Knights Templar in popular culture
Part of a series on the |
Knights Templar |
---|
Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Temple of Solomon |
Overview |
Councils |
Papal bulls |
|
Locations |
Successors |
Cultural references |
See also |
Catholic Church portal |
The original historic
In modern works, the Templars generally are portrayed as villains, misguided zealots, representatives of an evil secret society,[2] or as the keepers of a long-lost treasure. Several modern organizations also claim heritage from the medieval Templars, as a way of enhancing their own image or mystique.[citation needed]
Modern organizations
Temperance movement
Many
Freemasonry
Freemasonry has contained references to the Knights Templar since at least the 18th century; Templar symbols and rituals are incorporated in a number of Masonic bodies.[2]
The best-known reference to the Knights Templar in Freemasonry is the Degree of Knight of the Temple, or "Order of the Temple", the final order joined in "The United Religious, Military and Masonic Orders of the Temple and of St John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes and Malta" commonly known as the Knights Templar. Freemasonry is traditionally open to men of all faiths, asking only that they have a belief in a supreme being, but membership in this Masonic body (and others) is open only to Freemasons who profess a belief in the Christian religion. These Knights Templar often take part in public parades and exhibitions, wearing distinctive uniforms and have had a number of high-profile members such as Henry Ford, and Harry S. Truman.
In the later 20th century, masonic Knights Templar became the subject of pseudohistorical theories connecting them to the medieval order, even though such a connection is rejected by Masonic authorities themselves[5] and the source known to historians.[6]
Self-styled orders
The
In May 2018 BBC News reported that since 2015 far-right activist Jim Dowson has been fronting a UK-based anti-immigrant organization, 'Knights Templar International',[10] with Dowson's sister-in-law Marion Thomas named as one of its directors.[11][12] In April 2019, Knights Templar International and Jim Dowson were banned by Facebook for spreading hate.[13]
Scholarly reception
The popularity of the Knights Templar in modern fiction and their presence in pseudohistorical or fringe literature has received scholarly attention.
At the 2005 Annual Conference of the American Culture Association, their call for papers was specifically about such conspiracy theories relating to the Templars and their association with other legends and mysterious organizations.
Popular themes
Popular themes are their supposed association with the
The historical Templars had their first headquarters on the
Relics and treasure
There are various legends concerning a treasure that some Templars managed to hide from King Philip and that was later lost.[24] One particular story concerns Rennes-le-Château, where a treasure was supposedly found in the 19th century; one speculative source for that treasure was the long-lost treasure of the Templars.[25]
In a 1910 publication by one Joaquín Miret y Sans, the case is made that the Knights Templar hid and buried the great treasure in Vrana, Zadar County, because Ramón from Serò near Granja del Pairs in Noguera (comarca) in Catalonia gave a generous gift to the Knights Templar into the hands of their Grand Master Arnold of Torroja. This Ramón was the son of Romana the daughter of Benesmiro de Siponto who was the justitiarius of Monte Sant'Angelo and who was sent by Pope Alexander III as a notifier to Šibenik.[26]
Hugh J. Schonfield (1984)[27] argued that the Knights Templar may have found the Copper Scroll treasure of the Qumran Essenes in the tunnels beneath the Temple Mount. He suggested that this might explain one of the charges of heresy which were later brought against the knights by the Medieval Inquisition.
Holy Grail
The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail (1982) seems to be the source of the story that the Holy Grail was found by the Order and taken to Scotland during the suppression of the order in 1307, where it remains buried beneath Rosslyn Chapel.
A book published in 2006 claims that the Grail was instead taken to northern Spain, and protected by the Knights Templar there.[28]
Ark of the Covenant
Shroud of Turin
Another legendary object that is claimed to have some connection with the Templars is the Shroud of Turin. The shroud was first publicly displayed in 1357 by the widow of a nobleman known as Geoffrey of Charney,[30] described by some sources as being a member of the family of the grandson of Geoffroi de Charney, who was burned at the stake with De Molay.[31]
In 2009,
The so-called Templecombe painting, a painting discovered in 1945 by Mrs Molly Drew in the roof of an outhouse of a cottage in
De Molay's curse
Malcolm Barber (2006) discusses a supposed curse uttered by the last Grand Master of the Templar Order,
Barber traces this story to a verse chronicle attributed to Geoffrey of Paris (La Chronique métrique attribuée à Geffroi de Paris, ed. A. Divèrres, Strasbourg, 1956, pp. 5711–5742). Geoffrey of Paris was "apparently an eye-witness, who describes Molay as showing no sign of fear and, significantly, as telling those present that God would avenge their deaths".[38]
Albert Pike claimed the Knight Kadosh, the 30th degree within the Ancient Accepted and Scottish Rite, commonly known as a 'Vengeance degree', involved the trampling on the Papal tiara and the royal crown, destined to wreak a just vengeance on the high criminals for the murder of de Molay:[39] the figure of Hiram Abiff representing Jacques de Molay, with the three assassins representing Philip IV of France, Pope Clement V and Squin de Florian.[40] Malcolm Barber has cited a Masonic legend, resembling Pike's claims, in Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt's Le Tombeau de Jacques Molai (Paris, 1796, first edition).[41]
A series of mid-20th-century novels,
"Cursed, you’ll be all cursed, until the thirteenth generation of your races will have disappeared!"
— Maurice Druon
A popular version of the legend attributes to the curse the death of
Supposed Continuity in Freemasonry
Some historians and authors have tried to draw a link from
John J. Robinson argues for the Templar–Masonic connection in his book Born in Blood: The Lost Secrets of Freemasonry, in which he alleges that some French Templars fled to
The case is also made in Michael Baigent’s and Richard Leigh’s book The Temple and the Lodge.
However, historians Mark Oxbrow, Ian Robertson,[46] Karen Ralls and Louise Yeoman[47] have each made it clear that the Sinclair family had no connection with the Medieval Knights Templar. The Sinclairs’ testimony against the Knights at their 1309 trial is not consistent with any alleged support or membership. In "The Templars and the Grail"[48] Karen Ralls states that among some 50 who testified against the Templars were Henry and William Sinclair.
Knights Templar in Scotland
Since the 1980s, there has been a growing body of publications in both popular fiction and pseudohistory which construct a continuity between the historical presence of the Knights Templar in Scotland with the emergence of Masonic Scottish Knights Templar in the early modern period.
The idea of an association with Rosslyn Chapel originates in the 1982 The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail[49] and entered mainstream pop culture with Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code (2003), reinforced by the subsequent film of the same name (2006).[50] Numerous books were published after 2003 to cater to the popular interest in supposed connections between Rosslyn Chapel, Freemasonry, the Templars and the Holy Grail generated by Brown's novel.
The tale of a missing Templar fleet is supposedly based on the protocol of the interrogation of Jean de Châlons by the Inquisition. He claimed that he had heard that preceptor of the French Templars, Gérard de Villiers, had been warned of his imminent arrest. De Villiers had escaped with 50 horses and eighteen galleys. De Châlons' son, Hugues de Châlons, escaped with him carrying the wealth of his uncle, Hugues de Pairaud.[51] In Baigent and Leigh's The Temple and the Lodge, the fleet carried the treasure of the Paris preceptory of the Templars.[52]
Scotland became the destination of the fleet over four centuries later, in the claims of George Frederick Johnson, an exiled Jacobite living in Austria. Johnson, however, turned out to be a fraudster who was probably called Johann Samuel Leuchte. After a chequered career based on alchemy and forgery, "Johnson" convinced a masonic lodge in Jena that he possessed the highest secrets of masonry, and having declared the rest of German masonry irregular, brought a surprising amount of lodges under his control. Exposed as a fraud by Karl Gotthelf von Hund in 1764, he was later apprehended by a previous victim, and spent the rest of his life in prison.[53]
Hund's initial attraction to Johnson was spurred by a need to find his own superiors. He had been received into the Order of the Temple by high ranking Jacobites in Paris during 1743, being introduced to Charles Edward Stuart himself. After the failure of the 1745 rebellion, his masters were either in hiding or dead, and had lost interest in maintaining their Templar offshoots, leaving Hund with a depleted ritual book which he had to reconstruct from memory. As Johnson's collection of lodges now looked to him for leadership, the Rite of Strict Observance was born. Again, the foundation myth alleged that Freemasonry was started by Templar refugees under the protection of Robert the Bruce. This time, they had travelled from France through England disguised as stonemasons, and their use of masonic symbols in their allegories paid tribute to this deception.[53][54]
Under Hund's leadership, the Rite of Strict Observance became the most popular branch of Freemasonry in the German states, with lodges all over Continental Europe. However, Hund's continuing inability to produce, or even contact his "Unknown Superiors" led to increasing dissatisfaction. Six years after his death, a convent meeting in Wilhelmsbad from 1782 to 1783 finally agreed that Freemasonry had no connection to the Templars, and Strict Observance ceased to exist, most lodges being absorbed into the Rectified Scottish Rite. For most of the previous two decades, the most common foundation myth among German masons stated that Freemasonry came from the Knights Templar, protected and allowed to flourish in Scotland.[55]
In 1815, Claude Thory, a respected French scientist and Freemason, claimed that Robert the Bruce had created the Order of St. Andrew for masons who had supported him at Bannockburn, which was later joined to the Order of Heredom, which he founded at Kilwinning.[56] In 1837, a Scottish Freemason, James Burnes, in attempting to revive a Scottish order of "Knights Templar", expanded the masonic link to Bannockburn. He introduced the Knights Templar as the bearers on Freemasonry to Scotland, and had the Templars play a crucial part in the battle. This appears to be the basis of subsequent tales of Templar involvement at Bannockburn. The contemporary Royal Order of Scotland makes use of a similar foundation myth, which is no more intended to be taken as historical fact than any other piece of masonic allegory.[57]
Discoverers of the New World
A supposed Templar treasure in New York City is featured in the movie National Treasure (2004), starring Nicolas Cage.
As early as 2001, historian
The Templar Code for Dummies (2007) also points out the historical implausibility of this scenario:
"As for having 18 galleys that may have left from La Rochelle, history doesn't back that up...In shipping records from La Rochelle of the period, there is no record that the Templars had 18 galleys, much less that 18 galleys were at La Rochelle. Reports in the years leading up to the arrest seem to imply that the Templars (and the Hospitallers, for that matter) actually had very few large ships – some suggest no more than four – and hired more from merchant shippers when needed" - Source:
ISBN 978-0-470-12765-0.
September 11 conspiracy theory
In "The Twin Towers and the Great Masonic Experiment: Has the 'End of Days' Begun?"[60] Richard C. Hoagland applies esoteric numerology in his theory that the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, were carried out by the Order of Assassins against the Knights Templar. Michael Barkun, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Syracuse University, summarizes and discusses Hoagland's 9/11 Templar conspiracy theory in A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America: "Each World Trade Center Tower had 110 floors, a multiple of 11. One of them was struck by flight 11, which had 11 crew members, and so on. […] The order of the Knights Templar was recognized by the Vatican in the year 1118, whose integers add up to 11. There are 883 years between that date and 2001, and the sum of those numbers, 19, is the same as the number of hijackers. The number 19 allowed Hoagland to introduce the Koranic numerology of Rashad Khalifa, in which it is central. By the time Hoagland finished, the events of September 11 were revealed to be an attack by none other than the Islamic Order of Assassins on the Knights Templar and the Masons!"[61]
Friday the 13th
There is a modern urban legend to the effect that the tradition of viewing Friday the 13th as unlucky[62] originates with the date of the simultaneous arrest of many Templars at the behest of Philip IV of France, on Friday, 13 October 1307.[63][64][65]
Notable examples
Some notable works which have featured the Knights Templar, or stand-ins for them, are listed below.
Films
(Chronological)
- An early film by Victorin-Hippolyte Jasset, Le Roi Philippe le Bel et les Templiers (1910), dramatizes Philip IV's campaign against the order.[66]
- A series of horror films (Tombs of the Blind Dead (1972), Return of the Blind Dead (1973), The Ghost Galleon (1974), and Night of the Seagulls (1975)) by the Spanish director Amando de Ossorio depicts the Knights Templar as resurrected mummies in search of human blood.
- The mythos of the Knights Templar (presented as the fictional "Knights of the Cruciform Sword") as keepers and defenders of the Holy Grail is a central plot point in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989).
- Dolph Lundgren plays the role of a modern-day member of the Knights Templar in the movie The Minion (1998).
- In the film Jesus Christfor evil purposes.
- The Templar Knights are featured in the French film Le Pacte des loups(2001), in which the symbol of the Templar Knights is seen upon the walls of an old Templar stronghold and upon the Beast's armor. The cult seen in the movie is also supposedly a rogue Templar organization, originally sent by the Pope to teach the King of France a lesson.
- Arn – The Knight Templar(2007).
- Arn – The Kingdom at Road's End (2008).
- Ironclad (2011).
- Get Out (2017). The Armitage family is hinted to have ancestral roots with the Knights Templar, since they have a Templar helmet that they use to kidnap young black men with.[67]
Games
(Alphabetical by game title)
- Aion: The Tower of Eternity(2008) features a Templar class.
- The Assassins as the protagonists and Templars (Order of the Ancients) as the main antagonists. The series borrows heavily from Templar history and legends, and incorporates elements of Illuminati conspiracy theoriesinto its canon.
- Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars (1996) was one of the first video games to reference the Knights Templar. Its sequels, Broken Sword: The Sleeping Dragon (2003) and Broken Sword: The Angel of Death (2006), involve the Templars, as well.
- is won by the Catholics. Once formed, they are available for hire by any Catholic ruler to fight against rebel uprisings, and wars with members of an opposing faith.
- Dante's Inferno, loosely based on Inferno (the first part of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy), portrays Dante as a Templar knight during the Crusade rather than a poet.
- Templars feature in Deus Ex (2000) and Deus Ex: Invisible War (2003).
- The Dragon Age series features a mage and demon-hunting organisation called the Templar Order. They serve the Chantry, the Dragon Age counterpart of the Christian church.
- In Final Fantasy Tactics, the Knights Templar are a Military order of the Church of Glabados.
- Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned (1999) posits both an alternative history of Christ and the suggestion that a Templar treasure, buried in Languedoc, France, is Christ's remains.
- Hellgate: London (2007) features a Templar class, and makes numerous references to connections between the Freemasons and Knights Templar.
- The games Infinity Blade 2features an enemy referred to as "Knight Templar."
- Templars feature in Knights of the Temple: Infernal Crusade (2004) and Knights of the Temple II (2005).
- In Lionheart: Legacy of the Crusader (2003), a fictionalised version of the Knights Templar appears as a playable faction and plays a major role.
- In Medieval II: Total War (2006), most Catholic factions can train Templar units into their armies or hire them as mercenaries while on a crusade.
- In Team Plasma.
- Rise of the Tomb Raider features the Order of Trinity, a faction of Templars and later their descendants, tasked with finding the divine source at any cost. The Trinity is portrayed as being zealous and violent, using any means necessary to fulfill their task.
- In Protossfaction comprises two units labeled as Templars: the High Templar is a caster unit, while the Dark Templar is a stealthy assassin unit.
- Stronghold: Crusader is set in the Middle East during the crusades.
- In The First Templar (2011), the plot revolves around templars and the Holy Grail.
- In The Secret World (2012), Templars comprise one of the three playable factions.
- Time Gate: Knight's Chase (1996)
- The wargameare based directly on the historical Knights Templar.
Literature and comics
(Alphabetical by author's surname)
- popes.
- Derek Benz and J.S. Lewis' The Revenge of the Shadow King(2006) relates an alternate history of the Knights Templar, aligning them with an age-old order whose primary role is to defend the world from the powers of darkness. In this book, the Templars still exist and operate today from the shadows of an underground organization.
- The storyline of The Templar Legacy(2006), revolves around the possibility that the Templar Treasure is close to being discovered, and that it may fall into the wrong hands. In this book, the treasure is closely connected to the question of Christ as the Savior, and Christ's Resurrection. The book also brings into question the contents and significance of the treasure.
- Dan Brown's bestselling novel, The Da Vinci Code (2003), later adapted as an eponymous 2006 film, features Knights Templar.
- Edward Burman's novel The Image of Our Lord (1991) centers around the conflict between Philip the Fair and the Templars.[68]
- Elizabeth Chadwick's novel,Templar Silks (2018), focuses on a servant of the elderly William Marshal attempting to retrieve the titular silks from the Holy Land, so Marshall can fulfill a vow to the Templars.[69]
- Paul C. Doherty's historical mystery novel, Satan's Fire (1996), features the Knights Templar as part of its plot. [68]
- Les Rois maudits or The Accursed Kings (1973 et seq) depicts the death of the last Grand Master of the Order, and plays with the legend of the curse he laid on the pope, Philip the Fair, and Guillaume de Nogaret.
- Foucault's Pendulum (1988), features the mythos of the Knights Templar as keepers and defenders of the Holy Grail.
- In the Swedish author Arn Magnusson (1998 et seq.), a fictional Swedish character from the Middle Ages, who was forced to become a Knight Templar, went to Jerusalem and after returning to Sweden, was a leading military figure shortly before the time of Birger Jarl.
- Battle of La Forbie.[70]
- M. R. James' 1904 story "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'" features its hero, Parkins, finding a strange whistle in the ruins of a Templar preceptory.[71]
- Catherine Jinks' children's novel Pagan's Crusade (1992) has its titular hero adopted by a Knight who is a member of the Templar Order.[72]
- Whitecloakis derived. Their primary military units are heavy cavalry, possibly supplemented by the more "regular" army of the nation Amadicia, the seat of their power.
- Takaya Kagami's manga Seraph of the End, illustrated by Yamato Yamamoto, with storyboards by Daisuke Furuya, features Crowley Eusford, an antagonist, who is revealed to be a Templar before he became an eight hundred year old vampire.
- Raymond Khoury's novel, The Last Templar (2005), is a Da Vinci Code-style thriller.
- Pierre Klossowski's experimental novel The Baphomet (1965) features the ghosts of the Templars appearing each year to commemorate their order's destruction.[73]
- Zofia Kossak-Szczucka's historical novel Król trędowaty (1937, translated in English as The Leper King) features villainous Templars who secretly follow a pre-Christian religion.[74]
- Katherine Kurtz has written many books with Templar characters and themes, and edited three anthologies about the Templars: Tales of the Knights Templar (1995), On Crusade: More Tales of the Knights Templar (1998) and Crusade of Fire (2002).[73]
- James D. MacDonald's thriller The Apocalypse Door (2002) is an Alternate history novel where the Knights Templar survived into the twenty-first century.[73]
- W.S. Mahler's novel, The Testament of Elias (2023), features a Templar treasure.
- Jordan Mechner, LeUyen Pham and Alexander Puvilland created the graphic novel, Templar in 2013. This is about the adventures of a Templar knight, Martin of Troyes, in the aftermath of the order's dissolution.[75]
- Herman Melville's short story, "The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids" (1855) treats the Templars with great irony.
- In Dave Morris' novella (based on the ITV show), Knightmare: The Sorcerer's Isle (1991), the hero, Treguard of Dunshelm, is pursued by a group of Knights Templar when he quests for the Holy Grail in Arabia. [76]
- Artist Humberto Ramos and writer Brian Augustyn's fantasy-horror comic book series, Crimson (Wildstorm)(from story concepts by F.G. Haghenbeck and Oscar Pinto), features the Templars as an organization dedicated to fight monsters after they were disbanded by the Catholic Church and hold some level of authority over similar orders. They are supporting villains as they also antagonize the main protagonist, who is a vampire.
- Ishmael Reed's postmodernist satirical novel, Mumbo-Jumbo (1972), has a Templar Knight Hinkle Von Vampton, who serves as the main villain.
- James Rollins' novel, Bloodline: Sigma Force #8 (2012), opens in "Galilee, 1025", when "A cunning Templar knight uncovers a holy treasure: the Bachal Isu — the staff of Jesus Christ — a priceless icon that holds a mysterious and terrifying power that will forever change humanity if unleashed."[77]
- In Don Rosa's comics The Crown of the Crusader Kings and The Old Castle's Other Secret or A Letter from Home, Scrooge McDuck goes on expeditions looking for the treasures of the Knights Templar.
- Kevin Sands' The Assassin's Curse (2017), the third book in The Blackthorn Key series, is a fictional tale set in 1665 France, where the protagonists must stop an assassination against the royalty of England and France. Along the way, they find that the assassinators are trying to find the Templar treasure. The protagonists must then find the treasure before anyone else.
- Sir Walter Scott's novel Ivanhoe (1820) has as its villain Sir Brian de Bois-Gilbert, a Templar Knight.
- Michael Spradlin's Youngest Templar (2009-2011) series is about the adventures of Tristan, a young boy who joins the Templar order.[72]
- William Watson's novel, Beltran in Exile (1979), is about a Knight Templar travelling to Scotland after the Crusades.[78]
Music
- HammerFall, a Swedish power metal band, refer to themselves as "The Templars of Heavy Metal", making frequent reference to the Templars on many of their albums.
- Knights of the Cross is a concept album about the Templars by German metal band Grave Digger.
- The Templars (band), a New York City Oi! band, is inspired by the Knights Templar. Similarly, their record label, Templecombe Records, is named after a Knights Templar site in Somerset, England.
- David Bowie's Loving the Alien (1985) makes reference to the Templars.[79]
Television
(Chronological)
- The 1983 BBC drama The Dark Side of the Sun featured a secret society descended from the Knights Templar, who are active in the modern world.[80]
- In the Robin of Sherwood episode "Seven Poor Knights From Acre" (1984), the Knights Templar appear as antagonists who try to kill Robin and his fellow outlaws, whom the knights falsely believe have stolen a sacred Templar relic.[81]
- Carnivàle (2003–2005) had its 1930s characters encounter magical rings bearing symbols of the Templar order.[82]
- The Last Templar (2009) is a miniseries adaptation of Raymond Khoury's novel about a New York archaeologist researching the lost secrets of the medieval Knights Templar.
- In the FX series, The Bastard Executioner (2015), The Dark Mute is a Templar Knight[83] and a member of the Order of Seraphim. The Order of Seraphim are charged with preserving and protecting Jesus Christ's nine-volume, handwritten Libro Nazareni (New Testament) from the Church, which, as Annora and Ventrishire's manor priest, Father Ruskin, discuss in episodes 7 ("Behold the Lamb / Gweled yr Oen") and 8 ("Broken Things / Pethau Toredig"), and Father Ruskin and Robinus, the Archdeacon of Windsor discuss in episode 9 ("The Bernadette Maneuver / Cynllwyn Bernadette"),[84][85] could be toppled by the book's release to the public. For that reason, the Church's leaders, such as Robinus, the Archdeacon of Windsor, and their Knights of the Rosebud/Rosula, have targeted both the book and its protectors to be hunted and destroyed.[86] To thwart the Rosula, The Dark Mute set "Templar traps" before abandoning his and Annora's cave.[87]
- They appear in History Channel.
Audio drama
- The 2016 audio drama Robin of Sherwood: The Knights Of The Apocalypse has Robin and his companions come into conflict with the titular Knights. The Knights of the Apocalypse are described as a splinter group from the Knights Templar. The Knights of the Apocalypse are also depicted in the play as having abandoned Christianity and instead worshiping the demon Baphomet.[88]
See also
- Temple Society
- Deus vult
References
- ^ ISSN 1874-6691.
- ^ a b c Masons, Templars and the Holy Grail: Historical Conspiracies and Popular Culture
- ^ ISBN 9781472117878.
- ISBN 9781135672157.
- ^ "Knights Templar FAQ". knightstemplar.org. The Grand Encampment of Knights Templar. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- ISBN 9780853182818.
- ^ "List of non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council as at 31 August 2006" (PDF). United Nations Economic and Social Council. 31 August 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
- ^ "Home page". Jamesjcarey.us. Rear Admiral Ret. James J. Carey. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
- ISBN 9780470127650.
- ^ Cox, Simon; Meisel, Anna (1 May 2018). "Is this Britain's most influential far-right activist?". BBC News. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
- ^ Andrews, Kieran (3 December 2017). "Revealed: Far-right Scot pioneered hate group's propaganda peddled by Donald Trump". The Sunday Post. Dundee, Scotland. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
- ^ "Knights Templar International Novus Ordo Militiae Ltd". companycheck.co.uk. Company Check. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
- ^ "Facebook bans UK far right groups and leaders". BBC. 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- ^ "CFP - Historical Consiracies and Popular Culture". 24 October 2004.
- ^ Barber's The New Knighthood (Cambridge U Press, 1995) paraphrased by Elaine Graham-Leigh
- ^ Knights Templar Inspires Trio of Best-Selling Books
- ^ "THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR - HISTORY AND MYTH" at Toruń, District Museum, October 23 – November 28, 2004
- ^ Marni Soupcoff, "The Post editorial board: The truth about the Templars [dead link]", National Post (October 22, 2007).
- ^ Dent, JD. Baldwin II. Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine History Bookshop. Retrieved on 2007-07-17.
- ISBN 0-415-29980-2
- ^ Louis Charpentier, Les Mystères de la Cathédrale de Chartres (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1966), translated The Mysteries of Chartres Cathedral (London: Research Into Lost Knowledge Organisation, 1972).
- ^ Piers Paul Read, The Templars, p. 159
- ^ Read, p. 27
- ISBN 1-85479-956-8. See p. 472.
- ISBN 0-7509-2572-8. See p. 240.
- ^ Les cases de Templers y Hospitalers en Catalunya; aplech de noves y documents històrichs (1910), Miret y Sans, Joaquín, Subject: Templars in Catalonia; Knights of Malta in Catalonia, Publisher: Barcelona Impr. de la Casa Provincial de Caritat. Denkschriften, der kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Klasse, 49. Band, Wien 1904.[clarification needed] Biblioteca Provinciale di Foggia, Monumenta edita ac illustrata 703.-1130. Archivio di Stato di Napoli.
- ISBN 0-906540-49-6
- ISBN 978-1-59477-098-2
- ISBN 0-671-86541-2
- ^ Barber, The New Knighthood, p. 332
- ^ Newman, p. 383
- ^ Owen, Richard (26 April 2009). "Knights Templar hid the Shroud of Turin, says Vatican". The Times. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
her study of the trial of the Knights Templar had brought to light a document in which Arnaut Sabbatier (...) was shown "a long linen cloth on which was impressed the figure of a man" and instructed to venerate the image by kissing its feet three times.
- ^ Templecombe in relation to the history of the Knights Templar was mentioned by Charles G. Addison, The History of The Knights Templars, the Temple Church, and The Temple, page 224 (Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans; 1842).
- ISBN 0-575-02483-6)
- ^ [1] Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine Abbas and Templecombe – a history
- The History Channel, Lost Worlds: Knights Templar, July 10, 2006 video documentary. Directed and written by Stuart Elliott
- ISBN 978-156414-926-8
- ISBN 0-521-55872-7
- ISBN 0-7661-2664-1
- ^ Arthur Edward Waite, Emblematic Freemasonry and the Evolution of its Deeper Issues, page 98 (London: W. Rider & Son, 1925).
- ISBN 0-521-55872-7
- ^ Séguin, Xavier (26 December 2011). "The End of the Temple". eden saga. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
Good account: thirteen generations later, for the Bourbons, it is Louis XVI.
- ^ Bern, Stéphane (2011). Secrets d'histoire (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Albin Michel. p. 271.
Louis XVI, dead exactly thirteen generations after that of Philip IV.
- Louis XVI, born in 1754.
- ^ For example: Daniel-Rops, Henri, Cathedral and Crusade: Studies of the Medieval Church, 1050-1350, pages 577-78 (E.P. Dutton & Co. 1957).
- ^ "The Da Vinci Connection", Sunday Herald, 14 November 2004 Archived 6 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Historian attacks Rosslyn Chapel for 'cashing in on Da Vinci Code'", Scotsman.com, 03-May-06
- ISBN 0-8356-0807-7(see p.110 – quoting "The Knights Templar in England" p.200-1)
- ^ with numerous repetitions during the 1980s to 2000s, see also e.g. Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh, The Temple and the Lodge, Arrow, 1998. Tim Wallace-murphy and Marilyn Hopkins, Rosslyn, Guardian of the Secrets of the Holy Grail, Element, 2000, pp120-122
- ^ "Hollywood legend Tom Hanks makes donation to Rosslyn Chapel restoration". The Scotsman. 6 February 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ Malcolm Barber, The Trial of the Templars, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p101
- ^ Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh, The Temple and the Lodge, Arrow, 1998, pp100-101
- ^ a b Ladislas de Malczovich, A Sketch of the Earlier History of Masonry in Austria and Hungary, Ars Quatuor Coronatorum, v6, 1893, pp85-91
- ^ R. F. Gould, A Concise History of Freemasonry. Gale & Poulden, London 1904, pp 411-414
- ^ Trevor W. McKeown, The Rite of Strict Observance, Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon A.F. & A. M, 2007, accessed 14 April 2014.
- ^ Claude Antoine Thory Acta Latomorum, Paris, 1815, p6
- ^ Robert L.D. Cooper, Cracking the Freemason's Code, Rider 2006, pp. 158-160.
- The History Channel. May 17, 2006.
- ^
"The Templars did have ships to carry personnel, pilgrims and supplies across the Mediterranean between the West and East and back, but if the Hospital after 1312 is any guide they did not have more than four galleys (warships) and few other ships, and if they needed more they hired them. They certainly could not spare ships to indulge in world exploration ... [T]he records of the port of La Rochelle show that the Templars were exporting wine by ship. This was not a fleet in any modern sense: again, those would have been transport vessels rather than warships, and the Templars probably hired them as they needed them, rather than buying their own. ... The ships would have been very small by modern standards, too shallow in draught and sailing too low in the water to be able to withstand the heavy waves and winds of the open Atlantic, and suited for use only in the relatively shallow waters of the continental shelf. What was more, they could not carry enough water to be at sea for long periods."
Nicholson, Helen (2001). The Knights Templar: A New History. Phoenix Mill Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire UK: Sutton Publishing Limited. pp. 12, 191–92. ISBN 0-7509-2517-5.
- ^ Hoagland, Richard (2002). "The Twin Towers and the Great Masonic Experiment: Has the 'End of Days' Begun?". Paranoia. 20 (Spring 2002): (52-58).
- ISBN 978-0520276826.
- ^ "Friday the 13th". snopes.com. 12 February 2004. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
- ^ "Why Friday the 13th is unlucky". urbanlegends.about.com. Retrieved 2007-03-26. "The claim that the Friday the 13th superstition began with the arrest of the final Grand Master of the Knights Templar, Jacques Demolay, on Friday, October 13, 1307, is a modern-day invention."
- ^ Cord, W. Harlan (1885). A Knight Templar Abroad: Or, Reminiscences of Travel Beyond the Sea. J. Burns Publishing Company. p. 202. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
Friday the 13th knight templar.
- ^ Burnes, James (1840). Sketch of the History of the Knights Templar. Edinburgh: Blackwood. p. 31.
Friday the 13th knight templar.
- ISBN 9780786405411(pgs. 456)
- ^ McCormick, Colin; Leo, Savannah Di (2019-09-05). "Get Out: 20 Hidden Details Everyone Completely Missed". ScreenRant. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
- ^ ISBN 9781573560665.
- ^ "Review: Templar Silks by Elizabeth Chadwick Review by Elizabeth Hawksley. Historical Novel Society. May 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
- ^ Howard, Robert E., Sword Woman and Other Historical Adventures.
New York : Del Rey, 2011. ISBN 9780345505460(pg.288)
- ISBN 9780313279607(p.64)
- ^ a b Ashton, Gail. Medieval afterlives in contemporary culture
London: Bloomsbury 2017. ISBN 9781350021617(pgs. 173-174)
- ^ ISBN 0-8108-6829-6
- ISBN 9780415285575(pgs. 146-147)
- ^ "Templar: historical caper graphic novel from Prince of Persia creator / Boing Boing". boingboing.net. 10 July 2013.
- ISBN 9780552527149.
- ^ "Description of Bloodline by James Rollins". Goodreads.
- ISBN 9781573560665.
- ^ Hopkins, Adrian (2012). The Little Black Songbook: David Bowie. Music Sales. p. 126.
- ^ Dennis Hackett. "Television: The Dark Side of the Sun". Times [London, England] 14 Sept. 1983: 13. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 25 April 2021.
- ISBN 978-0719098932.
- ISBN 9780786448166(pg. 66).
- ^ Kolb, Leigh (September 22, 2015). "The Bastard Executioner Recap: Grand Master Slash". Vulture.
- ^ Kolbtitle, Leigh (October 21, 2015). "The Bastard Executioner Recap: Agnus Dei". Vulture.
- ^ Kolbtitle, Leigh (November 4, 2015). "The Bastard Executioner Recap: Templar Traps". Vulture.
- ^ Kolbtitle, Leigh (November 18, 2015). "The Bastard Executioner Recap: Mission Complete". Vulture.
- ^ Kolbtitle, Leigh (November 4, 2015). "The Bastard Executioner Recap: Templar Traps". Vulture.
- ^ "Robin of Sherwood: Cult show returns with fan-funded drama". BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.