Kitáb-i-Aqdas
Texts and scriptures of the Baháʼí Faith |
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From Baháʼu'lláh |
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From the Báb |
From ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |
From Shoghi Effendi |
The Kitáb-i-Aqdas (lit. 'The Most Holy Book') is the central religious text of the Baháʼí Faith, written by Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the religion, in 1873.[1] Though it is the main source of Baháʼí laws and practices, much of the content deals with other matters, like foundational principles of the religion, the establishment of Baháʼí institutions, mysticism, ethics, social principles, and prophecies. In Baháʼí literature it is described as "the Mother-Book" of the Baháʼí teachings, and the "Charter of the future world civilization".[2]
Baháʼu'lláh had manuscript copies sent to Baháʼís in Iran some years after its writing in 1873, and in 1890–91 (1308
Etymology
The work was written in Arabic under the Arabic title al-Kitāb al-Aqdas (
History
The Kitáb-i-Aqdas was written by Bahá’u’lláh in Acre about the midpoint of his Ministry around 1873. Baháʼí regard it as "revealed" and part of scripture that makes up a revelation from God. It was written as a response to inquiry of the believers about the laws of God for the new religion and how to arrange their affairs.[3] It is indicated by one of his Tablets that after its revelation the Aqdas was withheld by him for some time before sending it to the believers in Iran.
The Question and Answers portion which is included in most publications of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas is a compilation of answers written by Bahá’u’lláh to questions put to him by various believers. It was organized by Zaynu’l-Muqarrabín, a respected transcriber of Bahá’u’lláh’s writings and one of the nineteen Apostles of Bahá’u’lláh.
By the instruction of Bahá’u’lláh the Kitáb-i-Aqdas was first published in Bombay in 1891.[4]
A copy of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas dated from January 1887, in the handwriting of Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín, is housed at the British Library. The library's description mentions, "His copies are highly regarded for their accuracy."[5]
Overview
Rather than a narrative, the book is written as a series of short teachings or principles. A summary lends itself to a bullet-point list of the various ideas shared throughout the text. Main themes cover the appointment of Baháʼu'lláh's successor, who remains unnamed in the text; the layout of the future Baháʼí administration, including the mention of the Universal House of Justice and allusions to what would later be known as the Guardian; certain laws, particularly around prayer, fasting, marriage, divorce, and inheritance; admonitions toward certain individuals; and a variety of specific laws, ordinances, and prohibitions, ranging from tithes, to the Baháʼí calendar, to prohibitions on opium, slave trading, and gossip.
Besides the main themes above, the Synopsis and Codification lists the last of six themes as "Miscellaneous Subjects" and lists 33 topics:
- The transcendent character of the Bahá'í Revelation
- The exalted station of the Author of the Faith
- The supreme importance of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, "The Most Holy Book"
- The doctrine of the "Most Great Infallibility"
- The twin duties of recognition of the Manifestation and observance of His Laws, and their inseparability
- The end of all learning is the recognition of Him Who is the Object of all knowledge
- The blessedness of those who have recognized the fundamental verity "He shall not be asked of His doings"
- The revolutionizing effect of the "Most Great Order"
- The selection of a single language and the adoption of a common script for all on earth to use: one of two signs of the maturity of the human race
- Prophecies of the Báb regarding "He Whom God will make manifest"
- Prediction relating to opposition to the Faith
- Eulogy of the king who will profess the Faith and arise to serve it
- The instability of human affairs
- The meaning of true liberty
- The merit of all deeds is dependent upon God's acceptance
- The importance of love for God as the motive of obedience to His Laws
- The importance of utilizing material means
- Eulogy of the learned among the people of Bahá
- Assurance of forgiveness to Mírzá Yahyá should he repent
- Apostrophe addressed to Tihrán
- Apostrophe addressed to Constantinople and its people
- Apostrophe addressed to the "banks of the Rhine"
- Condemnation of those who lay false claim to esoteric knowledge
- Condemnation of those who allow pride in their learning to debar them from God
- Prophecies relating to Khurásán
- Prophecies relating to Kirmán
- Allusion to Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsá'í
- Allusion to the Sifter of Wheat
- Condemnation of Hájí Muhammad-Karím Khán
- Condemnation of Shaykh Muhammad-Hasan
- Allusion to Napoleon III
- Allusion to Siyyid Muhammad-i-Isfahání
- Assurance of aid to all those who arise to serve the Faith
Laws
While it is the core text on laws of the religion, it is not the exclusive source.[6]
Baháʼu'lláh stated that the observance of the laws that he prescribed should be subject to "tact and wisdom", and that they do not cause "disturbance and dissension."[7][8] He left for the progressive application of the laws to be decided by the Universal House of Justice; for example certain Baháʼí laws are currently only applicable to Iranian Baháʼís such as the limit to the period of engagement, while any Baháʼí may practice the laws if they so decide.[7] Shoghi Effendi also stated that certain other laws, such as criminal laws, that are dependent upon the existence of a predominantly Baháʼí society would only be applicable in a possible future Baháʼí society.[7][9] He also stated that if the laws were in conflict with the civil law of the country where a Baháʼí lives the laws could not be practiced.[7] Baha'is believe the Aqdas supersedes and succeeds previous revelations such as the Quran and the Bible.[10]
Form and style
The text of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas consists of several hundred verses, which have been grouped in 189 numbered paragraphs in the English translation most of which are just a few sentences.
It is written to the individual reader, as there are no clergy in the religion. The text also moves between statements said to be plain and statements suggesting the key to understanding the book is to look at the text for clues to itself.[11]
Translations
Timeline | |
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1873 | Revelation |
1961 | Translation published by the Royal Asiatic Society |
1973 | Synopsis and codification |
1992 | Official Baháʼí translation in English |
The Kitáb-i-Aqdas was completed by Baháʼu'lláh in 1873. It was published in the Arabic for circulation among Baháʼís speaking the language circa 1890.
Content
The Kitáb-i-Aqdas is supplemented by the
- "Questions and Answers"', which consists of 107 questions submitted to Baháʼu'lláh by Zaynu'l-Muqarrabinconcerning the application of the laws and Baháʼu'lláh's replies to those questions
- "Some Texts Revealed by Baháʼu'lláh"
- Synopsis and Codification of the Laws and Ordinances, prepared by Shoghi Effendi
- explanatory notes prepared by the Universal House of Justice
The book was divided into six main themes in the Synopsis and Codification by Shoghi Effendi:
- The appointment of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as the successor of Baháʼu'lláh
- Anticipation of the Institution of the Guardianship
- The Institution of the Universal House of Justice
- Laws, Ordinances and exhortations
- Specific admonitions, reproofs and warnings
- Miscellaneous subjects
Further, the laws were divided into four categories:
- A. Prayer
- B. Fasting
- C. Laws of personal status
- D. Miscellaneous laws, ordinances and exhortations
Themes
A scholarly review finds the Aqdas has themes of laws of worship, societal relations and administrative organization, or governance, of the religion.
The Aqdas is understood by Baháʼís to be a factor in the process of ongoing developments in world order. This can be seen comparing the Baháʼí approach to history and the future to that of the theory of the Clash of Civilizations on the one hand and the development of a posthegemony system on the other (compared with work of Robert Cox, for example, in Approaches to World Order, (Robert Cox & Timonthy Sinclair eds, Cambridge University Press, 1996).)[11]
Certain possible sources of law are specifically abrogated: laws of the Bábí religion, notably in the Persian Bayán, oral traditions (linked with pilgrim notes, and natural law, (that is to say God's sovereign will through revelation is the independent authority.)[6] Divine revelation's law-making is both unconditioned in terms of the divine right to choose, and conditioned in the sense of the progress of history from one revelation to the next.[11][6]
Marriage and divorce
Baha'u'llah's statements about marriage in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas are brief. Marriage is highly recommended but is stated to not be obligatory.[25] Baháʼu'lláh states that the maximum number of wives is two, but also states that having only one wife would add more tranquility to both partners.[26] These statements were later interpreted by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá that having a second wife is conditional upon treating both wives with justice and equality and was not possible in practice, thus establishing monogamy.[26][27][28]
That Baháʼu'lláh had three wives,[26][29] while his religion teaches monogamy, has been the subject of criticism. The writing of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas and Baháʼí teachings on gender equality and monogamy post-date Baháʼu'lláh's marriages and are understood to be evolutionary in nature, slowly leading Baháʼís away from what had been a deeply rooted cultural practice.[26][28]
Administration
The institutional status of the authority of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and a House of Justice are specifically delineated.[11][6] On the basis of the authority granted ʻAbdu'l-Bahá he extended forms of the authority vested in him to the Guardianship, whose sole member was Shoghi Effendi, and the Universal, or International, House of Justice through his Will and Testament. This was confirmed and amplified in other texts, notably the Kitáb-i-'Ahd. The Universal House of Justice is specifically empowered to write and rescind any laws it is felt necessary aside from those of the text of scripture and actual application of the laws of the Aqdas among Baháʼís are dependent on the choice of the Universal House of Justice.[6]
See also
- Kitáb-i-Íqán (The Book of Certitude)
- Tablets of Baháʼu'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas
- Kitáb-i-ʻAhd (The Will and Testament of Baháʼu'lláh)
- The Hidden Words
- Baháʼí literature
- Baháʼí prophecies
Notes
- ^ Saiedi, 2000, pp. 224–235.
- ^ Effendi 1944, pp. 213
- ^ "History of Writing and Transmission of the Kitab-i-Aqdas, The, by Moojan Momen". irfancolloquia.org. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
- ^ "History of Writing and Transmission of the Kitab-i-Aqdas, The, by Moojan Momen". irfancolloquia.org. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
- ^ "British Library". www.bl.uk. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
- ^ S2CID 154511808.
- ^ ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
- ^ Baháʼu'lláh 1992, p. 6
- ^ Smith 2008, pp. 160
- ^ The Aqdas; Universal House of Justice A DESCRIPTION OF THE AQDAS BY SHOGHI EFFENDI
- ^ S2CID 153390334.
- ^ Bushrui 1995, pp. 39–53
- ISBN 978-0-933770-80-5.
- ^ Jahangir Dorri (15 August 2009). "TUMANSKIǏ, Aleksandr Grigor'evich". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. online. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
- ISBN 978-0-933770-72-0.
- ^ Bahā'-Allāh (1961) [1873]. Al-kitab al-aqdas or The most holy book. Translated by Elder, Earl E.; Miller, William McE. London: The Royal Asiatic Society.
- ^ A. Bausani (9 August 2011). "AQDAS". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. online. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
- JSTOR 4310986.
- S2CID 162531277.
- ^ Synopsis and Codification of the Laws and Ordinances of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas by Baháʼu'lláh and Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i World Center, 1973
- ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
- ^ See also the Kitab-i-Aqdas Multilinear Translation project.
- ISBN 978-90-272-9478-4.
- ^ Baháʼu'lláh. Winters, Jonah (ed.). "Kitáb-i-Aqdas (Most Holy Book): "Multilinear" Translation project and Glossary". Baháʼí Library Online. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
- ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
- ^ ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
- ^ Smith 2008, pp. 205
- ^ S2CID 154511808.
- ^ Smith 2008, pp. 16
References
- ISBN 0-85398-999-0.
- OL 1114213M.
- ISBN 0-87743-020-9.
- Hatcher, J.S. (1997). The Ocean of His Words: A Reader's Guide to the Art of Baháʼu'lláh. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-259-7.
- Rouhani Ma'ani, Baharieh; Ma'ani Ewing, Sovaida. The Laws of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 978-0-85398-475-7.
- ISBN 978-0-521-86251-6.
- ISBN 0-85398-144-2.
- Walbridge, John (1996). Sacred Acts, Sacred Space, Sacred Time. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-406-9.
Further reading
- The Kitab-i-Aqdas: its place in Baha'i literature. Published in Baháʼí World, 1992–1993. pp. 105–117.
- Danesh, Roshan (2015). Some Reflections on the Structure of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas in Journal of Baháʼí Studies, 25:3, pp. 81–94.
- Goswami, Samarendra Nath, ed. (1994). Principles of Baháʼí Personal Law, The. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Law Times. OL 24280885M.
- Saiedi, Nader (2000). "Chapter 7: The Kitab-i-Aqdas: Date and Constitutive Principles". Logos and Civilization - Spirit, History, and Order in the Writings of Baháʼu'lláh. USA: University Press of Maryland and Association for Baha'i Studies. pp. 213–293. OL 8685020M.