Kingsley Plantation
Kingsley Plantation | |
Location | within the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, Jacksonville, Florida |
---|---|
Nearest city | Jacksonville, Florida, U.S. |
Coordinates | 30°26′18″N 81°26′17″W / 30.43833°N 81.43806°W |
Area | 60 acres (24.3 ha) |
Built | 1797 or 1798 |
NRHP reference No. | 70000182[1] |
Added to NRHP | September 29, 1970 |
Kingsley Plantation (also known as the Zephaniah Kingsley Plantation Home and Buildings) is the site of a former estate on Fort George Island, in Duval County, Florida, that was named for its developer and most famous owner, Zephaniah Kingsley, who spent 25 years there. It is located at the northern tip of Fort George Island at Fort George Inlet, and is part of the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve managed by the U.S. National Park Service. Kingsley's house is the oldest plantation house still standing in Florida, and the solidly-built village of slave cabins is one of the best preserved in the United States. It is also "the oldest surviving antebellum Spanish Colonial plantation in the United States."[2]
The
The principal business at the Kingsley Plantation was slaves: buying, selling, and training them. Kingsley's slaves commanded a premium in the market. Raising salable cotton was a secondary business. As they were very isolated they also had to raise their food, in small gardens. By the standards of the day Kingsley treated his slaves well —he married one—, and they were loyal to him.
Free blacks and several private owners lived at the plantation until it was purchased by the State of Florida in 1955. It was acquired by the National Park Service in 1991.
The most prominent features of Kingsley Plantation are the owner's house—a structure of architectural significance built probably between 1797 and 1798 that is cited as being the oldest surviving
Zephaniah Kingsley wrote a defense of slavery and the three-tier social system that acknowledged the rights of free people of color that existed in Florida under Spanish rule. Kingsley briefly served on the
Kingsley Plantation was not Kingsley's only or even his primary plantation. His plantation on Drayton Island has not been studied. "At the other end of Fort George, now Batten Island, he built himself a house of some size, which is now [1878] in ruins; there lived Flora, his black mistress. He divided his time about equally between the two places."[7]: 845 "In the 1830 census he owned only 39 slaves at the present Fort George site, but 188 at a little-known San José plantation, in Nassau County.[3]: 69 In 1836 he moved his entire family from Florida, since Kingsley's free Blacks were ever more unwelcome and insecure, to a plantation called Mayorasgo de Koka, at the time in Haiti but from the 1840s in the Dominican Republic. Little remains of Mayorasgo de Koka.[8]
History
Pre-Columbian settlement and colonization
Fort George Island is located in
Ownership of Florida transferred to the United Kingdom in 1763. Spanish settlers had established missions—including one on Fort George Island named San Juan del Puerto that eventually gave the nearby St. Johns River its name—but their frequent battles with the Timucua and a decline in mission activity curbed development.[12][13] When the British controlled Florida, they established several plantations in the region. Richard Hazard owned the first plantation on Fort George Island in 1765, harvesting indigo with several dozen enslaved Africans. Spain regained ownership of Florida in 1783 after the American Revolution and recruited new Americans with promises of free land.[14]
In 1793, American Revolution veteran John "Lightning" McQueen (1751–1807) was lured to Fort George Island from South Carolina by the Spanish government, which rewarded McQueen with the island. McQueen settled with 300 slaves and constructed a large house in a unique architectural style exhibiting four corner pavilions surrounding a great room. McQueen was soon bankrupt due to misfortunes, and the possession of the plantation turned over to John McIntosh (1773–1836) from Georgia who revived it in 1804.[15] McIntosh, however, took a leading role in the Patriot Rebellion, an insurgency by Americans to hasten the annexation of Florida to the United States. The rebellion was unsuccessful, and McIntosh fled back into Georgia to escape punishment from the Spanish.[16]
Kingsley's family
Born in
Let it be known that I ... possessed as a slave a black woman called Anna, around eighteen years of age, bought as a bozal [newly imported African][19] in the port of Havana from a slave cargo, who with the permission of the government was introduced here; the said black woman has given birth to three mulatto children: George, about 3 years 9 months, Martha, 20 months old, an Mary, one month old. And regarding the good qualities shown by the said black woman, the nicety and fidelity which she has shown me, and for other reasons, I have resolved to set her free ... and the same to her three children.[20]
Marriages between white plantation owners and African women were common in East Florida.
Authors of an
The Florida Territorial Council passed laws that forbade
He went on to exhibit considerable pride in the Haitian plantation built with the help of his sons:
I wish you would go there. [Anna] would give you the best in the house. You ought to go, to see how happy the human race can be. It is a fine, rich valley, about thirty miles from Port Platte; heavily timbered with mahogany all round; well watered; flowers so beautiful; fruits in abundance, so delicious that you could not refrain from stopping to eat, till you could eat no more. My sons have laid out good roads, and built bridges and mills; the people are improving, and everything is prosperous.[19]
Kingsley died in the next year, while en route to New York City to work on a land deal.[32] Anna returned to Florida in 1846 to settle an inheritance dispute with some of her husband's white relatives; because the will had been made under Spanish law, when inheritance by free blacks was legal, the court ruled in her favor and control of the Kingsley's holdings in Florida remained with her and her children for several years.[33] Kingsley Beatty Gibbs sold the Fort George Island plantation in 1852 and moved to St Augustine.[34]
Post-Kingsley inhabitants
Anna Jai moved with about 70 former slaves to the Arlington neighborhood of Jacksonville, where she lived out her remaining years. The ownership of the island and farms immediately following its sale by Gibbs is unknown, but after the American Civil War, the Freedmen's Bureau managed the island and recently emancipated freedmen lived in the former slave quarters and farmed the land.[35]
A New Hampshire farmer named John Rollins (1835–1905) purchased the island in 1869 and made extensive changes to the plantation house, which had been vacant.
Two clubs were constructed on the island for well-to-do Jacksonville residents. In 1923, 208 acres of Fort George Island were purchased from the Rollins heirs by the Fort George Corporation, which then leased 58 acres, including the Kingsley Plantation buildings, to the Army and Navy Country Club of Florida. Renamed the Fort George Club in 1926, the club built a new clubhouse in 1927 adjacent to the plantation house, which was used as an annex for additional accommodations. The clubhouse burned in 1936, but was rebuilt in 1938, with the plantation house serving as the clubhouse in the meantime. Financial difficulties due to the Depression, along with an aging membership, however, caused the club to decline, and in 1948 the club ceased operations and put its real estate on the market.[39] The clubhouse has been torn down.
The
The
Slavery on Fort George Island
Kingsley's plantations, first at Laurel Grove and then at Fort George, were the headquarters of his slave trading business.[43]: 172 Kingsley owned a fleet of slave schooners,[43]: 73 some built at a shipyard on the plantation,[44]: 38 using white artisans that Kingsley hired for the purpose. We know the name of only one, his schooner "North Carolina".[45]: 119, 127 [3]: 62 There is a widow's walk on the house. They would discharge their African cargos at the plantation, openly until Florida became American in 1821, clandestinely afterwards.[43]: 74–75 To increase their value and salability, newly-arrived slaves were taught some English and trained in agricultural tasks, and then they were marketed at premium prices to planters. "Kingsley niggers" were widely recognized as the best.[43]: 74 The production of agricultural products that could be sold was a welcome side venture.
Labor at Kingsley Plantation was carried out by the task system: each slave was given an assigned set of tasks for the day, such as processing 20–30 lb (9–14 kg) of cotton or constructing three barrels for a slave who was a cooper. When the day's jobs were completed, slaves were free to do as they chose.[46][47] Kingsley Beatty Gibbs described the task system in his journal:
October 5, 1841—No work was done today, as all the people have it to gather their own crop—It is a rule which we have, to give all the negroes one day in the spring to plant, and one day in the fall to reap, and as there is a rule on Sea Island plantations fixing the tasks required each day to be done, it occurs, during the long days of summer, that the hand is generally done his task by 2 p.m., often sooner, so they have abundance of time to work their own crop, fish, etc., etc.[48]
This task system of slavery was common among sea island plantations in the Southeastern United States. In contrast, cotton and tobacco plantations in Virginia and other parts of the South practiced the gang system, where an overseer who was also a slave drove slaves to work the entire day.[46] Slaves on Fort George Island were African or first generation African American. Records and archeological information show they were Igbo and Calabari from Nigeria, and others from the area around what is today Guinea, and a few from Zanzibar. Archeologist Charles H. Fairbanks received a Florida Park Service grant to study artifacts found at the slave quarters. His findings, published in 1968, initiated further interest and research in African-American archeology in the U.S.[49] Concentrating on two particular cabins bordering on Palmetto Avenue, Fairbanks found cooking pots used in fireplaces, animal bones—fish, pigs, raccoons, and turtles—discarded as food byproducts, and musket balls and fishing weights.[50]
Fairbanks described Kingsley as "an unusually permissive slave owner"[51] who wrote about the physical superiority of Africans to Europeans, armed his slaves for protection, and gave them padlocks for their cabins.[26][52] Historian Daniel Stowell suggests that the cabins and Kingsley's hands-off approach to slave management was intended to prevent the slaves from running away. Kingsley himself wrote about not interfering in his slaves' family lives and "encouraged as much as possible dancing, merriment and dress, for which Saturday afternoon and night, and Sunday morning were dedicated."[26]
Kingsley used the plantation as his slave trading headquarters, training slaves for specific tasks to increase their value at sale.[17][53] He developed them as skilled artisans and educated them about agriculture and planting. Those who had been trained by Kingsley fetched a much higher price at sale, on average 50 percent higher than market price.[17][note 3]
The slave cabins
The slave houses were constructed out of
In the construction of tabby buildings at the Kingsley Plantation on Fort George Island, Florida, ...wooden or metal boxes with handles, that varied from twelve to thirty-six inches in height [0.3 – 0.9 m], were devised to take the place of forms which had to be dismantled and reassembled for each level. The twenty-four tabby slave houses at the Kingsley Plantation represented a massive construction effort which attests to the apparent success of this innovation.[56]: 25 n. 3
The floors of the kitchen house and the basement of the owner's house were also constructed of tabby. The material made the houses remarkably durable, resistant to weather and insects, better insulated than wood, and the ingredients were accessible and cheap, although labor-intensive.[57] The slave quarters at Kingsley Plantation are widely considered some of the best surviving examples of the use of this building material.[58]
Each cabin consisted of a room, fireplace, and sleeping loft. The arrangement of the quarters is distinctive: there were originally 32 cabins laid out in a semicircular arc interrupted by the main thoroughfare to the plantation, Palmetto Avenue. This formation is unique in plantations in the
In the 1890s John Rollins tore down several of the slave cabins so as to build a boathouse and dock using the tabby slabs.[61]
The archeological significance of the site is considerable as the majority of slave quarters in the Southern United States were not built with quality materials, and most quarters were destroyed after emancipation.[62] In 2010, the plantation's cemetery was discovered by historical archaeologist Dr. Brittany Brown,[63] a then undergraduate student at University of Florida.[64] As a result, six graves thought to contain enslaved Africans were unearthed by University of Florida archaeologists.[65] The bodies ranged in age from infants to an elderly woman; three were adults who were probably born in West Africa.
A 2006 excavation sponsored by the University of Florida uncovered artifacts from the slave cabins, such as the tools the slaves used. In one cabin an intact sacrificed chicken on top of an egg was unearthed, adding evidence to the hypothesis that African slaves kept many of their traditions alive in North America. Archeologists also discovered evidence of an added-on porch to one of the cabins facing away from the main house, an atypical feature for a slave cabin, as owners and overseers usually constructed quarters to be within their view at all times.[51]
Kingsley's house and other structures
The main residence of the Fort George plantation is a unique two-story house that was constructed between 1797 and 1798 by John McQueen, who indicated in a letter at the time that he had built a comfortable house for himself. The house—resembling 17th-century British gentry homes[58]—has a large center room and four one-story pavilions at each corner that allowed air to circulate through them to keep them cooler in the summer; each was a bedroom that had a fireplace to heat more efficiently in the winter.[66] The second story of the house has two large rooms.[67] In the cellar there were "secret, walled-up spaces";[45]: 127 on the roof is a widow's walk. The house faces Fort George Inlet and features separate porches on the front and rear of the house. When Kingsley owned the property, a brick walkway joined the porch to a now-vanished wharf on the inlet.[68] It is the oldest surviving plantation house in the state.[6]
The main house protected John McQueen's family and neighbors during attacks from invading
Next to the main house was a two-story kitchen house that was called "Ma'am Anna House" while Anna Jai was on Fort George Island. It was probably built in the 1820s and doubled as a center for food preparation on the ground floor and Anna Jai's residence with her children on the second.
A barn constructed of tabby sits 150 feet (46 m) from the owner's house. Two wells have survived since Kingsley's ownership and two tombs of unknown origin constructed of tabby before Kingsley came to own the island are also located near the plantation;[74] according to Pleasant Gold in her History of Duval County, 1928, inscriptions subsequently destroyed stated that they were the 1808 tombs of a daughter and sister of John McIntosh, who owned the plantation before Kingsley.[75] Ruins of another tabby house sit near the entrance of Palmetto Avenue. According to park literature, it is called the Munsilna McGundo House for Kingsley's fourth wife, as Kingsley, referring to it as "her house", left it to her and her daughter Fatima in his will.[76] More recently it has been referred to as Thomson Tabby House, named for a planter who died perhaps while constructing it.[77] It was apparently the last tabby structure built on the island.[56]: 106 n. 4
Activities and restoration
Kingsley Plantation currently showcases the remains of 23 slave houses out of 32 original cabins, located approximately 1,000 feet (305 m) south of the main owner's house. One of the slave houses has been restored to appear as it did in the early 19th century; others are in various states of repair or ruin. The kitchen house features a display about slavery on the island, and the garden is also on display. Maintenance of the historical structures is the most significant work being done at Kingsley Plantation. The kitchen and owner's house were closed in 2005 due to severe structural damage caused by termites and humidity.[78] The kitchen building was restored in 2006, but work is ongoing for the owner's house. As of March 2017, the owner's house is open for guided tours on a limited basis each weekend. The barn is being renovated and is now open. Despite the durability of the slave quarters, they are vulnerable to vandalism, and each cabin shows evidence of damage.[79] One room of the kitchen house is open and contains exhibits.
Since 1998 Kingsley Plantation has hosted an annual one-day event, originally in October, later in February, called the Kingsley Heritage Celebration that coincides with the Kingsley family reunion.[80]
Several relatives of Kingsley and Anna Jai are notable. Kingsley's youngest sister's daughter,
Another branch of Kingsley descendants lives in the
See also
Notes
- ^ Kingsley was often away on business, during which Anna Jai would assume management responsibilities for the plantation. Anna Jai befriended a white woman named Susan L'Engle, who came from Fernandina to visit Kingsley on business, and spent time with Anna Jai. Kingsley's absence and his time spent with his other wives gave L'Engle the impression that Anna Jai was lonely at Fort George Island, despite all her responsibilities. Susan L'Engle told her stories to her great granddaughter, children's author Madeleine L'Engle, who wrote them in her book Summer of the Great Grandmother. Anna Jai is referred to as "the African Princess" in the book; there is some belief that Anna Jai may have been the daughter of a ruling family in West Africa. (Schafer, pp. 5, 15–18, 58.)
- Mayport, Florida. (Fretwell, p. 5.)
- ^ Depending on the condition, training, age, and quality of the slave, a price could range from 50 to 400 pesos in early 19th century Spanish Florida. Pesos were roughly equivalent to dollars. $50 is equivalent to $974 in 2023 and $400 equivalent to $7,792 in 2023. (Landers, pp. 140, 177).
Citations
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
- ^ Marshall, Amani T. (2022), The Enslaved Communities on Fort George Island. A Special History Study for Timucuan Ecological & Historic Preserve (PDF), National Park Service, archived (PDF) from the original on December 27, 2022
- ^ a b c Walker, Karen Jo (1988). Kingsley and his slaves : anthropological interpretation and evaluation. Columbia, South Carolina: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina. p. 7.
- ^ Carter, John (October 20, 2004). "Slave history event at Kingsley site: Plantation having 'a sort of family reunion'." Florida Times-Union (Jacksonville), p. N-1.
- ^ "Archaeology Field School". Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, National Park Service. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
- ^ ISBN 1578064767.
- Harper's New Monthly Magazine. 57: 839–861. 1878.
- ISBN 978-0-8130-2616-9.
- ^ Stowell (1996), p. 2.
- ^ Milanich, p. 1.
- ^ Stowell (1996), p. 5.
- ^ a b Stowell (1996), pp. 15–21.
- ^ Gannon, p. 57.
- ^ Stowell (1996), p. 27.
- ^ Stowell and Tilford, pp. 4–6.
- ^ Stowell and Tilford, p. 7.
- ^ a b c d e f May, Philip (January 1945). "Zephaniah Kingsley, Nonconformist (1765-1843)", The Florida Historical Quarterly 23 (3), pp. 145–159.
- ^ Schafer (1997), p. 11.
- ^ a b Jackson and Burns, p. 17.
- ^ Schafer (1997), p. 19.
- ^ Schafer (1997), pp. 15–17.
- ^ a b Tilford, Kathy (Fall 1997). "Anna Kingsley: A Free Woman", OAH Magazine of History, 12 (1), pp. 35–37.
- ^ Schafer (1997), p. 38.
- ^ Schafer (2003), p. 31.
- ^ Jackson and Burns, p. v.
- ^ a b c d e Kingsley (1829)
- ^ Fleszar, pp. 134–135.
- ^ Schafer (1997), p. 39.
- ^ Stowell (2000), p. 72.
- ^ Schafer (1997), pp. 41–42.
- ^ Jackson and Burns, p. 15.
- ^ Schafer (1997), p. 45.
- ^ Schafer (2003), pp. 72–76.
- ^ Fretwell, p. 11.
- ^ Stowell and Tilford, pp. 16–17.
- Timucuan Ecological & Historic Preserve, National Park Service, 2015
- ^ Daly, Geraldine (September 23, 1945). "'Colcorton' Plot Borrowed from History". Tampa Bay Times. p. 32.
- ^ Stowell and Tilford, pp. 19–20.
- ^ Historic American Buildings Survey (1933), Kingsley Plantation, 11676 Palmetto Avenue, Jacksonville, Duval County, FL, Library of Congress One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Fort George Island Cultural State Park. Experiences and amenities, 2022, retrieved December 26, 2022
- ^ Jackson and Burns, p. 5.
- ^ Stowell and Tilford, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d Gold, Pleasant Daniel (1928). History of Duval County, Florida. St. Augustine, Florida: The Record Company.
- ISBN 978-0813056531.
- ^ a b Corse, Carita Doggett (1931). The key to the Golden islands. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
- ^ a b Labor, National Park Service (2006). Retrieved on August 15, 2009.
- ^ Mallard, Kiley (Winter 2007), "The Kingsley Plantation. Slavery in Spanish Florida", Florida History & the Arts, archived from the original on October 25, 2007, retrieved December 26, 2022
- ^ Fretwell, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Jackson and Burns, pp. 5–8.
- ^ Jackson and Burns, p. 6.
- ^ a b c Davidson, James, et al. Preliminary Results of the 2006 University of Florida Archaeological Field School Excavations at Kingsley Plantation, Fort George Island, Florida African Diaspora Archeology Network. Retrieved on December 30, 2007.
- ^ Birdwell, April (Summer, 2007). "A Legacy Revealed." Florida; pp. 12–15.
- ^ Williams, Edwin (October 1949). "Negro Slavery in Florida", The Florida Historical Quarterly 28 (2), p. 94–110.
- ^ Stowell (1996), p. 72.
- ^ Stowell (1996), pp. 71–72.
- ^ a b Gritzner, Janet Bigbee (1978). Tabby in the Coastal Southeast: the Culture History of an American Building Material. Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University.
- ^ Steffen, Colleen (January 6, 2000)."Crumbling past." Florida Times-Union (Jacksonville, FL); p. E-1
- ^ a b Stowell (1996), p. 81.
- ^ Stowell (1996), p. 73.
- ^ Schafer, p. 55.
- ^ Library of Congress, Kingsley Plantation, 11676 Palmetto Avenue, Jacksonville, Duval County, FL, Historic American Buildings Survey (Library of Congress)
- ^ Stowell (1996), pp. 80–81.
- ^ "Brittany Brown - African American Cemeteries as Critical Geographies". 11 July 2022.
- ^ "Transcript: Life, Loss, and Libations". MSNBC. November 2022.
- ^ "The Discovery of a Graveyard - Timucuan Ecological & Historic Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)".
- ^ Stowell (1996), p. 67.
- ^ Stowell (1996), p. A7.
- ^ Schafer (2003), p. 46.
- ^ Schafer (1997), p. 27.
- ^ Stowell (1996), p. A8.
- ^ Schafer (2003), p. 48.
- ^ Schafer (2003), pp. 50–51.
- ^ Stowell (1996), p. 68.
- ^ Gilmore, Tim (December 8, 2016). "Fort George Island Crypts". Jaxpsychogeo. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
- ^ Gold, Pleasant Davis (1928). History of Duval County, Florida. St. Augustine, Florida: The Record Company. p. 70.
- ^ Wilson, Gertrude Rollins (1868–69), Notes Concerning the Old Plantation. Notes Concerning the Old Plantation of Fort George Island
- ^ Stowell (1996), pp. 75–79.
- ^ Carter, John (March 9, 2005). "Kingsley Plantation to undergo repairs: Work begun on kitchen, other fixes slated for later." Florida Times-Union (Jacksonville); p. K-1.
- ^ Preservation Work at Kingsley Plantation, National Park Service. Retrieved on August 14, 2009.
- JSTOR 41407471.
- ^ Jackson and Burns, pp. 19–20.
- ^ Jackson and Burns, p. 23.
- ^ Jackson and Burns, p. 24.
- Gale OneFile: News.
- ^ Lovejoy, Heather (November 7, 2007). "Kingsley Plantation slavery event is moved to February." Florida Times-Union (Jacksonville); p. N-8
- ^ Kingsley Heritage Celebration Press Release National Park Service (January 28, 2009). Retrieved on August 12, 2009.
Bibliography
- Fleszar, Mark (2009). "The Atlantic Mind: Zephaniah Kingsley, Slavery, and the Politics of Race in the Atlantic World," Georgia State University (dissertation)
- Fretwell, Jacquiline K. (ed.) (1984). Kingsley Beatty Gibbs and His Journal of 1840–1843, St. Augustine Historical Society.
- ISBN 0-8130-1415-8
- Jackson, Antoinette; Burns, Allan (January 2006). Ethnohistorical Study of the Kingsley Plantation Community, National Park Service.
- An Inhabitant of Florida (Kingsley, Zephaniah, Jr). (1829). A Treatise on the Patriarchal or Co-operative System of Society as it Exists in Some Governments, and Colonies in American, and the United States Under the Name of Slavery With its Necessary Advantages, reprinted in 2005 by Eastern National.
- Landers, Jane (1999). Black Society in Spanish Florida, University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02446-X
- Milanich, Jerald T. (2000) "The Timucua Indians of Northern Florida and Southern Georgia", in McEwan, Bonnie G. ed. (2000) Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory, University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1778-5
- Schafer, Daniel L. (1997). Anna Kingsley, St. Augustine Historical Society.
- Schafer, Daniel L. (2003). Anna Madgigine, Jai Kingsley: African Princess, Florida Slave, Plantation Slaveowner, University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2616-4
- Stowell, Daniel (October 1996). Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: Historic Resource Study, Archived 2009-08-31 at the Wayback Machine National Park Service.
- Stowell, Daniel (ed.) (2000). Balancing Evils Judiciously: The Proslavery Writings of Zephaniah Kingsley, University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2400-5
- Stowell, Daniel and Tilford, Kathy (1998). Kingsley Plantation: A History of Fort George Island Plantation, Eastern National. ISBN 188821323X
Further reading (most recent first)
- Delaney, Bill (October 31, 2019). "Old Red Eyes And The Ghosts Of Kingsley Plantation". The Jaxson.
- Jackson, Antoinette T. (Winter 2009). "The Kingsley Plantation Community in Jacksonville, Florida: Memory and Place in a Southern American City" (PDF). CRM. The Journal of Heritage Stewardship. 6 (1): 23–33.
- Fairbanks, Charles H. (1974). "The Kingsley Slave Cabins in Duval County, Florida, 1968". The Conference on Historic Site Archaeology Papers 1972 - Volume 7. Vol. 8. pp. 62–93.
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ignored (help) - "Kingsley's Plantation", Emancipator and Free American (Boston), September 1, 1842
External links
- Media related to Kingsley Plantation at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website
- The papers of Zephaniah and Anna Kingsley at the State Archives of Florida
- Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
- Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. FL-478, "Kingsley Plantation, 11676 Palmetto Avenue, Jacksonville, Duval County, FL", 92 photos, 1 color transparency, 4 measured drawings, 5 photo caption pages
- HABS No. FL-478-A, "Kingsley Plantation, Slave Quarters", 12 photos, 2 measured drawings, 1 photo caption page
- HABS No. FL-478-B, "Kingsley Plantation, House", 43 photos, 1 color transparency, 10 measured drawings, 3 photo caption pages
- HABS No. FL-478-C, "Kingsley Plantation, Kitchen", 26 photos, 3 measured drawings, 2 photo caption pages
- HABS No. FL-478-D, "Kingsley Plantation, Barn", 23 photos, 2 measured drawings, 2 photo caption pages