Kinosternidae
Kinosternidae | |
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Common musk turtle, Sternotherus odoratus | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Reptilia |
Order: | Testudines |
Suborder: | Cryptodira |
Superfamily: | Kinosternoidea |
Family: | Kinosternidae Agassiz, 1857[1] |
Genera | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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The Kinosternidae are a
Description
Most kinosternids are small turtles, 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) in carapace length. The highly domed carapace has a distinct keel down its center. The genus Staurotypus gets much larger, to 30 cm (12 in). Females are generally larger than males, but males have much longer tails. Kinosternids can be black, brown, green, or yellowish in color. Most species do not have shell markings, but some species have radiating black markings on each carapace scute. Some species have distinctive yellow striping along the sides of the head and neck.
The musk turtles are so named because they are capable of releasing a foul-smelling musk from glands under the rear of their shells when disturbed. They are native to North America and South America.
Diet
All members of the family are
. Though they still eat vegetation such as aquatic plants. In captivity they can eat red and green leaf lettuce.Reproduction
Kinosternids lay about four hard-shelled
Kinosternids contain the only species of turtle known, or at least suspected, to exhibit parental care. Studies of the yellow mud turtle in Nebraska, United States, suggest females sometimes stay with the nest and may urinate on the eggs long after laying, to either keep them moist or to protect them from snake predation (by making them less palatable).[citation needed]
Some kinosternids, particularly those in the genera
Taxonomy
Family Kinosternidae
- Genus †Baltemys velogastros[4]
- Genus †Xenochelys floridensis[5]
- Genus †Yelmochelys[6]
- Subfamily Kinosterninae[1]
- Genus Kinosternon
- Tabasco mud turtle - K. acutum Gray, 1831
- Alamos mud turtle - K. alamosae Berry & Legler, 1980
- Central American mud turtle - K. angustipons Legler, 1965
- Arizona mud turtle - K. arizonense Gilmore, 1923
- Striped mud turtle - K. baurii (Garman, 1891)
- Jalisco mud turtle - K. chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel, & Iverson, 1996
- Creaser's mud turtle - K. creaseri Hartweg, 1934
- Dunn's mud turtle - K. dunni Schmidt, 1947
- Durango mud turtle - K. durangoense Iverson, 1979
- Yellow mud turtle - K. flavescens (Agassiz, 1857)
- Stejneger, 1925
- Rough-footed mud turtle - K. hirtipes (Wagler, 1830)
- Valley of Mexico mud turtle - K. h. hirtipes (Wagler, 1830)
- Lake Chapala mud turtle - K. h. chapalaense (Iverson, 1981)
- San Juanico mud turtle - K. h. magdalense (Iverson, 1981)
- Viesca mud turtle - K. h. megacephalum (extinct) (Iverson, 1981)
- Mexican plateau mud turtle - K. h. murrayi (Glass and Hartweg, 1951)
- Patzcuarco mud turtle - K. h. tarascense (Inverson, 1981)
- Mexican mud turtle - K. integrum (LeConte, 1954)
- White-lipped mud turtle - K. leucostomum Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1851
- Northern white-lipped mud turtle - K. l. leucostomum Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1851
- Southern white-lipped mud turtle - K. l. postinguinale (Cope, 1887)
- Oaxaca mud turtle - K. oaxacae Berry & Iverson, 1980
- Scorpion mud turtle - K. scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766)
- Scorpion mud turtle (subspecies) - K. s. scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766)
- Central Chiapas mud turtle - K. s. abaxillare (Baur, 1925)
- White-throated mud turtle - K. s. albogulare (Duméril and Bibron, 1870)
- Red-cheeked mud turtle - K. s. cruentatum (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1851)
- Sonora mud turtle - K. sonoriense (Le Conte, 1854)
- Sonora mud turtle (subspecies) - K. s. sonoriense (Le Conte, 1854)
- Sonoyta mud turtle - K. s. longifemorale (Inverson, 1981)
- Eastern mud turtle - K. subrubrum (Bonnaterre, 1789)
- Eastern mud turtle (subspecies) - K. s. subrubrum (Bonnaterre, 1789)
- Mississippi mud turtle - K. s. hippocrepis (Bonnaterre, 1789)
- Florida mud turtle - K. s. steindachneri (Siebenrock, 1906)
- Genus Sternotherus
- Razor-backed musk turtle, S. carinatus (Gray, 1856)
- Flattened musk turtle, S. depressus (Tinkle & Webb, 1955)
- Intermediate musk turtle, S. intermedius Scott, Glenn & Rissler, 2017
- Loggerhead musk turtle, S. minor (Agassiz, 1857)
- Common musk turtle or stinkpot, S. odoratus (Sonnini & Latreille, 1801)
- Stripeneck musk turtle, S. peltifer (Smith & Glass, 1947)
- Genus Kinosternon
- Subfamily Staurotypinae
- Genus Claudius
- Narrow-bridged musk turtle, C. angustatus Cope, 1865
- Genus Staurotypus
- Giant musk turtle, S. salvinii Gray, 1864
- Mexican musk turtle, S. triporcatus (Wiegmann, 1828)
- Genus Claudius
Additional images
References
- ^ a b c Rhodin 2011, pp. 000.175–000.178
- S2CID 14434440.
- PMID 25121779.
- ^ Asher J. Lichtig; Spencer G. Lucas (2015). "Turtles of the Eocene Huerfano Formation, Raton Basin, Colorado". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 67: 153–160.
- ISBN 978-94-007-4308-3.
- ^ Don Brinkman; Martha Carolina Aguillon-Martinez; J. Howard Hutchison; Caleb M. Brown (2016). "Yelmochelys rosarioae gen. et sp. nov., a stem kinosternid (Testudines; Kinosternidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Coahuila, Mexico". PaleoBios. 33: 1–20.
- Bibliography
- Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Inverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Roger, Bour (2011-12-31). "Turtles of the world, 2011 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status" (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-31.