Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic

Coordinates: 42°52′N 74°36′E / 42.867°N 74.600°E / 42.867; 74.600
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the Kazakh entity of the name "Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic", see Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic.
Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic
(1936–1990)
Кыргыз Советтик Социалисттик Республикасы (Kyrgyz)
Киргизская Советская
Социалистическая Республика (Russian)
Socialist Republic of Kyrgyzstan
(1990)
Социалисттик Кыргызстан Республикасы (Kyrgyz)
Социалистическая Республика Кыргызстан (Russian)
Republic of Kyrgyzstan
(1990–1991)
Кыргызстан Республикасы (Kyrgyz)
Республика Кыргызстан (Russian)[1]
1936–1991
Flag of Kyrgyz SSR
Flag
(1952–1991)
State emblem (1956–1991) of Kyrgyz SSR
State emblem
(1956–1991)
Motto: Бардык өлкөлөрдүн пролетарлары, бириккиле! (
Marxist-Leninist single-party soviet republic (1936–1990)
Unitary presidential republic (1990–1991)
First Secretary 
• 1936–1937 (first)
Moris Belotsky
• 1985–1990 (last)[2]
Absamat Masaliyev
Head of state 
• 1936–1937 (first)
Abdukadyr Urazbekov
• 1990–1991 (last)
Askar Akayev
Head of government
 
• 1936–1937 (first)
Bayaly Isakeyev
• 1991 (last)
Andrei Iordan
Legislature
Osh riots
June 1990
• Sovereignty declared
30 December 1990
• Independence declared
31 August 1991
• Independence recognized
26 December 1991
Soviet rouble (руб) (SUR)
Calling code+7 319/331/332/334/335
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Kirghiz ASSR
Kyrgyzstan

The Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kirghiz SSR),

Landlocked and mountainous, it bordered Tajikistan and China to the south, Uzbekistan to the west and Kazakhstan to the north. The Kirghiz branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
governed the republic from 1936 until 1990.

On 30 October 1990, the Kirghiz SSR was renamed to the Socialist Republic of Kyrgyzstan; on 15 December, after declaring its state sovereignty, it was renamed again to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. On 31 August 1991, it transformed into independent Kyrgyzstan.

Etymology

The name Kyrgyz is believed to have been derived from the Turkic word for forty, in reference to the forty clans of Manas, a legendary hero who united forty regional clans against the Uyghur Khaganate. The name Kyrgyzstan or Kirghizstan means 'land of the forty tribes', combined from three words: kyrg (kyrk) meaning 'forty', yz (uz) meaning 'tribes' in East Turkic, and -stan meaning 'land' in Persian.[5] Politically, the name of the republic was the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic as stated in the 1937 and 1978 constitutions.

From 30 October to 15 December 1990 it was renamed the Socialist Republic of Kyrgyzstan (or Kirghizia). Afterwards, the socialist prefix was dropped and it became the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. Officially, in Russian, the name of the country in Kyrgyz, Kyrgyzstan, began to be used instead of the Russian Kirghizia. Later, the official name of the state was changed to the Kyrgyz Republic, which was retained after independence.[1]

History

See also: History of Kyrgyzstan
Eastern Bloc
USSR
Allied and satellite states
Related organizations
Dissent and opposition
Anti-Soviet partisans
Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
Protests and uprisings
Cold War events
Fall
Part of a series on the
History of Kyrgyzstan
Emblem of Kyrgyzstan

Established on 14 October 1924 as the

Kirghiz ASSR (Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic) on 1 February 1926, still being a part of the RSFSR.[6] The borders were not divided by ethnic or linguistic lines, however.[7]

On 5 December 1936, with the adoption of the

1936 Soviet Constitution, it became a separate constituent republic of the USSR as the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic during the final stages of the national delimitation in the Soviet Union.[8]

At the time of formation of Kirghizia, its territory was divided into districts (raions). On November 21, 1939, five oblasts (regions) were created:

Issyk Kul, Osh, Tyan Shan, and Frunze Oblasts.[9][10] In 1944, Talas Oblast was established from Frunze but was abolished in 1956. In 1959 the Frunze, Issyk-Kul and Jalal-Abad oblasts were abolished. Frunze and Issyk-Kul became territories under direct republic jurisdiction while Jalal-Abad joined Osh. Tyan Shan was the last oblast to be abolished in 1962, and by this point, the rest of the republic with the exception of Osh was divided into districts of republican subordination. In 1970, Issyk-Kul and Naryn (formerly Tien Shan) were restored, and in 1980 so was Talas. In 1988, the Naryn and Talas oblasts were again abolished where the former was merged with Issyk-Kul while the later was merged with Osh. However, in 1990 they were restored and at the same time, Jalal-Abad and Chüy (formerly Frunze) were reestablished. These districts were particularly known for their heavy application of fertilizers after independence.[11]

The

Osh Massacre in 1990 undermined the position of the first secretary. That same year, on 15 December, the Kirghiz SSR was reconstituted as the Republic of Kyrgyzstan after declaring its sovereignty. On 17 March 1991, Kirghizia supported the Union preservation referendum
with a 95.98% turnout.

However, this did not come to pass when

the hardliners took control of Moscow for three days in August 1991. Askar Akayev, the first president, unequivocally condemned the putsch and gained fame as a democratic leader. The country declared its independence on 31 August 1991 and the Soviet Union was formally dissolved on 26 December 1991.[12]
However, the 1978 constitution remained in effect after its independence until 1993.

Politics

Main articles: Politics of the Soviet Union and Leadership of Communist Kyrgyzstan
See also: Politics of Kyrgyzstan

Similar to that of the other Soviet republics, Kirghizia's government took place in the framework of a

socialist republic with the Communist Party of Kirghizia
as the sole legal political party. The First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kirghizia served as the head of the party, while the Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet functioned as the executive heads of state and the Chairmen of the Council of Ministers led the legislative branch.

Economy

Main articles: Economy of the Soviet Union and Economy of Kyrgyzstan

Demographics

In 1926, the republic had a population of 1,002,000 people. In 1939, 1,458,000 people were recorded. The population grew significantly in the decades after World War II; the republic had 2,065,837 people in 1959, 2,932,805 people in 1970, and 3,529,030 people in 1979. In the final Soviet census of 1989, the republic had grown to 4,257,755 people.[13] The majority of the population were ethnic Kyrgyz people. However, because large numbers were sent there in deportations, at times there were other significant ethnic groups. Between March and May 1944 alone, it was reported in the Kremlin that 602,193 residents of the North Caucasus region had been deported to the Kirghiz and Kazakh SSRs, of which 496,460 were Chechens and Ingush, 68,327 of which were Karachays and 37,406 were Balkars.[14] The majority of the Kyrgyz population are Muslims and speak a Turkic language. Bishkek had the largest concentration of Russians in the country, some 22% of the population by independence, with Uzbek minorities in the Fergana Valley especially constituting some 13% of the population. In 1990, violent clashes between the Uzbek and Kyrgyz peoples broke out in the Osh Region; ethnic tensions still remain in the region.[15]

Religion

Main articles: Religion in Kyrgyzstan and Religion in the Soviet Union

Under Soviet rule,

Russian Orthodox
. After independence, the country enjoyed greater religious freedom and remains to this day a secular state.

Geography

A map of modern Kyrgyzstan, with the same borders as the former Kirghizia
Main article: Geography of Kyrgyzstan

Kirghizia, a landlocked republic in Soviet Central Asia shared its borders with Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan as well as China on the outside lying between latitudes 39° and 44° N, and longitudes 69° and 81° E. It is farther from the sea than any other individual country, and all its rivers flow into closed drainage systems which do not reach the sea. The mountainous region of the Tian Shan covers over 80% of the country,[16] with the remainder made up of valleys and basins.

hydro-electricity
.

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Kyrgyzstan, Culture of the Soviet Union, Kyrgyz cuisine, and Soviet cuisine

As the Soviet Union respected other cultures even after delimitation, there are a wide variety of cultural items in Kirghizia listed here:

  • epic poem
  • Komuz, a three-stringed lute
  • Tush kyiz, large, elaborately embroidered wall hangings
  • Shirdak, flat cushions made in shadow-pairs[17]
  • Other
    textiles, especially made from felt
  • Falconry

Traditions

Main article: Public holidays in the Soviet Union

Apart from celebrating the New Year each 1 January, Kirghizia, like all Soviet Republics, observed the Great October Socialist Revolution on 7 November. Its festivals and traditions such as Nowruz and Ulak Tartish were suppressed by the Soviet authorities.

The tradition of bride kidnapping, which remains illegal to this day, was suppressed by the Soviet regime.[18] It is debatable whether bride kidnapping is actually traditional. Some of the confusion may stem from the fact that arranged marriages were traditional, and one of the ways to escape an arranged marriage was to arrange a consensual "kidnapping".[19]

Legacy

Rusted Soviet hammer and sickle in Kyrgyzstan

According to a 2013

collapse of the Soviet Union harmed their country, while only 16% said that the collapse benefited it.[20] The poll also showed that well-educated Kyrgyz people were more likely to say that the breakup harmed their country.[20]

See also

Notes

  1. ^
    • Kyrgyz: Кыргыз Советтик Социалисттик Республикасы (Кыргыз ССР), romanized: Kyrgyz Sovettik Sotsialisttik Respublikasy (Kyrgyz SSR)
    • Russian: Киргизская Советская Социалистическая Республика (Киргизская ССР), romanized: Kirgizskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika (Kirgizskaya SSR)
  2. ^ Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан, Советтик Кыргызстан, romanized: Kyrgyzstan, Sovettik Kyrgyzstan
  3. ^ Russian: Киргизия, Советская Киргизия, romanized: Kirgiziya, Sovetskaya Kirgiziya

References

  1. ^ a b A Political Chronology of Central, South and East Asia. From 15 October 1990 to 15 December 1990, it was named the Socialist Republic of Kirghizia.
  2. ^ On 27 October 1990, article 6 on the monopoly of the Communist Party of Kirghizia on power was excluded from the Constitution of the Kirghiz SSR
  3. ^ Cholpon Chotaeva. History of Kyrgyzstan (Lecture book) (PDF).
  4. ^ Nelson World Atlas, A Metric Atlas - Nelson, 1974
  5. ^ Forty tribes and the 40-ray sun on the flag of Kyrgyzstan Archived 2009-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, SRAS–The School of Russian and Asian Studies
  6. ISBN 978-1-317-83171-6
    .
  7. ISBN 978-981-277-745-4
    .
  8. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8
    .
  9. ^ Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969–1978 (in Russian)
  10. ISBN 9780717201242
    .
  11. ISBN 978-0-8213-4326-5
    .
  12. ISBN 978-1-134-80602-7. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help
    )
  13. ISBN 978-1-84769-087-6
    .
  14. ISBN 978-0-520-93020-9
    .
  15. ISBN 978-0-415-26087-9
    .
  16. ^ Escobar, Pepe (26 March 2005). "The Tulip Revolution takes root". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 27 March 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  17. ^ Aidar, Iliyas. "Kyrgyz Style – Production – Souvenirs". Kyrgyzstyle.kg. Archived from the original on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  18. ^ Lom, Petr (March 2004). "Synopsis of "The Kidnapped Bride"". Frontline/World.
  19. ^ "Reconciled to Violence: State Failure to Stop Domestic Abuse and Abduction of Women in Kyrgyzstan". Human Rights Watch Report. September 2006, Vol. 18, No.9.
  20. ^
    Gallup
    .

Further reading

  • Fatland, E. (2020). Sovietistan: Travels in Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. New York: Pegasus Books.

42°52′N 74°36′E / 42.867°N 74.600°E / 42.867; 74.600

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