Travancore
Kingdom of Travancore Thiruvithaamkoor Rajyam | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1729–1949 | |||||||||
Motto: ധർമോസ്മത്ത് കുലദൈവതം Dharmōsmat Kuladaivatam ( Maharaja | | ||||||||
• 1729–1758 (first) | Marthanda Varma | ||||||||
• 1829–1846 (peak) | Swathi Thirunal | ||||||||
• 1931–1949 (last) | Chithira Thirunal | ||||||||
Diwan | |||||||||
• 1729–1736 | Arumukan Pillai | ||||||||
• 1838–1839 (peak) | R. Venkata Rao | ||||||||
• 1947–1949 (last) | P. G. N. Unnithan | ||||||||
Historical era | Age of Imperialism | ||||||||
• Established | 1729 | ||||||||
• Subsidiary alliance with the East India Company | 1795 | ||||||||
• Vassal of India | 1947 | ||||||||
• Merger with Kingdom of Cochin | 1949 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1949 | ||||||||
Area | |||||||||
1941[1] | 19,844 km2 (7,662 sq mi) | ||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• 1941[1] | 6,070,018 | ||||||||
Currency | Travancore Rupee | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Today part of | India |
The Kingdom of Travancore (
Bordering the kingdom were the five Tamil-majority Taluks of Madras Presidency to the north, Madurai and Tirunelveli districts of Pandya Nadu region in Madras Presidency to the east, the Indian Ocean to the south, and the Arabian Sea to the west.[3] As of the 1911 Census of India, Travancore was divided into five: Padmanabhapuram, Trivandrum, Quilon, Kottayam, and Devikulam, of which the first and last were predominantly Tamil-speaking areas.[3]
King
The Travancore royal family signed a treaty with the British in 1788, thereby adopting British dominance. Later, in 1805, they revised the treaty, leading to a diminution of royal authority and the loss of political independence for Travancore.[5][6] They had to give up their ruling rights over the common people in 1949 when Travancore were forced to merge with Independent India.
Etymology
The kingdom takes its name from Thiruvithamcode in the present-day Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu.
The region had many small independent kingdoms. Later, at the peak of the Chera-Chola-Pandya, this region became part of the Chera Kingdom (except for the Ay kingdom, which always remained independent). When the region was part of the
In the course of time, the
The Chera empire had dissolved by around 1100 and thereafter the territory comprised numerous small kingdoms until the time of Marthanda Varma who, as king of Venad from 1729, employed brutal methods to unify them.[11] During his reign, Thiruvithamkoor (Anglicized as Travancore) became the official name.[citation needed]
Geography
-
Map of Travancore in 1871.
-
A Canal scene in Travancore.
The Kingdom of Travancore was located at the extreme southern tip of the Indian subcontinent. Geographically, Travancore was divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands (rugged and cool mountainous terrain), the central midlands (rolling hills), and the western lowlands (coastal plains).[citation needed]
History
Ay dynasty
The ancient political and cultural history of central and southern Travancore was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The Chera dynasty governed the Malabar Coast between Alappuzha in the south and Kasaragod in the north. This included Palakkad Gap, Coimbatore, Salem, and the Kolli Hills. The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during the Sangam period roughly between the first and the fourth centuries CE and served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu.[13] However the southern region of the present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and Alappuzha) was under the Ay dynasty, which was more related to the Pandya dynasty of Madurai than the Cheras.[14]
Present-day Thiruvananthapuram city and district, and Kanyakumari district, were ruled by the Ay dynasty in ancient and medieval times, Tamil-speaking rulers based in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent.[15] Ay kingdom experienced attacks and conquests by Cholas and Pandya dynasty at times.[15] Later, it became part of Venad in the late Middle Ages, which eventually expanded into the princely state of Travancore in 18th century CE.[15] The Tamil-Dravidian architecture of Padmanabhaswamy temple make it distinct and different from the architectural style of the temples in northern and central Kerala.[15]
Modern-day southern Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta, etc.) were long ruled by Tamil dynasties such as the Ay kingdom and the Pandya dynasty,[16][17] and Chola dynasty,[18][19] until the 16th-17th century CE. The official language of Venad, based at Kollam, was also Tamil.[20] The place names, the dialects of Malayalam spoken, and the customs of southern Kerala still reveal a close relationship with a Tamil heritage.[21] Malayalam became more prevalent when Venad became Travancore by annexing the territories up to the present-day Ernakulam district.
Venad Swaroopam
The former state of Venad at the tip of the Indian subcontinent, traditionally ruled by
When the Ay diminished, Venad became the southernmost principality of the
In the second half of the 12th century, two branches of the Ay dynasty, the Thrippappur and Chirava, merged in the Venad family, which set up the tradition of designating the ruler of Venad as Chirava Moopan and the heir-apparent as Thrippappur Moopan. While the Chrirava Moopan had his residence at Kollam, the Thrippappur Moopan resided at his palace in Thrippappur, nine miles north of Thiruvananthapuram, and was vested with authority over the temples of Venad kingdom, especially the
Formation and development of Travancore
In the early 18th century CE, the
In 1741, Travancore won the Battle of Colachel against the Dutch East India Company, resulting in the complete eclipse of Dutch power in the region. In this battle, the Dutch Captain, Eustachius De Lannoy, was captured. He later defected to Travancore.[29]
De Lannoy was appointed captain of His Highness' bodyguard
Travancore became the most dominant state in the Kerala region by defeating the powerful
, the prime minister (1737–1756) of Marthanda Varma, also played an important role in this consolidation and expansion.On 3 January 1750, (5
At the Battle of Ambalapuzha, Marthanda Varma defeated the union of the kings who had been deposed and the king of the
Mysore invasion
Marthanda Varma's successor Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1758–1798), who was popularly known as Dharma Raja, shifted the capital in 1795 from Padmanabhapuram to Thiruvananthapuram. Dharma Raja's period is considered a Golden Age in the history of Travancore. He not only retained the territorial gains of his predecessor, but also improved and encouraged social development. He was greatly assisted by a very efficient administrator, Raja Kesavadas, the Diwan of Travancore. [citation needed]
Travancore often allied with the
Velu Thampi Dalawa's rebellion
On
The Prime Ministers (
The East India Company army defeated Paliath Achan's army in Cochin on 27 February 1809.
Cessation of mahādanams
The Rajahs of Travancore had been conditionally promoted to Kshatriyahood with periodic performance of
All Travancorean Kings including
The 19th and early 20th centuries
In Travancore, the caste system was more rigorously enforced than in many other parts of India up to the mid-1800s. The hierarchical caste order was deeply entrenched in the social system and was supported by the government, which transformed this caste-based social system into a religious institution.
-
Travancore's postal service adopted a standard cast iron pillar box, made by Massey & Co inAnchal post box is in Perumbavoor.
-
Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore (centre) with the first prince (left) and Dewan Rajah Sir T. Madhava Rao(right).
-
The last King of Travancore, Sree Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma.
-
Travancore Nair Brigade in 1861.
After the death of
In 1935, Travancore joined the
The last ruling king of Travancore,
A famine in 1943 claimed approximately 90,000 lives in Travancore.[47]
However, his prime minister, Sir
On 11 July 1991, Maharaja Sree Chithira Thirunal suffered a stroke and was admitted to a hospital, where he died on 20 July. He had ruled Travancore for 67 years and at his death was one of the few surviving rulers of a first-class princely state in the old British Raj. He was also the last surviving Knight Grand Commander of both the Order of the Star of India and of the Order of the Indian Empire. He was succeeded as head of the Royal House as well as the Titular Maharajah of Travancore by his younger brother, Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma. The Government of India issued a stamp on 6 Nov 1991, commemorating the reforms that marked his reign in Travancore.[52]
Formation of Kerala
The State of Kerala came into existence on 1 November 1956, with a governor appointed by the president of India as the head of state instead of a king.[53] The king was stripped of all his political powers and the right to receive privy purses, according to the twenty-sixth amendment of the Indian constitution act of 31 July 1971. He died on 20 July 1991.[54]
Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State
In the working committee meeting of Tamilian congress at Eraviputhur on 30 June 1946, the name of the political party was changed to Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress (T.T.N.C). T.T.N.C was popular among the Tamils living in Thovalai and Agateeswaram taluks. Ma. Po. Sivagnanam (
T.T.N.C won in 14 constituencies in the election to the State Legislative Assembly. Mr. A. Nesamony was elected as the legislative leader of the party. Then under his leadership, the awakened Tamil population was prepared to undergo any sacrifice to achieve their goal.[60]
In 1950, a meeting was held at Palayamkottai to make compromises between state congress and T.T.N.C. The meeting met with failure and Mr. Sam Nathaniel resigned from the post of president of T.T.N.C Mr. P. Ramasamy Pillai, a strong follower of Mr. A. Nesamony was elected as the New President.[59] The first general election of Independent India was held on 1952. T.T.N.C won 8 legislative assembly seats. Mr. A. Chidambaranathan became the minister on behalf of T.T.N.C in the coalition state government formed by the Congress. In the parliamentary Constituency Mr. A. Nesamony was elected as M.P. and in the Rajyasabha seat. Mr. A. Abdul Razak was elected as M.P. on behalf of T.T.N.C.[59] In due course, accusing the Congress government for not showing enough care the struggle of the Tamils, T.T.N.C had broken away from the coalition and the Congress government lost the majority. So fresh elections were announced. In 1954 elections, T.T.N.C gained victory in 12 constituencies.[59] Pattom Thanu Pillai was the chief minister for Thiru – Kochi legislative assembly. He engaged hard measures against the agitations of Tamils. Especially the Tamils at Devikulam – Peermedu regions went through the atrocities of Travancore Police force. Condemning the attitude of the police, T.T.N.C leaders from Nagercoil went to Munnar and participated in agitations against the prohibitive orders. The leaders were arrested and an uncalm atmosphere prevailed in South Travancore.[61]
On 11 August, Liberation Day celebrations were held at many places in South Travancore. Public meetings and processions were organised. Communists also collaborated with the agitation programmes. Police opened fire at the processions in Thoduvetty (Martandam) and Puthukadai. Nine Tamil volunteers were killed and thousands of T.T.N.C and communist sympathizers were arrested in various parts of Tamil main land. At the end, Pattom Thanu Pillai's ministry was toppled and normalcy returned to the Tamil regions.
Retainment of Devikulam and Peerumedu Taluks in Kerala
Apart from
Politics
Under the direct control of the King, Travancore's administration was headed by a Dewan assisted by the Neetezhutthu Pillay or secretary, Rayasom Pillay (assistant or under-secretary) and a number of Rayasoms or clerks along with Kanakku Pillamars (accountants). Individual districts were run by Sarvadhikaris under the supervision of Diwan, while dealings with the neighbouring states and Europeans was under the purview of the Valia Sarvahi, who signed treaties and agreements.[64]
Rulers of Travancore
- Anizham Tirunal Marthanda Varma 1729–1758[65]
- Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (Dharma Raja) - 1758–1798
- Balarama VarmaI - 1798–1810
- Gowri Lakshmi Bayi - 1810–1815 (Queen from 1810 to 1813 and Regent Queen from 1813 to 1815)
- Gowri Parvati Bayi (Regent) - 1815–1829
- Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma II - 1813–1846
- Uthram Thirunal Marthanda VarmaII - 1846–1860
- Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma III - 1860–1880
- Visakham Thirunal Rama Varma IV - 1880–1885
- Sree Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma VI - 1885–1924
- Sethu Lakshmi Bayi (Regent) - 1924–1931
- Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma II - 1924–1949 / died 1991
Titular Maharajahs of Travancore since 1991
- Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma III - 1991-2013.
- Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma VI - Since 2013.
His heir is
Prime Ministers of Travancore
Dalawas
- Arumukham Pillai 1729–1736[citation needed]
- Thanu Pillai 1736–1737
- Ramayyan Dalawa 1737–1756
- Martanda Pillai 1756–1763
- Warkala Subbayyan 1763–1768
- Krishna Gopalayyan 1768–1776
- Vadiswaran Subbrahmanya Iyer 1776–1780
- Mullen Chempakaraman Pillai 1780–1782
- Nagercoil Ramayyan 1782–1788
- Krishnan Chempakaraman 1788–1789
- Raja Kesavadas 1789–1798
- Odiery Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri 1798–1799
- Velu Thampi Dalawa 1799–1809
- Oommini Thampi 1809–1811
Dewans
- Col. John Munro 1811–1814[citation needed]
- Devan Padmanabhan Menon 1814–1814
- Bappu Rao (acting) 1814–1815
- Sanku Annavi Pillai 1815–1815
- Raman Menon 1815–1817
- Reddy Row 1817–1821
- T. Venkata Rao1821–1830
- Thanjavur Subha Rao1830–1837
- T. Ranga Rao(acting) 1837–1838
- T. Venkata Rao(Again) 1838–1839
- Thanjavur Subha Rao(again) 1839–1842
- Krishna Rao (acting) 1842–1843
- Reddy Row (again) 1843–1845
- Srinivasa Rao (acting) 1845–1846
- Krishna Rao 1846–1858
Name | Portrait | Took office | Left office | Term[66] |
---|---|---|---|---|
T. Madhava Rao | 1857 | 1872 | 1 | |
A. Seshayya Sastri | 1872 | 1877 | 1 | |
Nanoo Pillai | 1877 | 1880 | 1 | |
V. Ramiengar | 1880 | 1887 | 1 | |
T. Rama Rao | 1887 | 1892 | 1 | |
S. Shungrasoobyer | 1892 | 1898 | 1 | |
V. Nagam Aiya | 1901 | 1904 | 1 | |
K. Krishnaswamy Rao | 1898 | 1904 | 1 | |
V. P. Madhava Rao | 1904 | 1906 | 1 | |
S. Gopalachari | 1906 | 1907 | 1 | |
P. Rajagopalachari | 1907 | 1914 | 1 | |
M. Krishnan Nair | 1914 | 1920 | 1 | |
T. Raghavaiah | 1920 | 1925 | 1 | |
M. E. Watts | 1925 | 1929 | 1 | |
V. S. Subramanya Iyer | 1929 | 1932 | 1 | |
T. Austin | 1932 | 1934 | 1 | |
Sir Muhammad Habibullah | 1934 | 1936 | 1 | |
Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer | 1936 | 1947 | 1 | |
P.G.N.Unnithan
|
1947 | 1947 | 1 |
Prime Ministers of Travancore (1948-49)
No.[a] | Name | Portrait | Term of office[67][68] (tenure length) |
Assembly (election) |
Appointed by
(Monarch) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
From | To | Days in office | |||||||
1 | Pattom A. Thanu Pillai
|
24 March 1948 | 17 October 1948 | 210 days | Indian National Congress | Representative
Body (1948–49) |
Sir Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, Maharaja of Travancore | ||
2 | Paravoor T. K. Narayana Pillai | 22 October 1948 | 1 July 1949 | 253 days |
Administrative divisions
In 1856, the princely state was sub-divided into three divisions, each of which was administered by a Divan Peishkar, with a rank equivalent to a District Collector in British India.[69] These were the:
- talukas of Sharetalay, Vycome, Yetmanoor, Cottayam, Chunginacherry, Meenachil, Thodupolay, Moovatupolay, Kunnathnaud, Alangaud and Paravoor;
- Harippad and Mavelikaray
- Thovalay, Auguteeswarom, Kalculam, Eraneel, and Velavencode.
Divisions according to the 1911 Census of Travancore
1. Padmanabhapuram Division
The 1911 Census Report of Travancore states that Padmanabhapuram Division was the original seat of Travancore, where
2. Trivandrum Division
It was the headquarters of Travancore since 1795.
3. Quilon Division
4. Kottayam Division
It was situated in the northernmost area of Travancore.
5. Devikulam Division
It consisted most of the present-day Idukki district.[3] It was also related to Pandya Nadu and Kongu Nadu.[3] Devikulam division was Tamil-speaking region.[3]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1816 | 906,587 | — |
1836 | 1,280,668 | +1.74% |
1854 | 1,262,647 | −0.08% |
1875 | 2,311,379 | +2.92% |
1881 | 2,401,158 | +0.64% |
1891 | 2,557,736 | +0.63% |
1901 | 2,952,157 | +1.44% |
1911 | 3,428,975 | +1.51% |
1921 | 4,006,062 | +1.57% |
1931 | 5,095,973 | +2.44% |
1941 | 6,070,018 | +1.76% |
Source:[70][71][72] |
Travancore had a population of 6,070,018 at the time of the
Religions
Census year | Total population | Hindus | Christians | Muslims | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1816 – 1820 | 906,587[74] | 752,371[74] | 82.99% | 112,158[74] | 12.37% | 42,058[74] | 4.64% |
1881 | 2,401,158[55] | 1,755,610[55] | 73.12% | 498,542[55] | 20.76% | 146,909[55] | 6.12% |
1891 | 2,557,736[75] | 1,871,864[75] | 73.18% | 526,911[75] | 20.60% | 158,823[75] | 6.21% |
1901 | 2,952,157[74] | 2,063,798[74] | 69.91% | 697,387[74] | 23.62% | 190,566[74] | 6.46% |
1911 | 3,428,975[74] | 2,298,390[74] | 67.03% | 903,868[74] | 26.36% | 226,617[74] | 6.61% |
1921 | 4,006,062[74] | 2,562,301[74] | 63.96% | 1,172,934[74] | 29.27% | 270,478[74] | 6.75% |
1931 | 5,095,973[74] | 3,137,795[74] | 61.57% | 1,604,475[74] | 31.46% | 353,274[74] | 6.93% |
1941 | 6,070,018[73] | 3,671,480[73] | 60.49% | 1,963,808[73] | 32.35% | 434,150[73] | 7.15% |
Languages
Census year | Total population | Malayalam | Tamil | Others | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1875 | 2,311,379[55] | 1,902,533[55] | 82.32% | 387,909[55] | 16.78% | 20,937[55] | 0.91% |
1881 | 2,401,158[55] | 1,937,454[55] | 80.69% | 439,565[55] | 18.31% | 24,139[55] | 1.01% |
1891 | 2,557,736[75] | 2,079,271[75] | 81.29% | 448,322[75] | 17.53% | 30,143[75] | 1.18% |
1901 | 2,952,157[76] | 2,420,049[76] | 81.98% | 492,273[76] | 16.68% | 39,835[76] | 1.35% |
1911 | 3,428,975[77] | 2,836,728[77] | 82.73% | 554,618[77] | 16.17% | 37,629[77] | 1.10% |
1921 | 4,006,062[78] | 3,349,776[78] | 83.62% | 624,917[78] | 15.60% | 31,369[78] | 0.78% |
1931 | 5,095,973[74] | 4,260,860[74] | 83.61% | 788,455[74] | 15.47% | 46,658[74] | 0.92% |
Name of Division[55] | Malayalam (%)[55] | Tamil (%)[55] |
Padmanabhapuram Division | 11.24[55] | 88.03[55] |
---|---|---|
Trivandrum Division | 87.05[55] | 12.09[55] |
Quilon Division | 92.42[55] | 6.55[55] |
Cottayam Division | 95.19[55] | 3.65[55] |
Devicolam Division | 36.18[55] | 59.14[55] |
Name of Taluk[55] | Total population[55] | Malayalam[55] | Tamil[55] | Others[55] | ||||
1 | Thovalai | 30,260[55] | 190[55] | 0.63% | 29,708[55] | 98.18% | 362[55] | 1.20% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | Agasteeswaram
|
78,979[55] | 705[55] | 0.89% | 76,645[55] | 97.04% | 1,629[55] | 2.06% |
3 | Eraniel | 112,116[55] | 9,640[55] | 8.60% | 102,389[55] | 91.32% | 87[55] | 0.08% |
4 | Culcoolum | 60,908[55] | 10,528[55] | 17.29% | 49,930[55] | 81.98% | 450[55] | 0.74% |
5 | Vilavancode | 69,688[55] | 18,497[55] | 26.54% | 51,172[55] | 73.43% | 19[55] | 0.03% |
6 | Neyyattinkarai | 110,410[55] | 97,485[55] | 88.29% | 12,809[55] | 11.60% | 116[55] | 0.11% |
7 | Trivandrum South | 51,337[55] | 39,711[55] | 77.35% | 10,522[55] | 20.50% | 1,104[55] | 2.15% |
8 | Trivandrum North | 51,649[55] | 38,979[55] | 75.47% | 11,102[55] | 21.50% | 1,568[55] | 3.04% |
9 | Nedoomangad | 52,211[55] | 48,492[55] | 92.88% | 3,573[55] | 6.84% | 146[55] | 0.28% |
10 | Sheraingil | 87,072[55] | 82,339[55] | 94.56% | 4,629[55] | 5.37% | 146[55] | 0.17% |
11 | Kottarakkarai | 55,924[55] | 51,836[55] | 94.56% | 3,994[55] | 7.14% | 94[55] | 0.17% |
12 | Pathanapuram | 37,064[55] | 35,264[55] | 95.14% | 1,603[55] | 4.32% | 197[55] | 0.53% |
13 | Sengottai | 30,477[55] | 7[55] | 0.02% | 29,694[55] | 97.43% | 776[55] | 2.55% |
14 | Quilon | 108,469[55] | 103,775[55] | 95.67% | 3,650[55] | 3.37% | 1,044[55] | 0.96% |
15 | Kunnathur | 62,700[55] | 60,330[55] | 96.22% | 2,339[55] | 3.73% | 31[55] | 0.05% |
16 | Karunagapully
|
101,039[55] | 99,079[55] | 98.06% | 1,814[55] | 1.80% | 146[55] | 0.14% |
17 | Karthikapully | 81,969[55] | 79,705[55] | 97.24% | 1,059[55] | 1.29% | 1,205[55] | 1.47% |
18 | Mavelikkarai | 111,731[55] | 107,404[55] | 96.13% | 4,139[55] | 3.70% | 188[55] | 0.17% |
19 | Chengannur | 81,301[55] | 80,295[55] | 98.76% | 986[55] | 1.21% | 20[55] | 0.02% |
20 | Thiruvallai | 103,007[55] | 101,041[55] | 98.09% | 1,664[55] | 1.62% | 302[55] | 0.29% |
21 | Ambalappulay | 93,401[55] | 82,345[55] | 88.16% | 5,864[55] | 6.28% | 5,192[55] | 5.56% |
22 | Sharetala | 113,704[55] | 107,108[55] | 94.20% | 2,312[55] | 2.03% | 4,284[55] | 3.77% |
23 | Vycome | 76,414[55] | 72,827[55] | 95.31% | 2,684[55] | 3.51% | 903[55] | 1.81% |
24 | Yettoomanoor | 79,058[55] | 75,004[55] | 94.87% | 3,879[55] | 4.91% | 175[55] | 0.22% |
25 | Cottayam | 64,958[55] | 63,831[55] | 98.27% | 722[55] | 1.11% | 405[55] | 0.62% |
26 | Chunganacherry | 74,154[55] | 66,481[55] | 89.65% | 7,394[55] | 9.97% | 279[55] | 0.38% |
27 | Meenachel | 57,102[55] | 55,186[55] | 96.64% | 1,857[55] | 3.25% | 59[55] | 0.10% |
28 | Moovattupulay | 95,460[55] | 93,473[55] | 97.92% | 1,930[55] | 2.02% | 57[55] | 0.06% |
29 | Todupulay | 24,321[55] | 23,227[55] | 95.50% | 1,085[55] | 4.46% | 9[55] | 0.04% |
30 | Cunnathunad | 109,625[55] | 108,083[55] | 98.59% | 831[55] | 0.76% | 711[55] | 0.65% |
31 | Alangaud | 66,753[55] | 65,839[55] | 98.63% | 571[55] | 0.86% | 343[55] | 0.51% |
32 | Paravoor | 61,966[55] | 56,495[55] | 91.17% | 3,332[55] | 5.38% | 2,139[55] | 3.45% |
33 | Cardamom Hills | 6,228[55] | 2,253[55] | 36.18% | 3,683[55] | 59.14% | 292[55] | 4.69% |
- | Travancore | 2,401,158[55] | 1,937,454[55] | 80.69% | 439,565[55] | 18.31% | 24,139[55] | 1.01% |
Currency
Unlike the rest of India, Travancore divided the rupee into unique values, as represented on coins and stamps, as follows:
Unit | Equivalent Sub-units |
---|---|
1 Travancore Rupee | 7 Fanams |
1 Fanam | 4 Chuckrams |
1 Chuckram | 16 Cash |
Cash and Chuckram coins are copper. Travancore Fanam and Travancore Rupee coins are silver.
Culture
Travancore was characterised by the popularity of its rulers among their subjects.
Violence rooted in religion or caste was uncommon in Travancore, but the barriers based on these parameters were rigid.
Unlike most of India, In
Notable people
- Mor Severios ( 1851–1927), Metropolitan
See also
- Zamorin of Calicut
- Kingdom of Cochin
- Marthanda Varma
- Travancore-Cochin
- Thachudaya Kaimal
- Battle of Colachel
- Travancore War
- Travancore rupee
- Battle of Nedumkotta
- Cochin - Travancore Alliance (1761)
- Cochin Travancore War (1755–1756)
- Kingdom of Mysore
- Upper cloth revolt
- Vaikom Satyagraha
- Temple Entry Proclamation
- Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State
- Madras Presidency
- Malabar District
- Marthandavarma (novel)
- The Years of Rice and Salt, an acclaimed novel that features an alternate history Travancore
Notes
- ^ A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.
References
Citations
- ^ 1941 Census of India. Government of India. Archived from the originalon 14 November 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ British Archives http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/d3e53001-d49e-4d4d-bcb2-9f8daaffe2e0
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Iyer, A. Subrahmanya (1912). Census of India, 1911, Volume XXIII, TRAVANCORE, Part-I, Report (PDF). Trivandrum: Government of Travancore. pp. 19–22.
- ISBN 978-93-86057-61-7.
- ^ https://www.socialsciencejournal.in/assets/archives/2022/vol8issue2/8-2-26-278.pdf
- JSTOR 44139406.
- ^ P. Shungunny Menon (1878). A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times. Thiruvananthapuram: Higginbotham's.
- ^ R. Narayana Panikkar (18 April 1933). Travancore History (in Malayalam). Nagar Kovil.
{{cite book}}
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- ^ Mateer, Samuel (1871). The Land of Charity. University of Michigan Libraries. p. 160.
- ^ Subramanian, T. S (28 January 2007). "Roman connection in Tamil Nadu". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
- ^ KA Nilakanta Sastri
- ^ ISBN 9788126415786.
- ^ Karashima, Noburu. 2014. 'The Fall of the Old States', in A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 172–73. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
- ^ "Pandya dynasty | Indian dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
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- ^ Majumdar (contains no mention of Maldives)
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- ^ "Kerala's Tamil Connection". The New Indian Express. 26 June 2010. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021.
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- ^ ISBN 978-81-264-1578-6. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
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- ^ Travancore State Manual
- ISBN 978-0-521-29091-3. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
- ^ a b c Shungoony Menon, P. (1878). A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times. Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. pp. 136–140. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
- ^ a b Shungoony Menon, P. (1878). A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times. Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. pp. 162–164. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
- ^ "9 Madras : A Tale of 'Terrors'". Sainik Samachar. The journal of India's Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2007.
- ^ Shungoony Menon, P. (1878). A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times. Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. p. 171. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
- ^ a b "Travancore." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 11 November 2011.
- ISBN 81-7648-170-X, Jan 2000).
- ^ Sadasivan, S.N., 1988, Administration and social development in Kerala: A study in administrative sociology, New Delhi, Indian Institute of Public Administration
- ^ "ഹിരണ്യഗര്ഭച്ചടങ്ങിന് ഡച്ചുകാരോട് ചോദിച്ചത് 10,000 കഴിഞ്ച് സ്വര്ണം KERALAM Paramparyam - Mathrubhumi Special". Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014. MATHRUBHUMI Paramparyam ഹിരണ്യഗര്ഭച്ചടങ്ങിന് ഡച്ചുകാരോട് ചോദിച്ചത് 10,000 കഴിഞ്ച് സ്വര്ണം – "ശ്രീമൂലംതിരുനാള് വരെയുള്ള രാജാക്കന്മാര് ഹിരണ്യഗര്ഭം നടത്തിയിട്ടുണ്ടെന്നാണ് അറിയുന്നത്. ഭാരിച്ച ചെലവ് കണക്കിലെടുത്ത് ശ്രീചിത്തിരതിരുനാള് ബാലരാമവര്മ്മ മഹാരാജാവ് ഈ ചടങ്ങ് നടത്തിയില്ല."
- ^ Cf. Ward & Conner, Geographical and Statistical Memoir, page 133; V. Nagam Aiya, The Travancore State Manual, Volume-2, Madras:AES, 1989 (1906), page 72.
- ^ G. Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, University of Madras, 2003, The Subaltern Agency in Ayyavali, Page 174.
- ^ "Kerala State Syllabus - Text books". Archived from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.Towards Modern Kerala, 10th Standard Text Book, Chapter 9, Page 101. See this Pdf
- ^ C.f. Rev.Samuel Zechariah, The London Missionary Society in South Travancore, Page 201.
- ^ A. Sreedhara, Menon. A Survey of Kerala History. pp. 271–273.
- ^ "Travancore State Forces". 13 April 2020. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ^ "During his rule, the revenues of the State were nearly quadrupled from a little over Rs 21/2 crore to over Rs 91/2 crore." – 'THE STORY OF THE INTEGRATION OF THE INDIAN STATES' by V. P. MENON
- ^ Supreme Court, Of India. "GOOD GOVERNANCE: JUDICIARY AND THE RULE OF LAW" (PDF). Sree Chithira Thirunal Memorial Lecture, 29 December 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- ISBN 978-81-7638-028-7.
- ISBN 81-264-1578-9.
- S2CID 259440543.
- ^ Sreedhara Menon in Triumph & Tragedy in Travancore Annals of Sir C. P.'s Sixteen Years, DC Books publication
- ^ Aiyappan Pillai Interview to Asianet news Accessed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMS_6Z_WRE
- ^ "Instrument of Accession of His Highness the Maharajah of Travancore". Travancore State- Instrument of Accession and Standstill Agreement signed between Rama Verma, Ruler of Travancore State and the Dominion of India. New Delhi: Ministry of States, Government of India. 1947. p. 3. Retrieved 31 August 2022 – via National Archives of India.
- ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
- ISBN 978-81-7638-028-7.
- ^ "The States Reorganisation Act, 1956" (PDF). legislative.gov.in. Government of India.
- ^ THE CONSTITUTION (TWENTY-SIXTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1971 Archived 6 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm Report on the Census of Travancore (1881) (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Government of India. 1884. pp. 135, 258.
- ^ V. S. Sathianesan – Tamil Separatism in Travancore
- ^ R. Isaac Jeyadhas – Kanyakumari District and Indian Independence Struggle (Tamil)
- ^ a b D. Daniel – Travancore Tamils: Struggle for Identity.
- ^ a b c d B. Yogeeswaran – History of Travancore Tamil Struggle (Tamil)
- ^ a b c D. Peter – Malayali Dominance and Tamil Liberation (Tamil)
- ^ R. Kuppusamy – Historical foot prints of a True War (Tamil)
- ^ B. Mariya John – Linguistic Reorganisation of Madras Presidenty
- ^ a b c d e f g Ayyappan, R (31 October 2020). "Why did Kerala surrender Kanyakumari without a fight?". Onmanorama. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
- ^ Aiya 1906, p. 329-30.
- ^ de Vries, Hubert (26 October 2009). "Travancore". Hubert Herald. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012.
- ^ The ordinal number of the term being served by the person specified in the row in the corresponding period
- ^ Responsible Governments (1947–56). Kerala Legislature. Retrieved on 22 April 2014.
- ^ History of Kerala Legislature. Government of Kerala. Archived on 6 October 2014.
- ^ Shungoony Menon, P. (1878). A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times. Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. p. 486. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
- ^ Travancore, Part I, Vol-XXV (1941) (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Government of Travancore. 1942. p. 13.
- ^ Report on the Census of Travancore (1891) (PDF). Chennai: Government of India. 1894. p. 631.
- ^ Report on the Census of Travancore (1881) (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Government of India. 1884. p. 87.
- ^ a b c d e Travancore, Part I, Vol-XXV (1941) (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Government of Travancore. 1942. pp. 124–125.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Census of India, 1931, VOLUME XXVIII, Travancore, Part-I Report (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Government of Travancore. 1932. pp. 327, 331.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Report on the Census of Travancore (1891) (PDF). Chennai: Government of India. 1894. pp. 10–11, 683.
- ^ a b c d Iyer, N. Subrahmanya (1903). Census of India-1901, Volume-XXVI, Travancore (Part-I). Thiruvananthapuram: Government of Travancore. pp. 224–225.
- ^ a b c d Iyer, N. Subramhanya (1912). Census of India – 1911, Volume-XXIII, Travancore (Part-I) (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Government of Travancore. p. 176.
- ^ a b c d Iyer, S. Krishnamoorthi (1922). Census of India, 1921, Volume-XXV, Travancore. Thiruvananthapuram: Government of Travancore. p. 91.
- ^ THE HINDU by STAFF REPORTER, 14 May 2013, 'Simplicity hallmark of Travancore royal family'- National seminar on the last phase of monarchy in Travancore inaugurated: "History is replete with instances where the Travancore royal family functioned more as servants of the State than rulers who exploited the masses. The simplicity that the family consistently upheld in all aspects of governance distinguished it from other contemporary monarchies, said Governor of West Bengal M.K. Narayanan"
- ^ "Sree Chithira Thirunal, was a noble model of humility, simplicity, piety and total dedication to the welfare of the people. In the late 19th and early 20th century when many native rulers were callously squandering the resources of their, states, this young Maharaja was able to shine like a solitary star in the firmament, with his royal dignity, transparent sincerity, commendable intelligence and a strong sense of duty."- 'A Magna Carta of Religious Freedom' Speech By His Excellency V.Rachaiya, Governor of Kerala, delivered at Kanakakkunnu Palace on 25.10.1992
- ^ a b A Survey of Kerala History, A. Shreedhara Menon (2007), DC Books, Kottayam
- ^ Jeffrey, Robin (1976). The decline of Nayar dominance : society and politics in Travancore, 1847-1908. pp. 17–18.
- ^ Santhanam, Kausalya (30 March 2003). "Royal vignettes: Travancore – Simplicity graces this House". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 4 April 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Bibliography
- Aiya, V. Nagam (1906). Travancore State Manual. Travancore Government Press. (Digital book format)
Further reading
- Hatch, Emily Gilchriest (1934). Pictures of Travancore. Oxford University Press. p. 64.
- Hatch, Emily Gilchriest (1933). Travancore: A guide book for the visitor with thirty-two illustrations and two maps. Calcutta: Oxford University Press. p. 270. (a second revision was published in 1939)
- Menon, P. Shungoonny (1879). A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times. Higginbotham & Co., Madras.
- U. Sivaraman Nair (1955). Travancore-Cochin Language Handbook (1951) (PDF). Travancore-Cochin Government Press.
Census reports
- 1871 Travancore Census Report (PDF). Trivandrum: Government of Travancore. 1874.
- Report on the Census of Travancore (1881) (PDF). Trivandrum: Government of India. 1884.
- Report on the Census of Travancore (1891) (PDF). Trivandrum: Government of India. 1894.
- Iyer, N. Subrahmanya (1903). Census of India-1901, Volume-XXVI, Travancore (Part-I). Trivandrum: Government of Travancore.
- Iyer, N. Subramhanya (1912). Census of India – 1911, Volume-XXIII, Travancore (Part-I) (PDF). Trivandrum: Government of Travancore.
- Iyer, S. Krishnamoorthi (1922). Census of India, 1921, Volume-XXV, Travancore. Trivandrum: Government of Travancore.
- Census of India, 1931, VOLUME XXVIII, Travancore, Part-I Report (PDF). Trivandrum: Government of Travancore. 1932.
- Travancore, Part I, Vol-XXV (1941) (PDF). Trivandrum: Government of Travancore. 1942.
External links
- Travancore State Manual by T.K.Velu Pillai (archived 7 May 2006)