Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)

Kingdom of Sardinia Regnum Sardiniae ( Latin) Rennu de Sardigna (Sardinian) Regno di Sardegna (Italian) Regn ëd Sardëgna (Piedmontese )
1720–1861
Flag (1816–1848) Coat of arms (1833–1848)
Motto: FERT (Motto for the House of Savoy)
Anthem: S'hymnu sardu nationale "The Sardinian National Anthem"
Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859 including conquest of Lombardy; client states in light green
Status	Sovereign state under Savoy (1720–1861) Composite state (1720–1847) Unitary state (1847–1861)
Capital	Cagliari (1324–1847) Turin (1847–1861)
Common languages	Sardinian
Government	Absolute monarchy (1720–1848) Parliamentary constitutional monarchy (1848–1861)
Victor Emmanuel II
Prime Minister
• 1848 (first)	Cesare Balbo
• 1860–1861 (last)	Camillo Benso
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Subalpine Senate
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Historical era	Late modern
• Established	1720
• Became part of the Savoy state	1720
• Perfect Fusion	1848
• Loss of Savoy and Nice	1860
• Became the new Kingdom of Italy	1861
Population
• 1821	3,974,500
Currency	Cagliarese (1720–1813) Sardinian scudo (1755–1816) Piedmontese scudo (1755–1816) French franc (1800–1814) Sardinian lira (1816–1861)
Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720) Duchy of Savoy Republic of Genoa United Provinces of Central Italy Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of Italy Second French Empire
Today part of	Italy France Monaco

History of Sardinia

Pre-Nuragic Sardinia Nuragic civilization Phoenician–Punic Sardinia Sardinia and Corsica Vandal Sardinia Byzantine Sardinia Sardinian Judicates Kingdom of Sardinia

v t e

The term Kingdom of Sardinia denotes the

Under Savoyard rule, the kingdom's government, ruling class, cultural models, and centre of population were entirely situated in the peninsula.[12] The island of Sardinia had always been of secondary importance to the monarchy. While the capital of the island of Sardinia and the seat of its viceroys had always been Cagliari by law (de jure), it was the Piedmontese city of Turin, the capital of Savoy since the mid 16th century, which was the de facto seat of power. This situation would be conferred official status with the Perfect Fusion of 1847, when all the kingdom's governmental institutions would be centralized in Turin.

When the peninsular domains of the House of Savoy were occupied and eventually annexed by

During the 3rd century BC, the Allobroges settled down in the region between the Rhône and the Alps. This region, named Allobrigia and later "Sapaudia" in Latin, was integrated to the Roman Empire. In the 5th century, the region of Savoy was ceded by the Western Roman Empire to the Burgundians and became part of the Kingdom of Burgundy.

Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celto-Ligurian tribes such as the Taurini and the Salassi. They later submitted to the Romans (c. 220 BC), who founded several colonies there including Augusta Taurinorum (Turin) and Eporedia (Ivrea). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was repeatedly invaded by the Burgundians, the Goths (5th century), Byzantines, Lombards (6th century), and the Franks (773). At the time, what is known today as Piedmont, as part of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, was subdivided into several marks and counties.

In 1046,

The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of the

During the War of the Quadruple Alliance, Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont, and by now also King of Sicily, had to agree to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and receive Sardinia in exchange. The exchange was formally ratified in the Treaty of The Hague of 17 February 1720. Because the Kingdom of Sardinia had existed since the 14th century, the exchange allowed Victor Amadeus to retain the title of king in spite of the loss of Sicily. From 1720 to 1798, when Napoleon invaded Italy, the de facto government resided in Turin; Cagliari, which had been the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia since 1324, returned to be the de facto government during the Savoy exile from 1798 to 1814. When Napoleon was first resided, the de facto government returned to Turin but did not officially become the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia until 1847.

Victor Amadeus initially resisted the exchange of Sardinia for Sicilia in 1720. Until 1723, he continued to style himself King of Sicily rather than King of Sardinia. The state took the official title of Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus, and Jerusalem,

Since the Iberian period in Sardinia, common languages included

The refusal by the Savoyards of recognizing the Sardinian's rights and representaion in government[28]^[29][30] caused the Sardinian Vespers (also known as the "Three years of revolution") started by sa dii de s'aciappa^[31] ("the day of the pursuit and capture"), commemorated today as Sa die de sa Sardigna, when people in Cagliari started chasing any Piedmontese functionaries they could find and expelled them from the island. Thus, Sardinia became the first European country to have engaged in a revolution of its own, the episode not being the result of a foreign military importation like in most of Europe.^[32]

In 1814, the Crown of Savoy enlarged its territories with the addition of the former

King Victor Emmanuel II meets Giuseppe Garibaldi

in Teano, 26 October 1860.

Main article:

Italian unification

Like all the various

France, and fighting against Russia

.

In 1859, France sided with the Kingdom of Sardinia in a war against

Austro-Sardinian War. Napoleon III did not keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia had been conquered. Following the bloody battles of Magenta and Solferino, both French victories, Napoleon thought the war too costly to continue and made a separate peace behind Cavour's back in which only Lombardy

would be ceded. Due to the Austrian government's refusal to cede any lands to the Kingdom of Sardinia, they agreed to cede Lombardy to Napoleon, who in turn then ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Sardinia to avoid "embarrassing" the defeated Austrians. Cavour angrily resigned from office when it became clear that Victor Emmanuel would accept this arrangement.

Garibaldi and the Thousand

On 5 March 1860,

Modena, and Romagna voted in referendums to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. This alarmed Napoleon, who feared a strong Savoyard state on his south-eastern border and he insisted that if the Kingdom of Sardinia were to keep the new acquisitions they would have to cede Savoy and Nice to France. This was done through the Treaty of Turin, which also called for referendums to confirm the annexation. Subsequently, somewhat controversial referendums showed over 99.5% majorities in both areas in favour of joining France.^[36]

In 1860,

The Thousand quickly toppled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which was the largest of the states in the region, stretching from Abruzzo and Naples on the peninsula to Messina and Palermo on Sicily. He then marched to Gaeta

in the central peninsula. Cavour was satisfied with the unification while Garibaldi, who was too revolutionary for the king and his prime minister, also wanted to conquer Rome.

Garibaldi was disappointed in this development, as well as in the loss of his home province, Nice, to France. He also failed to fulfill the promises that had gained him popular and military support by the Sicilians: that the new nation would be a republic, not a kingdom, and that the Sicilians would see great economic gains after unification. The former did not come to pass until 1946.

Towards the Kingdom of Italy

On 17 March 1861, law no. 4671 of the

Brigandage in the Two Sicilies, many revolts exploded throughout the peninsula, especially in southern Italy and on the island of Sicily, because of the perceived unfair treatment of the south by the Piedmontese ruling class. The House of Savoy ruled the Kingdom of Italy until 1946, when Italy was declared a republic by referendum. The result of the 1946 Italian institutional referendum

was 54.3% in favor of a republic.

Economy

Major progress in the economy was achieved during the government of

sugar beets, and was one of the first Italian landowners to use chemical fertilizers.^[39]

He also founded the Piedmontese Agricultural Society.

Currency

The currency in use in Savoy was the Piedmontese scudo. During the Napoleonic Wars, it was replaced in general circulation by the French franc. In 1816, after regaining their peninsular domains, the scudo was replaced by the Sardinian lira, which in 1821 also replaced the Sardinian scudo, the coins that had been in use on the island throughout the period.

Government

Before 1847, only the island of Sardinia proper was part of the

Principality of Piedmont, County of Nice, and Duchy of Genoa, among others, were held by the Savoys in their own right. This resulted in the formation a composite monarchy and a personal union. This personal union was formally referred to as the "States of His Majesty the King of Sardinia", such as in the documents of the Congress of Vienna.^[8] The Perfect Fusion (Italian: Fusione perfetta) was the 1847 act of the Savoyard King Charles Albert of Sardinia which abolished the administrative differences between the mainland states and the island of Sardinia, in a fashion similar to the Nueva Planta decrees between the Crown of Castile and the realms of the Crown of Aragon between 1707 and 1716 and the Acts of Union between Great Britain and Ireland

in 1800.

In 1848, King Charles Albert granted the

King of Sardinia, while the head of the government was the Prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia

.

Military

The Royal Sardinian Army and the Royal Sardinian Navy functioned as the military of Kingdom of Sardinia until they became the Royal Italian Army on 4 May 1861 and the Regia Marina on 17 March 1861.

Flags, royal standards, and coats of arms

Main article: Flag of Sardinia

When the Duchy of Savoy acquired the

Italian tricolor, surmounted by the Savoyard shield, as his flag. This flag would later become the flag of the Kingdom of Italy, and the tricolor without the Savoyard escutcheon remains the flag of Italy

.

• Coat of arms
• 
  (1720–1815)
• 
  (1815–1831)
• 
  (1831–1848)
• 
  (1848–1861)

• State flags
• 
  Royal standard of the Savoyard kings of Sardinia of Savoy dynasty (1720–1848) and state flag of the Savoyard states (late 16th–late 18th century)
• 
  State flag and war ensign (1816–1848), civil flag crowned
• 
  State and war flag (1848–1851)
• 
  State flag and war ensign (1851–1861)

• Other flags
• 
  Merchant flag (c. 1799–1802)
• 
  War ensign of the Royal Sardinian Navy (1785–1802)
• 
  Merchant flag (1802–1814)
• 
  War ensign (1802–1814)
• 
  Merchant flag and war ensign (1814–1816)
• 
  Civil flag and civil ensign (1816–1848)
• 
  War ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1816–1848), aspect ratio 31:76
• 
  Civil and merchant flag (1851–1861), the Italian tricolore with the coat of arms of Savoy as an inescutcheon

• Royal standards
• 
  (1848–1861) and Kingdom of Italy (1861–1880)
• 
  Crown Prince (1848–1861) and Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1880)

• Sources:
  • Breschi, Roberto (2004). "Bandiere degli Stati preunitari italiani: Sardegna". Rbvex.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  • Ollé, Jaume (11 October 1998). "Kingdom of Sardinia – Part 1 (Italy)". Flags of the World. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  • Ollé, Jaume (13 October 1998). "Kingdom of Sardinia – Part 2 (Italy)". Flags of the World. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2024.

Maps

Territorial evolution of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1859 to 1860

• 
  1859:

    Kingdom of Sardinia

    

  Parma–Modena-Tuscany

    Papal States

    Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

  
  On the eve of the Second Italian War of Independence
• 
  1860:

    Kingdom of Sardinia

    Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia

    United Provinces of Central Italy

    Papal States

    Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

  
  After the annexation of Lombardy and before the annexation of the United Provinces of Central Italy
• 
  1861:

    Kingdom of Sardinia

    Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia

    Papal States

  
  After the Expedition of the Thousand, and on the eve of the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kingdom of Sardinia.

• List of viceroys of Sardinia
• History of Savoy from 1815 to 1860

Notes

1. king of Sardinia continued to retain the nominal title of Rex Corsicae (King of Corsica). The kingdom was initially called Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae, in that it was originally meant to also include the neighbouring island of Corsica, until its status as a Genoese land was eventually acknowledged by Ferdinand II of Aragon,^[3] who dropped the last original bit mentioning Corsica in 1479.^[2] Since then, the coinage minted since the establishment of the kingdom also bore the reference to Sardinia only.^[4]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Sandulli, Aldo; Vesperini, Giulio (2011). "L'organizzazione dello Stato unitario" (PDF). Rivista trimestrale di diritto pubblico (in Italian): 48–95. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2013. [At p. 94] Dall'indagine sulla legislazione del quadriennio 1861-64, innanzi svolta, trova conferma quanto affermato all'inizio e, cioè, che quello italiano non fu uno Stato nuovo, ma prevalse la continuità con le istituzioni e l'apparato amministrativo sabaudo. Si navigò a vista, senza elaborare un piano di riforme volto a costruire in modo organico e duraturo, preferendo operare per adattamenti e giustapposizioni. È emerso piuttosto chiaramente che si intese assicurare in tempi brevi la costruzione di uno Stato centrale (e periferico) forte, comprimendo gradualmente, soprattutto a seguito dell'emersione della questione meridionale, l'autonomia degli enti locali e i progetti riformatori tendenti al decentramento. [From the investigation into the legislation of the four-year period 1861–64 carried out above, what was stated at the beginning is confirmed, that is, that the Italian state was not a new one, but continuity with the institutions and the administrative apparatus of Savoy prevailed. They navigated by sight, without developing a plan of reforms aimed at building in an organic and lasting way, preferring to operate by adaptations and juxtapositions. It emerged rather clearly that the intention was to ensure in a short time the construction of a strong central (and peripheral) state, gradually compressing, especially following the emergence of the Southern Question, the autonomy of local authorities, and reform projects tending towards decentralization.]
2. ^
   ISBN 978-88-98062-13-3
   . Retrieved 20 December 2024 – via Google Books. ... 1479, Regno di 'Sardegna e Corsica' malgrado non rappresentasse tutta la Sardegna e malgrado la Corsica non fosse interessata ma considerata solo ambita (non sarà mai conquistata). Poi, dal 1479, si chiamo solo Regno di Sardegna ... poi solo Regno di Sardegna (fino al 1861), poi Regno d'Italia (fino al 1946), e, finalmente, Repubblica Italiana. E, tutto questo, senza alcuna soluzione di continuità. [... 1479, Kingdom of 'Sardinia and Corsica' even though it did not represent all of Sardinia and even though Corsica was not interested but only considered coveted (it will never be conquered). Then, from 1479, it was called only the Kingdom of Sardinia ... then only the Kingdom of Sardinia (until 1861), then the Kingdom of Italy (until 1946), and, finally, the Italian Republic. And, all this, without any solution of continuity.]
3. ISBN 978-88-98062-13-3
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   ISBN 978-0-511-52329-8. Archived
   from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
9. ISBN 978-1-315-83683-6. Archived
   from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
10. ^ Chastain, James (1999). "Sardinia-Piedmont, Kingdom of, 1848–1849". Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. Ohio University. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023. Updated 2005.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
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12. ^ "Sardinia, Historical Kingdom". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 July 1998. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2024. Updated 14 November 2024 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
13. ^ Raspi, Raimondo Carta (1971). Storia della Sardegna (in Italian). Milan: Ugo Mursia Editore. Retrieved 26 December 2024 – via Google Books.
14. OCLC 315870784
    . Retrieved 26 December 2024 – via Internet Archive. Il regno, che dal 1475 si chiamò semplicemente Regno di Sardegna rimase giudidicamente aggregato in Corona (Corona d'Aragona, poi Corona di Spagna) fino alla fine della corona d'Aragona ... La sua storia procede fino al Risorgimento, quando, il 17 marzo 1861, ha cambiato nome in Regno d'Italia. [The kingdom, which from 1475 was simply called the Kingdom of Sardinia, remained legally aggregated in the Crown (Crown of Aragon, then Crown of Spain) until the end of the Crown of Aragon ... Its history continues until the Risorgimento, when, on 17 March 1861, it changed its name to the Kingdom of Italy.]
15. OCLC 711514132
    .
16. ^
    ISBN 978-1-350-15219-9. Archived
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17. ^
    ISBN 978-1-139-42519-3. Archived
    from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
18. ^
    ISBN 978-1-107-14770-6. Archived
    from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
19. ^ "N/A". The Spectator. 7 May 1831. p. 8. Retrieved 26 December 2024 – via The Spectator Archive.
20. ISBN 978-8-88467-543-9
    .
21. ISBN 978-90-5569-043-5
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22. ISBN 978-88-901-3675-7
    .
23. ISBN 978-88-464-8520-5
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24. ^ "Limba Sarda 2.0S'italianu in Sardigna? Impostu a òbligu de lege cun Boginu – Limba Sarda 2.0". Limba Sarda 2.0. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
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27. ^ Peverelli, Pietro (1849). Comenti intorno allo Statuto del Regno di Sardegna. Turin: Tip. Castellazzo e Degaudenzi. p. 128. Retrieved 26 December 2024 – via Google Books.
28. ^ "The resentment of the Sardinian Nation towards the Piedmontese had been growing for more than half a century, when they [Piedmontese] began to keep for themselves all the lucrative employments on the island, to violate the ancient privileges granted to the Sardinians by the Kings of Aragon, to promote to the highest positions people of their own kind while leaving to the Sardinians only the episcopates of Ales, Bosa and Castelsardo, that is Ampurias. The arrongance and scorn with which the Piedmontese had been treating the Sardinians by calling them bums, dirty, cowards and other similar and irritating names, and above all the most common expression of Sardi molenti, that is "Sardinian donkeys", did little but worsen their disposition as the days passed, and gradually alienated them from this nation." Tommaso Napoli, Relazione ragionata della sollevazione di Cagliari e del Regno di Sardegna contro i Piemontesi
29. ^ "The hostility against the Piedmontese was no longer a matter of employments, like the last period of Spanish rule, the dispatches of the viceroy Balbiano and the demands of the Stamenti may paint it out to be. The Sardinians wanted to get rid of them not only because they stood as a symbol of an anachronistic dominion, hostile to both the autonomy and the progress of the island, but also and perhaps especially because their presumptuosness and intrusiveness had already become insufferable." Raimondo Carta Raspi, Storia della Sardegna, Editore Mursia, Milano, 1971, pp.793
30. ^ "Che qualcosa bollisse in pentola, in Sardegna, poteva essere compreso fin dal 1780. Molte delle recriminazioni contro il governo piemontese erano ormai più che mature, con una casistica di atti, fatti, circostanze a sostenerle, tanto per la classe aristocratica, quanto per le altre componenti sociali." Onnis, Omar (2015). La Sardegna e i sardi nel tempo, Arkadia, Cagliari, p.149
31. ^ Sa dì de s´acciappa – Dramma storico in due tempi e sette quadri Archived 2018-06-25 at the Wayback Machine, Piero Marcialis, 1996, Condaghes
32. ^ "Mentre a Parigi si ghigliottinava Robespierre e il governo repubblicano prendeva una piega più moderata, la Sardegna era in piena rivoluzione. Primo paese europeo a seguire l'esempio della Francia, peraltro dopo averne respinto le avance militari. La rivoluzione in Sardegna, insomma, non era un fenomeno d'importazione. [...] Le rivoluzioni altrove furono suscitate dall'arrivo delle armi francesi e da esse protette (come la rivoluzione napoletana del 1799). È un tratto peculiare, quasi sempre trascurato, della nostra stagione rivoluzionaria." Onnis, Omar (2015). La Sardegna e i sardi nel tempo, Arkadia, Cagliari, p.152
33. ^ Wells, H. G., Raymond Postgate, and G. P. Wells. The Outline of History, Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956. p. 753
34. ISBN 978-1-341-37795-2. Retrieved 23 December 2024 – via Google Books. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help
    )
35. ISBN 978-3-643-99894-1
    . Retrieved 23 December 2024 – via Google Books. In 1848, the Statute or constitution issued by King Carlo Alberto for the kingdom of Sardinia (better known as Piedmont, from its capital in Turin) proclaimed 'the only State religion' the Roman Catholic one.
36. ^ Wambaugh, Sarah & Scott, James Brown (1920), A Monograph on Plebiscites, with a Collection of Official Documents, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 599
37. ISBN 978-0-7190-6996-3
    . Retrieved 3 March 2014.
38. ^ "Coppa, Frank J., "Cavour, Count Camillo Benso di (1810–1861)", Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions, Ohio University, 1998". Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
39. ^ Beales & Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy, p. 108.

Bibliography

• Antonicelli, Aldo (2016). "From Galleys to Square Riggers: The Modernization of the Navy of the Kingdom of Sardinia".^{[dead link]} The Mariner's Mirror. 102 (2): 153–173.
• Hearder, Harry (1986). Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento, 1790–1870. London: Longman.
  ISBN 0-582-49146-0
  .
• Luttwak, Edward (2009). The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. The Belknap Press.
  ISBN 9780674035195
  .
• Mack Smith, Denis (1971). Victor Emanuel, Cavour and the Risorgimento. Oxford University Press.
• Martin, George Whitney (1969). The Red Shirt and the Cross of Savoy. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co.
  ISBN 0-396-05908-2
  .
• Murtaugh, Frank M. (1991). Cavour and the Economic Modernization of the Kingdom of Sardinia. New York: Garland Publishing.
  ISBN 978-0-8153-0671-9
  .
• Romani, Roberto (2012). "Reluctant Revolutionaries: Moderate Liberalism in the Kingdom of Sardinia, 1849–1859". Historical Journal. pp. 45–73.
• Romani, Roberto (2018). "The Reason of the Elites: Constitutional Moderatism in the Kingdom of Sardinia, 1849–1861". In Sensibilities of the Risorgimento. Brill. pp. 192–244.
• Schena, Olivetta (2019). "The Role Played by Towns in Parliamentary Commissions in the Kingdom of Sardinia in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth centuries". Parliaments, Estates and Representation. '39 (3): 304–315.
• Storrs, Christopher (1999). War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy, 1690–1720. Cambridge University Press.
  ISBN 0-521-55146-3
  .
• Thayer, William Roscoe (1911). The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1. Old interpretations but useful on details; volume 1 goes to 1859]; volume 2 online covers 1859–62.

In Italian

• AAVV. (edited by F. Manconi), La società sarda in età spagnola, Consiglio Regionale della Sardegna, Cagliari, 2 volumes, 1992–1993.
• Blasco Ferrer Eduardo, Crestomazia Sarda dei primi secoli, collection Officina Linguistica, Ilisso, Nuoro, 2003,
  ISBN 9788887825657
  .
• Boscolo Alberto, La Sardegna bizantina e alto giudicale, Edizioni Della Torre, Cagliari, 1978.
• ISBN 8871380843
  .
• Coroneo Roberto, Arte in Sardegna dal IV alla metà dell'XI secolo, AV eds., Cagliari, 2011.
• Coroneo Roberto, Scultura mediobizantina in Sardegna, Nuoro, Poliedro, 2000.
• Gallinari Luciano, "Il Giudicato di Cagliari tra XI e XIII secolo. Proposte di interpretazioni istituzionali", in Rivista dell'Istituto di Storia dell'Europa Mediterranea, no. 5, 2010.
• Manconi Francesco, La Sardegna al tempo degli Asburgo, Il Maestrale, Nuoro, 2010,
  ISBN 9788864290102
  .
• Manconi Francesco, Una piccola provincia di un grande impero, CUEC, Cagliari, 2012,
  ISBN 8884677882
  .
• Mastino Attilio, Storia della Sardegna Antica, Il Maestrale, Nuoro, 2005,
  ISBN 9788889801635
  .
• Meloni Piero, La Sardegna Romana, Chiarella, Sassari, 1980.
• Motzo Bachisio Raimondo, Studi sui bizantini in Sardegna e sull'agiografia sarda, Deputazione di Storia Patria della Sardegna, Cagliari, 1987.
• Ortu Gian Giacomo, La Sardegna dei Giudici, Il Maestrale, Nuoro, 2005,
  ISBN 9788889801024
  .
• Paulis Giulio, Lingua e cultura nella Sardegna bizantina: testimonianze linguistiche dell'influsso greco, Sassari, L'Asfodelo, 1983.
• Spanu Luigi, Cagliari nel seicento, Edizioni Castello, Cagliari, 1999.
• Zedda Corrado and Pinna Raimondo, "La nascita dei Giudicati. Proposta per lo scioglimento di un enigma storiografico", in Archivio Storico Giuridico di Sassari, second series, no. 12, 2007.