Knin

Knin
City
Grad Knin City of Knin
A view of Knin from Knin Fortress
Coat of arms
Knin Location of Knin within Croatia
Coordinates: 44°02′29″N 16°11′55″E / 44.04139°N 16.19861°E / 44.04139; 16.19861
Country	Croatia
Historical region	Dalmatian Hinterland
County	Šibenik-Knin
Government
• Type	Mayor-Council
• Mayor	Marijo Ćaćić (Ind.)
• City Council	15 members • HDZ (6) • List of a group of voters Marko Jelić (6) • SDSS–SDP (2) • Most–DP–Loza (1)
Area UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	22300
Area code	022
Climate	Cfa
Website	www.knin.hr

Knin (pronounced

Ancient

The area consisting of today's Knin, or more specifically, the Spas hill, was inhabited since the stone age. In the vicinity of today's Knin was once a town called Burnum, which served as a Roman military camp in the 1st century BC.

Middle Ages

The original settlement grew atop the Spas hill in the earliest history and which later formed the castle of Knin. The first church, a monastery dedicated to Saint Bartholomew, was built during the time of

Knin is first mentioned in the 10th-century work De Administrando Imperio as the centre of the Knin county (županija), and as one of the populated towns in Croatia. Around 1040, at the behest of the Croatian kings, a seat of the royal bishop was established in the nearby royal village of Biskupija (Kosovo), in the church of Saint Mary. The first "bishop of the Croats" is named Marko Giudice, and he and his successors were attached to the royal court as preachers and king's "special bishops" until 1102.^[8][9]

Knin became a more permanent royal residence of king

In 1178, it is for the first time mentioned as "civitates" (city) in a contemporary local source. Due to the extinction of the local ruling dynasty, the Croatian bishop moved his see to Knin itself, after which he started calling himself the Bishop of Knin.^[12] This precipitated the construction of a new cathedral, which was initiated in 1203 by the son of the Duke of Knin, Dobroslav in Kapitul.

The city was visited by Queen

Using the dynastic instability in the neighboring lands, the city came into the hands of the Bosnian king

Because of frequent harassment, the citizens of Knin had to pay tribute to the duke Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić, and for a short while, the city seemed to have been directly under his rule. The presence of Franciscans is for the first time mentioned in the 15th century, which were located in the old Saint Mary's church and monastery in the city. Apart from them, other religious buildings are mentioned such as the church of the Holy Spirit.^[11]

Its strategic position played an important role in many wars and power changes – the Republic of Venice often reflected on its importance as a key castle and the main entrance to Dalmatia, which it attempted to obtain during the 15th century.

During the reign of king Matthias Corvinus, the bishops of Knin were selected as the king's principal orators abroad in collecting the help needed against the invading Ottoman Empire. The bishop was thus first secretly involved at the pope to solicit financial aid for Matthias' military campaign. The city's distant surroundings quickly became a target for Ottoman raids. As the raids were becoming more frequent, one of them reached Knin, where a Franciscan monastery has been recorded to have been destroyed in 1469.

In 1493, the first direct attempt of siege by the Ottomans was undertaken, which was followed by ban John Corvinus and his deputies invading and pillaging the Ottoman territories from the city. The Republic of Venice started to financially support the city's defences in fear for its possessions in Dalmatia. In 1501, three Ottoman spies were caught and imprisoned by the vice-ban. They were sent by the Sanjak-bey of Bosnia, and had infiltrated Knin posing as friars that were on their way to sell vestments to the market. They were to investigate the situation in the Zadar surrounding.^[34]

The last major conflict around Knin before the truce was in September 1502 when 2,000 Ottoman cavalrymen looted the area.^[35] On 20 August 1503 King Vladislaus II concluded a 7-year peace treaty with Sultan Bayezid II. The armistice was generally respected by all sides,^[36] during which Knin's defensive positions were strengthened in 1504. A period of severe famine started in 1505 that affected entire Dalmatia. In 1510 the plague halved Knin's population.

In 1510 around 1,000 Ottoman Akıncı raided the countryside of Knin. There had been word that viceban of Croatia was captured on that occasion. Baltazar Baćan (Hungarian: Boldizsár Batthyány), viceban of Slavonia, together with forces from the Zagreb Bishopry, managed to lift the siege of Knin in January 1513. Next year in February the Ottomans laid siege on Knin with 10,000 men from the Sanjak of Bosnia, but were unable to take the city and lost 500 troops. Knin's burg and outskirts were burned on this occasion.^[37][38] These clashes left Knin devastated and there was no news about the city for five years. Local population was decimated by war, hunger, plague and migration to safer places, and its economy was hindered by the seizure of crops and livestock. Due to Knin's strategic value, King Louis II responded to requests from captains of Knin, Skradin and Ostrovica and promised reinforcements of 1,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalrymen. However, it is unlikely that these forces arrived to the endangered towns.

On 29 May 1522 after the final siege of the Knin castle, it fell to the Ottoman Empire,^[39] and Croats left the town in large numbers. The Ottomans repopulated the town with new inhabitants from Bosnia.^[40]

Ottoman and Venetian period

The bishops who held the title no longer resided in Knin after it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1522. It was initially part of the Sanjak of Kilis, later the centre of the Sanjak of Kırka, was founded in 1574.^[3] By 1540, Ottomans massively populated area between Skradin and Knin with Vlachs.^[41] It was briefly captured by Venice in 1648 during

Knin passed on to the

: Miro Višić, Jošo Durbaba, Boško Žunić, Stevo G. Opačić and Stevo S. Opačić.

Socialist Yugoslavia

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2020)

Between 1945 and 1990, Knin saw rapid industrialization and modernization, becoming a centre of a wider region. Una railway was opened in 1948 and Knin-Zadar railway in 1967, making Knin train station one of the most important and busiest hubs in Croatia.

Croatian War of Independence

On 8 July 1989, a large Serb nationalist rally was held in Knin, during which banners threatening

In February 2015, during the Croatia–Serbia genocide case, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) dismissed the Serbian lawsuit claim that Operation Storm constituted genocide ruling that Croatia did not have the specific intent to exterminate the country's Serb minority, though it reaffirmed that serious crimes against Serb civilians had taken place.^[61] Fleeing civilians and people remaining in United Nations protected areas were subject to various forms of harassment, including military assaults and acts by Croatian civilians. On 8 August, a refugee column was shelled.^[62] Human Rights Watch reported, in 1996, that the vast majority of the abuses were committed by Croatian forces. These abuses, which continued on a large scale even months after Operation Storm, included summary executions of elderly and infirm Serbs who remained behind and the wholesale burning and destruction of Serbian villages and property.^[63] Executions of civilians took place in and around the town of Knin.^[64]

The majority of the population had already fled by the time the Croatian Army took control of Knin.^[65][66][67] At the end of the war, Knin's demographic composition changed greatly with the influx of Croat refugees from Bosnia and former Croat militia members. They replaced, to a great extent, those Serbs who fled during Operation Storm.^[68] In 2015, Amnesty International report that Croatian Serbs continued to face discrimination in public sector employment and the restitution of tenancy rights to social housing vacated during the war.^[69]

Geography

Knin is located in the northern Dalmatian region of Croatia, 56 kilometres east of the coastal town of Šibenik, at 44°02′18″N 16°11′59″E / 44.03833°N 16.19972°E / 44.03833; 16.19972.

The original Roman settlement developed on the foothills of the

Climate

Knin has a modified Mediterranean climate (Cfa, nearing the border with Csa) with hot dry summers and cool winters. Although the city is only some 50 km (31 mi) from the Adriatic Sea, an arm of the Mediterranean, the proximity of the Dinaric Alps to the north alters its climate. Knin is particularly known for its hot summers: temperatures reaching 40 °C (104 °F) are not uncommon in July and August. The January average temperature is about 4 °C and in August is about 24 °C

Demographics

According to 2021 census data, the population in Knin municipality was 11,755 and in town proper 8,317. 29,8% of population is of the age of 60 or older, while 18,6% of population is 20 or younger.

Knin has recently seen a steep population decline, not least due to high emigration rates, especially since Croatia joined the EU in 2013 and its citizens consequently face few to no work and immigration restrictions. Elementary school student population in Knin (ages 6 to 14) has sharply declined by 29% between 2013 and 2019.^[76] Knin's population is also in more flux than that of other Croatian cities given that it has a major refugee problem: both with a large number of Croats from neighbouring Bosnia-Herzegovina who immigrated there post-1995 and Serbs from Knin who are still refugees in Bosnia-Herzegovina or Serbia. Immigrant Croats form the majority in the city with only a scattered Serb presence in the surrounding villages.^{[citation needed]}

Demographic history

Before the Croatian War of Independence 87% of the population of the municipality and 79% of the city were Serbs.^[77] During the war, most of the non-Serb population was displaced from Knin, while in the last days of the war most of the Serbs left Knin, fearing incoming Croatian forces.^[65][66][78] In February 2015, during the Croatia–Serbia genocide case, the judgment of the International Court of Justice stated that it is not disputed that a substantial part of the Serb population fled that region as a direct consequence of the military actions. The Croatian authorities were aware that the operation would provoke a mass exodus; they even to some extent predicated their military planning on such an exodus, which they considered not only probable, but desirable.^[79] As a consequence of the war and population displacement, Knin municipality population has nearly halved between 1991 and 2001 (from 23 to 15 thousand).

Knin (municipality)

Besides the town of Knin itself, Knin municipality today consists of following settlements: Golubić, Kninsko Polje, Kovačić, Ljubač, Oćestovo, Plavno, Polača, Potkonje, Radljevac, Strmica, Vrpolje and Žagrović. The data below and in the population graph is based on current municipality, since in the past Knin municipality often changed its borders.

Knin (town)

Town of Knin had a small population compared to its surroundings until the aftermath of World War II. Just 15% of population of municipality lived in Knin proper; neighbouring Plavno, Oćestovo and Polača had basically the same or even larger population than Knin. With increased urbanisation and industrialization in post-WWII socialist era (1945-1991), Knin urban population rapidly increased from 2,600 to 12,300. At that point, more than a half of municipality's population lived in the town of Knin. After 1991, due to the war and population displacement, as well as transition shock and deindustrialization, population has been steadily declining.

The 1857 data shows that 75,55% of the town population was

Serb Orthodox church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin in Knin

Roman Catholic church of St Anthony in Knin

Archeology

The recently discovered Roman town

The nearby villages Biskupija and Kapitul are extremely interesting archeological sites from the 10th century where many remains of medieval Croatian culture are found including churches, graves, decorations, and epigraphs.^[88]

Sport

The most successful sports in Knin lately have been

200m sprint as well as long jump national champion, Marko Čeko, who also won the Hanžeković memorial in 2020 in men's long jump.^[90][91]

The main football club in Knin is NK Dinara, formed in 1913. NK Dinara's colours were black and white until 2005 when the club changed its colours to red, white and blue.^[92] NK Dinara plays in the 4th, lowest division in Croatia, Šibenik-Knin County League (1. Županijska liga Šibensko-kninska).

Knin has a sports association which was formed in 1998.

handball, volleyball, kickboxing, karate, tennis and taekwondo

.

In 2007 the Croatia national rugby union team beat an Irish Barbarians side to win their first ever trophy, the St. Patrick's Day Cup organised by Alan Moore in Knin.^[93][94]

Transport

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The most important intercity roadway in Knin is the Croatian

B1

expressway).

Knin is also an important railway junction as the railroads from the rest of Dalmatia and its cities of

Electrification had started from Yugoslav

inland towards the coast and had only reached Knin, so today the Knin station sidings are equipped with overhead catenary, but lines leaving the town are not.

Towns and villages in the municipality

In the 2011 census, the municipality contained the following

settlements:^[95]

• Golubić, population 1,029
• Knin, population 10,633
• Kninsko Polje, population 864
• Kovačić, population 900
• Ljubač, population 78
• Oćestovo, population 144
• Plavno, population 253
• Polača, population 210
• Potkonje, population 110
• Radljevac, population 75
• Strmica, population 261
• Vrpolje, population 213
• Žagrović, population 637

Notable people

• Ratko Adamović (b. 1942), Serbian writer
• Marija Ilić Agapova (1895–1984), Serbian librarian and translator
• Dragana Atlija (b. 1986), Miss Serbia 2009
• Milan Babić (1956–2006), 1st president of quasi-state Republic of Serbian Krajina and former mayor of Knin convicted for war crimes by ICTY
• Nemanja Bezbradica (b. 1993), Serbian basketball player
• footballer
• Gojko Bjedov [sr
  ] (1913–1937), Yugoslav volunteer in the Spanish Civil War
• Kosta Bjedov (b. 1986), Serbian footballer
• Igor Bjelan (b. 1992), Serbian badminton player
• Valentina Blažević (b. 1994), Serbian handball player
• Milan Borjan (b. 1987), Canadian soccer player
• Dejan Borovnjak (b. 1986), Serbian basketball player
• Vladimir Buač (b. 1984), Croatian footballer and coach
• Frane Cota (1898–1951), Croatian sculptor at the 1924 Summer Olympics
• Jovan Damjanović (b. 1982), Serbian footballer and football manager
• Milan Damjanović (1943–2006), Yugoslav–Serbian footballer
• Miloš Degenek (b. 1994), Australian footballer
• Milica Deura (b. 1990), Bosnian basketball player
• Ognjen Dobrić (b. 1994), Serbian basketball player
• Marta Drpa (b. 1989), Serbian volleyball player
• war crimes in absentia by SFRY
• Lazo Džepina (b. 1966), Croatian footballer and football manager
• Electra Elite, Serbian singer and sex worker^[96]
• Božena Erceg (b. 1981), Croatian basketball player
• Branko Grčić (b. 1964), Croatian politician and economist
• Aleksandar Gugleta (b. 1991), Serbian handball player
• Marko Jelić (b. 1976), Croatian biology professor and former mayor of Knin
• Matea Jelić (b. 1997), Croatian taekwondo athlete
• Vojin Jelić (1921–2004), Croatian writer and poet
• Drago Kovačević (1953–2019), Serbian politician and writer and former mayor of Knin
• Leon Kreković (b. 2000), Croatian footballer
• Sava Lešić (b. 1988), Serbian basketball player
• Sasa Macura (b. 1991), Australian footballer
• Sanda Malešević (b. 1994), Serbian footballer
• Ljubomir Marić (b. 1977), Serbian and Kosovar politician
• Arsen Marjan (b. 1975), Serbian footballer
• prime minister of Serbia
• Milan Martić (b. 1954), 3rd president of quasi-state Republic of Serbian Krajina convicted of war crimes by ICTY
• Bojan Miljuš (b. 1994), Serbian footballer
• Branko Miljuš (b. 1960), Croatian footballer
• Dejan Miljuš (b. 1994), Serbian footballer
• Lovro Monti (1835–1898), Dalmatian Italian politician
• Miloš Perišić (b. 1995), Serbian footballer
• Ilija Petković (1945–2020), Serbian footballer and football manager
• Zdravko Ponoš (b. 1962), Serbian politician, diplomat and retired general
• Hrvoje Požar (1916–1991), Croatian engineer
• Milan Pršo (b. 1990), Serbian footballer
• Jovan Radulović (1951–2018), Serbian writer
• Jovan Rašković (1929–1992), Croatian Serb psychiatrist and politician
• Josipa Rimac (b. 1980), former mayor of Knin
• Ljubomir Ristovski (b. 1969), Serbian footballer and football manager
• Bojan Sanković (b. 1993), Montenegrin footballer
• deputy prime minister of Croatia
• Dinko Šimunović (1873–1933), Croatian writer
• Dalibor Škorić (b. 1971), Serbian footballer
• Dejan Sorgić (b. 1989), Swiss footballer
• Miloš Tintor (b. 1986), Serbian footballer
• Janko Veselinović (b. 1965), Serbian lawyer and professor of law
• Mladen Veselinović (b. 1992), Serbian footballer
• Vojislav Vranjković (b. 1983), Serbian footballer
• Soraja Vučelić (b. 1986), Serbian–Montenegrin model
• Radomir Vukčević (1941–2014), Yugoslav footballer
• high jumper
• Dušan Zelenbaba (b. 1952), Croatian physician and politician
• Vladimir Zelenbaba (b. 1982), Serbian footballer
• Nemanja Zelenović (b. 1990), Serbian handball player
• Milan Zorica (b. 1992), Serbian footballer

See also

• Church of Saint Anthony, Knin

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• "Croatia: Impunity for abuses committed during "Operation Storm" and the denial of the right of refugees to return to the Krajina" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. August 1996.
• Dizdar, Zdravko; Sobolevski, Mihajlo (1999). Prešućivani četnički zločini u Hrvatskoj i u Bosni i Hercegovini 1941–1945 [Suppressed Chetnik Crimes in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina 1941–1945]. Zagreb: Croatian Institute of History.
  ISBN 978-953-6491-28-5
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• Gunjača, Stjepan (June 1949). "O položaju kninske katedrale" (PDF). Starohrvatska Prosvjeta (in Croatian). III (1). Knin: Museum of Croatian Archaeological Monuments: 38–86. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
• Gunjača, Stjepan (September 1960). "Tiniensia archaeologica historica topographica II" (PDF). Starohrvatska Prosvjeta (in Croatian). III (7). Knin: Museum of Croatian Archaeological Monuments: 7–142. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
• Šimunović, Petar (March 2013). "Predantički toponimi u današnjoj (i povijesnoj) Hrvatskoj" [Pre-Roman placenames in present-day (and historical) Croatia] (PDF). Folia onomastica Croatica (in Croatian) (22). Zagreb: Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts: 147–214. Retrieved 18 January 2016.

Further reading

• Jurić, Ana (2017-07-14). Utjecaj migracija na kretanje broja stanovnika grada Knina 1991.-2011 (master's thesis). University of Zadar. Department of Geography.
• Lejeau, Nicolas (2005). "Le nettoyage ethnique en ex-Yougoslavie: le cas de la Krajina de Knin". Revue Géographique de l'Est (in French). 45 (vol. 45 / 1): 45–53.
  ISSN 0035-3213. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help
  )
• Mrđen, S., & Jurić, A. (2018). The effect of war and post-war migrations on the demographic composition of the Town of Knin (1991-2011). Geoadria, 23(1), 85-122. https://doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.1499
• Bradaš, Branko (2018-10-11). Demografski izazovi i rješenja na primjeru Zadarske i Šibensko-kninske županije (master's thesis). University of Zadar. Department of Geography.
• Mrduljaš, Saša (2015). "Brojčani i teritorijalni suodnos Hrvata i Srba u Dalmaciji prije suvremenih migracija". Polemos: Časopis za interdisciplinarna istraživanja rata i mira (in Croatian). XVIII (35): 47–73.
  ISSN 1331-5595
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Knin.

• Official website (in Croatian)
• Tourist information about Knin area
• National Tourist Board about Knin