Kingdom of Mrauk U

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Kingdom of Mrauk-U
မြောက်ဦးဘုရင့်နိုင်ငံ
September 1430–1785
Flag of Mrauk-U Kingdom
View of Mrauk-U in the XVII century
Feudal monarchy (until 1782)
• 1429–1433
Min Saw Mon (first)
• 1433–1459
Min Khayi
• 1531–1554
Min Bin
• 1593–1612
Min Razagyi
• 1622–1638
Thiri Thudhamma
• 1652–1674
Sanda Thudhamma
• 1782–1785
Maha Thammada (last)
LegislatureRoyal Parliamentary System
Historical eraAD 15th to 18th Century
• Founding of dynasty
September 1430
• Vassalage of Bengal Sultanate
1429–1437[1]
• Conquest of Chittagong
1459[2]
• Joint-control of Lower Burma
1599–1603
• Loss of Chittagong
1666
• End of kingdom
2 January 1785
CurrencyDinga
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Laymro Kingdom
Interregnum
Bengal Sultanate
Konbaung Dynasty
Bengal Sultanate
Portuguese settlement in Chittagong
History of Myanmar
(Sri Ksetra Kingdom, Tagaung Kingdom)
(Thaton Kingdom)
flag Myanmar portal

The Kingdom of Mrauk-U (

Mrauk-U, near the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal, the kingdom ruled over what is now Rakhine State, Myanmar and southern part of Chittagong Division, Bangladesh. Though started out as a protectorate of the Bengal Sultanate from 1429 to 1531, Mrauk-U went on to conquer Chittagong with the help of the Portuguese. It twice fended off the Toungoo Burma's attempts to conquer the kingdom in 1546–1547, and 1580–1581. At its height of power, it briefly controlled the Bay of Bengal coastline from the Sundarbans to the Gulf of Martaban from 1599 to 1603.[3][4] In 1666, it lost control of Chittagong after a war with the Mughal Empire. Its reign continued until 1785, when it was conquered by the Konbaung dynasty of Burma.[5][6]

It was home to a

multiethnic population with the city of Mrauk U being home to mosques, temples, shrines, seminaries and libraries.[7] The kingdom was also a center of piracy and the slave trade. It was frequented by Arab, Danish, Dutch and Portuguese traders.[7]

History

See also:
Reconquest of Arakan
City walls of Mrauk U

Launggyet Dynasty

Although Arakan kings paid tribute to the

Pagan dynasty, the South was mostly free of Pagan suzerainty and largely cut off from the rest of Burma. Separated from Pagan by the Arakan Mountains, Arakan developed more independently to other Burmese regions. its capital moved from Thaibeiktaung to Dhanyawadi to Vesali before the 11th century, and then to Pyinsa, Parein, and Hkrit in the 12th century, with the capital moving to Pyinsa again in 1180, and then Launggyet in 1237.[8]

Vassal state of Bengal Sultanate

Background

Arakan had close contact with

Ava Kingdom and the Pegu Kingdom. The King of Ava installed his son-in-law on the throne of Arakan, bestowing him the title of Anoarahtâ. Pegu forces later captured and executed him. The power struggle ended with Razadarit coming out on top, capturing Taunggyet and installing his own governor, who was in power until 1423.[11]

Reign of Narameikhla

Following the death of Ahmed Shah in 1426, his son Nazir Shah took the throne of Bengal.

Persian characters on the other. Despite ruling parts of Bengal, it continued to remain a protectorate of the Sultan of Bengal up until 1531.[14]

Narameikhla founded the city of Mrauk U, which was declared the capital of the Arakanese kingdom in 1431. As the city grew, many

Buddhist pagodas and temples were built. Several of them remain, and these are the main attraction of Mrauk-U. From the 15th to the 18th centuries, Mrauk U was the capital of the Arakan kingdom, frequently visited by foreign traders (including Portuguese and Dutch).[15] The golden city of Mrauk U became known in Europe as a city of oriental splendor after Friar Sebastian Manrique visited the area in the early 17th century.[citation needed] Father Manrique's vivid account of the coronation of King Thiri Thudhamma in 1635[16] and about the Rakhine Court and intrigues of the Portuguese adventurers fire the imagination of later authors. The English author Maurice Collis who made Mrauk U and Rakhine famous after his book The Land of the Great Image: Being experiences of Friar Manrique in Arakan based its accounts on Friar Manrique' travels in Arakan.[17]

Independence from Bengal

Routes in the Toungoo–Mrauk-U War

Narameikhla was succeeded by his brother,

Dawlya, who launched a rebellion against him in 1482, taking his life.[18] A line of weak kings followed. However, in 1531, Minbin took the throne, strengthening the fortifications of Mrauk U and fighting back against coastal raids by pirates. Minbin was responsible for the construction of the Shwedaung pagoda as well as the Shitthaung, Dukkanthein, and Lemyethna temples in Mrauk U.[10]

During Minbin's reign, Arakan came under attack both from the north, from the coast, and from the east. In 1544, the armies of King

Toungoo–Mrauk-U War. However, he was unable to march further, and was held there for two years. Thus, he brought in Talaing and Shan fighters and revitalized his offensive, marching north to Mrauk U. However, once he reached the city, Tabinshwehti retreated, as he realised it was too well-defended and he did not want to besiege or blockade it. From the north came the Raja of Twipra, who marched as far as Ramu.[19] However, he was driven back, and upon the Arakanese reclamation of Chittagong, Minbin struck from producing coins with his name that styled him as sultan. Minbin's reign ended in 1553.[10]

Golden Age

In the historiography of Mrauk U, the kingdom's history is typically divided into early and late periods. Though historians disagree on the specific cutoffs- the 17th century is both the kingdom's

golden age and the turning point towards it relative decline.[20]

Down the line of kings came

Syriam by Razagyi. However, he shook off Arakanese power over the region, and, supported by Goa, he pushed away the many attacks of Arakan. Razagyi took three years (1602–1605) to take Sandwip from Manuel de Mattos and Domingo Carvalho.[22]

From 1531 to 1629, Arakanese raiders and

Buddhist, adopted Islamic fashions from the neighbouring Sultanate of Bengal.[26]

Crisis of the Millenium

Chittagong and Arakan in 1638

In 1628, the Laungkrakca (governor of Launggyet) rebelled during Thiri Thudhamma's reign. The rebelion was put down and many leading men executed, but this only furthered the importance of future Laungkrakca.

At the time, the Arakanese chronicle tradition had prophecised that the Mrauk U lineage of kings would end by the turn of the first millenium- roughly 1638 according to the Arakanese era. Various royal court ministers, including the Laungkrakca became more aggressive in vying for power. On 31 May 1638, Thiri Thudhamma mysteriously died. His son and crown prince Min Sanay ascended the throne, only to die 26 days later. After this, the Laugkrakca ascended the throne as Narapati.[20] Historian Jacques Leider ascribes this chain of events as a coup d'état by the Laungkrakca, creating instability within the kingdom[27]

After his ascension, the governor of Chittagong rebelled claiming the throne for himself. The rebellion was quashed, but in December 1643, the new governor of Chittagong rebelled, taking a large group of Portuguese mercenaries with him into Mughal territory. Narapati sent substantial army to quell this second rebellion, choosing to pillage Chittagong. His troops brought back 80,000 people - mostly weavers-- and several tens of thousands of cattle. This effectively destroyed the importance of Chittagong as a trade centre and created deep division in Arakan as the Dutch East India Company and various nobles protested the move. The sceptics of the king's plan were eventually proven correct as the resettled craftsmen were decimated by a famine in 1645 caused by the sudden change in population, effectively destroying Arakan's textile industry as well.[20]

This destruction and Narapati's attitude to the Dutch, pushed trade in eastern Bengal further west. Furthermore, advances in Dutch shipbuilding diminished the impact of Arakanese raids in

Lower Burma, further pushing that trade back to Lower Burma. During Narapati's reign, Mrauk U's control of Chittagong and the Bay of Bengal trade had all but collapsed.[20]

Mughal-Arakan wars

The 1666

insurrection by the royal Mughal refugees. According to varying accounts, Shuja's family was killed by the Arakanese, while Shuja himself may have fled to a kingdom in Manipur. However, members of Shuja's entourage remained in Arakan and were recruited by the royal army, including as archers and court guards. They were king makers in Arakan until the Burmese conquest.[29] The Portuguese and Arakanese continued their raids of Mughal Bengal which includes a raid in Dhaka in 1625.[30]

The

Mahamuni Buddha image, which is now in Mandalay, was cast and venerated some 15 miles from Mrauk U where another Mahamuni Buddha Image flanked by two other Buddha images. Mrauk U can be easily reached via Sittwe, the capital of Rakhine State. From Yangon there are daily flights to Sittwe and there are small private boats as well as larger public boats plying through the Kaladan river to Mrauk U. It is only 45 miles from Sittwe and the seacoast. To the east of the old city is the famous Kispanadi stream and far away the Lemro river. The city area used to have a network of canals. Mrauk U maintains a small archaeological Museum near Palace site, which is right in the centre of town. As a prominent capital Mrauk U was carefully built in a strategic location by levelling three small hills. The pagodas are strategically located on hilltops and serve as fortresses; indeed they are once used as such in times of enemy intrusion. There are moats, artificial lakes and canals and the whole area could be flooded to deter or repulse attackers. There are innumerable pagodas and Buddha images all over the old city and the surrounding hills. Some are still being used as places of worship today many in ruins, some of which are now being restored to their original splendor.[31]

Burmese conquest

Following

Konbaung Dynasty's conquest of Arakan in 1785, as many as 35,000 people of the Rakhine State fled to the neighbouring Chittagong region of British Bengal in 1799 to escape persecution by the Bamar and to seek protection under the British Raj.[32]

Cultural legacy

Main article: List of Buddhist temples § Rakhine State

Arakanese chronicle records that more than six million shrines and pagodas flourished in Mrauk-U. A British archaeologist, Emil Forchhammer noted that "in durability, architectural skill, and ornamentation the Mrauk-U temples far surpass those on the banks of Irrawaddy."[33] Illustrative examples of Mrauk U period architecture include the Shite-thaung and Htukkanthein Temples.

Gold and silver coins serve as the heritage of the Mrauk-U period. The tradition of coin-making was handed down from the Vesali kings who started minting coins around the fifth century. The coins so far found are of one denomination only. Inscribed on the coins are the title of the ruling king and his year of coronation; coins before 1638 had Rakhine inscriptions on one side and Persian and Nagari inscriptions on the other. The inclusion of the foreign inscriptions was meant for the easy acceptance by the neighbouring countries and the Arab traders. Twenty-three types of silver coins and three types of gold coins have so far been found.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Rakhine Razawin Thit Vol 2 (in Burmese). Ashin. Sandamala Likãra. p. 8 to 21.
  2. ^ Rakhine Razawin Thit Vol 2 (in Burmese). Ashin. Sandamala Likãra. p. 23 to 25.
  3. ^ Myint-U 2006: 77
  4. ^ Topich, Leitich 2013: 21
  5. ^ a b c Phayre 1883: 78
  6. ^ a b Harvey 1925: 140–141
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-313-35725-1
    .
  8. ^ a b Harvey 1925: 76
  9. ^ Akhtaruzzaman, Md. "POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN MEDIEVAL BENGAL AND ARAKAN." Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 61, 2000, pp. 1081–1092., www.jstor.org/stable/44144423. Accessed 5 Feb. 2020.
  10. ^ a b c Harvey 1925: 77
  11. ^ a b c Phayer 1883: 77
  12. ^
    ISBN 0739103563
    . Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  13. ^ a b Yegar 2002, p. 24.
  14. ^ Yegar 2002, p. 23-24.
  15. ISBN 0-7391-0356-3. Archived from the original
    on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  16. ISBN 978-1-317-00639-8
    .
  17. ISBN 978-81-206-1023-1
    .
  18. ^ Phayre 1883: 79
  19. ^ Phayre 1883: 79–80
  20. ^ a b c d van Gelen, Stephan (2002). "Arakan at the Turn of the First Millenium of the Arakanese Era". In Gommans, Jos; Leider, Jacques (eds.). The Maritime Frontier of Burma. Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. pp. 151–162.
  21. ^ Harvey 1925: 78
  22. ^ Thibaut d'Hubert; Jacques P. Leider (2011). "Traders and Poets at the Mrauk U Court: Commerce and Cultural Links in Seventeenth-Century Arakan" (PDF). In Rila Mukherjee (ed.). Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.: 81–82 
  23. ^ Aye Chan 2005, p. 398.
  24. ISBN 978-1-78374-102-1
    .
  25. ^ Rizvi, S.N.H. (1965). "East Pakistan District Gazetteers" (PDF). Government of East Pakistan Services and General Administration Department (1): 84. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  26. ^ (Aye Chan 2005, p. 398)
  27. ^ Leider, Jacques (1994). "La route de Am (Arakan)" [The Road to Arakan]. Journal Asiatique. 282 (2): 335–370.
  28. ^ Niccolò Manucci (1907). Storia Do Mogor: Or, Mogul India, 1653–1708. J. Murray.
  29. ISBN 978-981-4749-83-1
    .
  30. ISBN 978-90-04-19048-1
    .
  31. ISBN 0-7391-0356-3
    .
  32. ^ Aye Chan 2005, pp. 398–9.
  33. ^ Emil, Forchhammer (1891). Arakan.

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U&oldid=1217282632"