Congress of Vienna combined these lands into a single kingdom, ruled in
Years of the Kingdom
The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia was first ruled by Emperor
Though the local administration was Italian in language and staff, the Austrian authorities had to cope with the
Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria ruled over the kingdom for the rest of its existence. The office of viceroy was abolished and replaced by a governor-general. The office was initially assumed by Field Marshal Radetzky - upon his retirement in 1857, it passed to Franz Joseph's younger brother Maximilian (who later became emperor of Mexico), who served as governor-general in Milan from 1857 to 1859.
End of the Kingdom
After the
Administration
Administratively the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia comprised two independent governments (Gubernien) in its two parts, which officially were declared separate crown lands in 1851. Each part was further subdivided into several provinces, roughly corresponding with the départements of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.
Lombardy included the provinces of Milan, Como, Bergamo, Brescia, Pavia, Cremona, Mantua, Lodi-Crema, and Sondrio. Venetia included the provinces of Venice, Verona, Padua, Vicenza, Treviso, Rovigo, Belluno, and Udine.[9]
According to the Ethnographic map of Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen, issued by the Imperial and Royal Administration of Statistics in 1855, the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia then had a population of 5,024,117 people, consisting of the following ethnic groups: 4,625,746 Italians (Lombard-Venetians); 351,805 Friulians; 12,084 Germans (Cimbrians in Venetia); 26,676 Slovenians; and 7,806 Jews.
For the first time since 1428, Lombardy reappeared as an entity, the first time in history that the term "Lombardy" was officially used to call specifically that entity and not for the whole of Northern Italy.
The administration used Italian as its language in its internal and external communications and documents, and the language's dominant position in politics, finance or jurisdiction was not questioned by the Austrian officials. The Italian-language
Austrian General Karl von Schönhals wrote in his memoirs [12][13] that the Austrian administration enjoyed the support of the rural population and the middle class educated at the universities of Pavia and Padua, who were able to pursue careers in the administration.
Von Schönhals further noted that the Austrians mistrusted and refused the local aristocrats from high government offices, as they traditionally had rejected university education and had been able to gain leadership positions because of their family background. Consequently, the aristocrats saw themselves deprived of the possibility of establishing themselves in the management of society and supported the wars of independence against the Austrians.
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Provinces of Lombardy–Venetia
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Ethnographic map of the Austrian Empire (1855) by Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen
Kings
King | Reign | Marriage(s) Issue |
Succession right(s) | Viceroy(s) | |
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Francis I (Francesco I) 1768–1835 (aged 67) |
9 June 1815 – 2 March 1835 |
List
|
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1815–1816: Heinrich von Bellegarde | |
1816–1818: Anton Victor of Austria | |||||
1818–1848: Rainer Joseph of Austria | |||||
Ferdinand I (Ferdinando I) 1793–1875 (aged 82) |
2 March 1835 – 2 December 1848 (Abdicated due to 1848 revolutions) |
Maria Anna of Savoy (m. 1831; w. 1878) Childless |
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Franz Joseph I (Francesco Giuseppe I) 1830–1916 (aged 86) |
2 December 1848 – 12 October 1866 (Forced to cede Lombardy and Venetia) |
Elisabeth in Bavaria (m. 1854; d. 1898) 4 children (3 survived to adulthood) |
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1848–1857: Joseph Radetzky | |
1857–1859: Maximilian of Austria | |||||
1859: Ferenc Gyulay |
Governors of Lombardy
- Ferdinand von Longobardi 1814 (short-lived)
- Heinrich Johann Bellegarde1814–1816
- Franz Josef Graf Saurau 1816–1818
- Giulio Strassoldo di Sotto 1818–1830
- Franz von Hartig 1830–1840
- Robert von Salm-Reifferscheidt-Raitz 1840–1841
- Johann Baptist Spaur 1841–1848
- Maximilian Karl Lamoral O'Donnell 1848 (acting)
- Felix von Schwarzenberg 1848
- Franz Wimpffen1848 (acting)
- Alberto Montecuccoli-Laderchi 1848–1849 (acting)
- Karl Borromäus Philipp zu Schwarzenberg1849–1850 (acting)
- Michele Strassoldo-Grafenberg 1851–1857 (with the title of Lieutenant of Lombardy)
- Friedrich von Burger 1857–1859
Governors of Venetia
- Peter Goëss 1815–1819
- Ferdinand Ernst Maria von Bissingen-Nippenburg 1819–1820
- Carlo d'Inzaghi 1820–1826
- Johann Baptist Spaur 1826–1840
- Aloys Pálffy de Erdöd 1840–1848
- Ferdinand Zichy zu Zich von Vasonykeöy 1848 (acting)
- Laval Nugent von Westmeath 1848–1849 (military governor)
- Karl von Gorzowsky 1849
- Stanislaus Anton Puchner 1849–1850
- Georg Otto von Toggenburg-Sargans 1850–1855
- Kajetan von Bissingen-Nippenburg 1855–1860
- Georg Otto von Toggenburg-Sargans 1860–1866 (second time)
Flags and Coats of Arms
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1815–1866
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1815
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1825
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1850
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Lesser
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Middle
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Greater
References
- ^ Pütz, Wilhelm (1855). Leitfaden bei dem Unterricht in der vergleichenden Erdbeschreibung. Freiburg.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 978-3-406-44754-9.
- Latin: Austriae est imperare orbi universo (Austria is to rule the whole world). But in the book of the same author, another page in Latin "En, amor electis, iniustis ordinor ultor; Sic Fridericus ego mea iura rego" (En, the love of the elect, I am ordered to avenge the unjust; Thus, Frederick, I rule my rights) There are also others, but like House of Savoy's FERT, the official interpretation is not set.
- ^ a b c Fisher, Richard S. (1852). The Book of the World: Volume 2. New York.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Rindler Schjerve, Rosita (2003). Diglossia and Power. Berlin.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Francis Young & W.B.B. Stevens (1864). Garibaldi: His Life and Times. London.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Pollock, Arthur William Alsager (1854). The United Service magazine: Vol.75. London.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Förster, Ernst (1866). Handbuch für Reisende in Italien: Vol.1 (in German). Munich.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ ISBN 3-11-017653-X. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- ^ "21st-22nd October 1866: annexation of Veneto to Italy". Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2023. (in Italian)
- ^ Boaglio, Gualtiero. 2003. 6. Language and power in an Italian crownland of the Habsburg Empire: The ideological dimension of diglossia in Lombardy
- ^ Schönhals, Karl von (1852). "'Erinnerungen eines österreichischen Veteranen aus dem italienischen Kriege der Jahre 1848 und 1849. 1'". MDZ.
- ^ Schönhals, Karl von (1852). "'Erinnerungen eines österreichischen Veteranen aus dem italienischen Kriege der Jahre 1848 und 1849. 2'". MDZ.
External links
- Media related to Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia at Wikimedia Commons
- Flags of Lombardy–Venetia