Knight-errant

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Knight in shining armor
)
Title page of an Amadís de Gaula romance of 1533

A knight-errant[1] (or knight errant[2]) is a figure of medieval chivalric romance literature. The adjective errant (meaning "wandering, roving") indicates how the knight-errant would wander the land in search of adventures to prove his chivalric virtues, either in knightly duels (pas d'armes) or in some other pursuit of courtly love.

Description

The knight-errant is a character who has broken away from the world of his origin, in order to go off on his own to right wrongs or to test and assert his own chivalric ideals. In medieval Europe, knight-errantry existed in literature, though fictional works from this time often were presented as non-fiction.[3][4]

The template of the knight-errant were the heroes of the

Arthurian cycle such as Gawain, Lancelot, and Percival. The quest par excellence in pursuit of which these knights wandered the lands is that of the Holy Grail, such as in Perceval, the Story of the Grail written by Chrétien de Troyes
in the 1180s.

The character of the wandering knight existed in romantic literature as it developed during the late 12th century. However, the term "knight-errant" was to come later; its first extant usage occurs in the 14th-century poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.[5] Knight-errantry tales remained popular with courtly audiences throughout the Late Middle Ages. They were written in Middle French, Middle English, and Middle German.

In the 16th century, the genre became highly popular in the

historical novel in Romanticism
.

Romance

Further information:
Romance (heroic literature) and Chivalry
Yvain, le Chevalier au Lion
, dated to ca. 1295.

A knight-errant typically performed all his deeds in the name of a lady, and invoked her name before performing an exploit.[citation needed] In more sublimated forms of knight-errantry, pure moralist idealism rather than romantic inspiration motivated the knight-errant (as in the case of Sir Galahad). Such a knight might well be outside the structure of feudalism, wandering solely to perform noble exploits (and perhaps to find a lord to give his service to), but might also be in service to a king or lord, traveling either in pursuit of a specific duty that his overlord charged him with, or to put down evildoers in general. This quest sends a knight on adventures much like the ones of a knight in search of them, as he happens on the same marvels. In The Faerie Queene, St. George is sent to rescue Una's parents' kingdom from a dragon, and Guyon has no such quest, but both knights encounter perils and adventures.

In the romances, his adventures frequently included greater foes than other knights, including

wild men of the woods, as in Valentine and Orson, or, like Guillaume de Palerme
, by wolves that were, in fact, enchanted princes.

In modern literature

Look up knight in shining armor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The protagonist of Cormac McCarthy's novel All the Pretty Horses, John Grady Cole, is said to be based specifically on Sir Gawain, of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Both characters share a number of aspects and traits; both are rooted in the myths of a past that no longer exists, and both live by codes of conduct from a previous era.[6]

Amadis de Gaula
came to enjoy in the Iberian Peninsula in the 16th century.

In Jean Giraudoux's play Ondine, which starred Audrey Hepburn on Broadway in 1954, a knight-errant appears, during a storm, at the humble home of a fisherman and his wife.[7]

A depiction of knight-errantry in the modern

historical novel is found in Sir Nigel by Arthur Conan Doyle
(1906).

The knight-errant stock character became the trope of the "knight in shining armour" in

depiction of the Middle Ages in popular culture, and the term came to be used also outside of medieval drama, as in The Dark Knight as a title of Batman
.

In the epic fantasy series

Westeros looking for gainful employment, and their name comes from the propensity to sleep out in the open air or in forests when they cannot afford lodging. The life of a hedge knight is depicted in the Tales of Dunk and Egg
.

Bogatyrs of Kievan Rus'

Main article: Bogatyr

East Slavic

Victor Vasnetsov
)—are said to have served him.

In East Asian cultures

Youxia, Chinese knights-errant, traveled solo protecting common folk from oppressive regimes. Unlike their European counterpart, they did not come from any particular social caste and were anything from soldiers to poets. There is even a popular literary tradition that arose during the Tang dynasty which centered on slaves who used supernatural physical abilities to save kidnapped damsels in distress and to swim to the bottom of raging rivers to retrieve treasures for their feudal lords (see Kunlun Nu).[8][9] A youxia who excels or is renowned for martial prowess or skills is usually called wuxia.

In Japan, the expression musha shugyō described a samurai who, wanting to test his abilities in real life conditions, would travel the land and engage in duels along the way.

See also

References

  1. ^ As plural, knights-errant is most common, although the form knights-errants is also seen, e.g. in the article Graal in James O. Halliwell, Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words (1847).
  2. ^ "Knight errant." The Canadian Oxford Dictionary. Ed. Barber, Katherine: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  3. ^ Daniel Eisenberg, "The Pseudo-Historicity of the Romances of Chivalry", Quaderni Ibero-Americani, 45–46, 1974–75, pp. 253–259.
  4. ^ [1] Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi, Historical View of the Literatures of the South of Europe, trans. Thomas Roscoe, 4th edition, London, 1885–88, Vol. I, pp. 76–79.
  5. ^ Sir Gawain arrives at the castle of Sir Bercilak de Haudesert after long journeys, and Sir Bercilak goes to welcome the "knygt erraunt." The Maven's Word of the Day: Knight Errant
  6. ISBN 9781136636066
  7. ^ Jean Giraudoux Four Plays. Hill and Wang. 1958. p. 175
  8. ISBN 0-226-48688-5
  9. ISBN 0-8014-9583-0
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