Kołobrzeg

Coordinates: 54°10′34″N 15°34′34″E / 54.17611°N 15.57611°E / 54.17611; 15.57611
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Kolberg" redirects here. For other uses, see Kolberg (disambiguation).

Kołobrzeg
Kòlbrzég (Kashubian)
Coastline of the Baltic Sea in Kołobrzeg and historical lighthouse.
Car plates
ZKL
Websitewww.kolobrzeg.pl

Kołobrzeg (Polish:

Oder and Vistula Rivers). It is the capital of Kołobrzeg County
.

During the

of Pomerania
.

In the late 19th century Kolberg became a popular spa town at the Baltic Sea. In 1945, Polish and Soviet troops captured the town, while the remaining German population which had not fled the advancing

expelled in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement. Kołobrzeg, now part of post-war Poland and devastated in the preceding Battle of Kolberg, was rebuilt, but lost its status as the regional center to the nearby city of Koszalin
.

Etymology

"Kołobrzeg" means "by the shore" in Polish; "koło" translates as "by"[1] and "brzeg" means "coast" or "shore".[2] Kashubian: Kòłobrzeg has a similar etymology. The original name of Cholberg was taken by Polish and Kashubian linguists in the 19th and 20th centuries to reconstruct the name. After German settlement, the original name of Cholberg evolved into German: Kolberg ([ˈkɔlbɛʁk] ⓘ).

History

Pomeranian stronghold at modern Budzistowo

According to Piskorski (1999) and Kempke (2001), Slavic and Lechitic immigration reached Farther Pomerania in the 7th century.[3][4] First Slavic settlements in the vicinity of Kołobrzeg were centered around nearby deposits of salt and date to 6th and 7th century.[5][6]

In the late 9th century, the

Pomeranians' core settlement areas.[10] The stronghold consisted of a fortified burgh with a suburbium.[11][12]

The

smithery, based on local iron ore reserves, other crafts like the production of combs from horn, and in the surrounding areas, agriculture.[15][17] Important sites in the settlement were a place for periodical markets and a tavern, mentioned as forum et taberna in 1140.[13]

In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Budzistowo stronghold was the largest of several smaller ones in the Persante area, and as such is thought to have functioned as the center of the local

Pomeranian subtribe.[17] By the turn from the 10th to the 11th century, the smaller burghs in the Parseta area were given up.[17] With the area coming under the control of the Polish Duke Mieszko I, only two strongholds remained and underwent an enlargement, the one at Budzistowo and a predecessor of later Białogard.[17] These developments were most likely associated with the establishment of Polish power over this part of the Baltic coast. In the 10th century, the trade of salt and fish led to the development of the settlement into a town.[18]

Piast Poland and conversion

St John's Church, the remains of an early medieval settlement in modern Budzistowo

During

Wrocław, connecting the territories of the Polish state.[18] It was an important event not only in religious, but also political dimension in the history of the early Polish state, as it unified and organized medieval Polish territories.[18]

The missionary efforts of bishop

Polish–German war ended with Polish victory, which was confirmed by the 1018 Peace of Bautzen
.

During his campaigns in the early 12th century,

local "Griffin" dynasty his vassals. The stronghold was captured by the Polish army in the winter of 1107/08, when the inhabitants (cives et oppidani) including a duke (dux Pomeranorum) surrendered without resistance.[23] A previous Polish siege of the burgh had been unsuccessful; although the duke had fled the burgh, the Polish army was unable to break through the fortifications and the two gates.[24] The army had however looted and burned the suburbium, which was not or only lightly fortified.[24] The descriptions given by the contemporary chroniclers make it possible that a second, purely militarily used castle existed near the settlement, yet neither is this certain nor have archaeological efforts been able to locate traces thereof.[25] In the 12th-century Polish chronicle Gesta principum Polonorum
Kołobrzeg was named a significant and famous city.

During the subsequent

Christianization of the area by Otto of Bamberg at the behest of Bolesław, a St. Mary's church was built.[7] This marked the first beginnings of German influence in the area.[18] After Bolesław's death, as a result of the fragmentation of Poland, the Duchy of Pomerania became independent,[26] before the dukes became vassals of Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire
in the late 12th century.

Besides St. Mary's, a St. John's church and a St. Petri's chapel were built.[13] A painting of the town of Kołobrzeg from the 13th century is located in the Museum of Polish Arms in the city.[27]

From the late Middle Ages to the Thirty Years' War

Brick Gothic St. Mary's Basilica

During the

Kammin also supported the German colonisation of the region.[18] The settlers received several privileges such as exemption from certain taxes and several benefits, making it difficult for the indigenous Pomeranian population to compete with Germans.[18]

Henceforth, the nearby former stronghold was turned into a village and renamed "Old Town" (

Latin: antiqua civitatae Colbergensis, German: Altstadt, Polish: Stare Miasto), first documented in 1277 and used until 1945 when it was renamed "Budzistowo".[7][11] A new St. Mary's church was built within the new town before the 1260s,[33] while St. Mary's in the former Pomeranian stronghold was turned into a nuns' abbey.[7] In 1277 St. Benedict's monastery for nuns was founded, which in the framework of the Pomeranian Reformation in 1545 was then changed into an educational institution for noble Protestant ladies.[34]

Fuse Tower, last remnant of the medieval fortification

Already in 1248, the

Kammin bishops and the Pomeranian dukes had interchanged the terrae Stargard and Kolberg, leaving the bishops in charge of the latter.[35] When in 1276 they became the souvereign of the town also, they moved their residence there, while the administration of the diocese was done from nearby Köslin (Koszalin).[35] In 1345, the bishops became Imperial immediate dukes in their secular reign.[35]

In 1361, the city joined the Hanseatic League. In 1446 it fought a battle against the nearby rival city of Koszalin.[36]

When the property of the

House of Pomerania.[35]

In the 15th century the city traded with Scotland, Amsterdam and Scandinavia.[18] Beer, salt, honey, wool and flour were exported, while merchants imported textiles from England, southern fruits, and cod liver oil. In the 16th century, the city reached 5,000 inhabitants.[18] The indigenous Slavs in the city were discriminated, and their rights in trade and crafts were limited, with bans on performing certain types of professions and taking certain positions in the city,[18][citation needed] for instance in 1564 it was forbidden to admit native Slavs to the blacksmiths' guild.[37]

During the Thirty Years' War, Kolberg was occupied by imperial forces from 1627 to 1630,[38] and thereafter by Swedish forces.[39]

Modern era: In Prussia

Neo-Gothic building in 1826 to replace the old town hall, destroyed during the siege of Kolberg (1807). The plans were altered and the final building was by Ernst Friedrich Zwirner 1829–1832.[40]

Kolberg, with most of

Peter Rumyantsev
. At the end of the war, however, Kolberg was returned to Prussia.

Emergency issue currency for the siege of Kolberg (1807), 8 groschen
Emergency issue currency for the siege of Kolberg (1807), 8 groschen
Antoni Paweł Sułkowski, who led the Polish troops during the siege of 1807, is the namesake of a Kołobrzeg street today

During

Landkreis Kolberg-Körlin
.
Gniezno and Roman Catholic primate of Poland, was imprisoned for sedition by the Prussian authorities for ten months in 1839–1840 in the city[41] and after his release, he tried to organise a chaplaincy for the many Polish soldiers stationed in Kolberg.[42]

In the 19th century the city had a small but active Polish population that increased during the century to account for 1.5% of the population by 1905.[43] The Polish community funded a Catholic school and the Church of Saint Marcin where masses in Polish were held (initially throughout the season, after about 1890 all the year), were established.[6][44][45] Dating back to 1261 Kolberg's Jewish population amounted to 528 people in 1887, rising to 580 two years later, and although many moved to Berlin after that date they numbered around 500 by the end of the Nineteenth century[46]

Lapidarium to Jewish minority from the city murdered by Nazi Germany. Lapidarium raised by Polish authorities in Kołobrzeg in 2000. The inscription is in Polish, Hebrew, and German

Between 1924 and 1935, the American-German painter

Staatliches Bauhaus
, visited Kolberg repeatedly and painted the cathedral and environs of the town.

In the May elections of 1933, the Nazi Party received by far the most votes, 9,842 out of 19,607 cast votes.[47]

When the Nazis took power in Germany in 1933, the Jewish community in Kolberg comprised 200 people, and the antisemitic repression by Germany's ruling party led several of them to flee the country. A Nazi newspaper, the Kolberger Beobachter, listed Jewish shops and business that were to be boycotted. Nazis also engaged in hate propaganda against Jewish lawyers, doctors, and craftsmen.[48] At the end of 1935, Jews were banned from working in the city's health spas.[48] During Kristallnacht, the Jewish synagogue and homes were destroyed, and in 1938 the local Jewish cemetery was vandalised, while a cemetery shrine was turned to stable by German soldiers.[49] In 1938, all Jews in Kolberg, as all over Germany, were renamed in official German documents as "Israel" (for males) or "Sarah" (for females). In the beginning of 1939, Jews were banned from attending German schools and the entire adult population had its driving licenses revoked.[48] After years of discrimination and harassment, local Jews were deported by the German authorities to concentration camps in 1940.

Second World War

Statue of the Nurse – a statue in memory of women who fought for the Polish state during the Second World War and in battle for Kołobrzeg, the woman is based on Ewelina Nowak who died in 1945 in the city while trying to save a wounded soldier

During the

forced laborers to the city, among them many Poles.[18] The city's economy was changed to military production-especially after the German invasion of the Soviet Union.[18] The forced laborers were threatened with everyday harassment and repression; they were forbidden from using phones, holding cultural events and sports events, they could not visit restaurants or swimming pools, or have contact with the local German population.[18] Poles were only allowed to attend a church mass once a month – and only in the German language.[18] They also had smaller food rations than Germans, and had to wear a sign with the letter P on their clothes indicating their ethnic background.[18] Additionally, medical help for Polish workers was limited by the authorities.[18] Arrests and imprisonment for various offences, such as "slow pace of work" or leaving the workspace, were everyday occurrences.[50]

In 1944, the city was selected as a fortress — Festung Kolberg. The 1807 siege was used for the last Nazi propaganda film, Kolberg shortly before the end of the war by Joseph Goebbels. It was meant to inspire the Germans with its depiction of the heroic Prussian defence during the Napoleonic Wars. Tremendous resources were devoted to filming this epic, even diverting tens of thousands of troops from the front lines to have them serve as extras in battle scenes. Ironically, the film was released in the final few weeks of Nazi Germany's existence, when most of the country's cinemas were already destroyed.

On 10 February 1945, the German torpedo-boat T-196 brought about 300 survivors of the General von Steuben, which had been sunk by Soviet submarine S-13 to Kolberg. As the Red Army advanced on Kolberg, most of the inhabitants and tens of thousands of refugees from surrounding areas (about 70,000 were trapped in the Kolberg Pocket), as well as 40,000 German soldiers, were evacuated from the besieged city by German naval forces in Operation Hannibal. Only about two thousand soldiers were left on 17 March to cover the last sea transports.

Between 4 and 18 March 1945, there were

Józef Haller
.

After the battle the city for several weeks was under Soviet administration, the Germans that had not yet fled were

expelled and the city was plundered by the Soviet troops.[18] Freed Polish forced laborers remained and were joined by Polish railwaymen from Warsaw destroyed by the Germans.[18]

  • Before, during, and after the war
  • Kolberg between 1890 and 1905
    Kolberg between 1890 and 1905
  • Strandschloss (Beach Castle) in Kolberg c. 1900
    Strandschloss (Beach Castle) in Kolberg c. 1900
  • 80% of the city destroyed in 1945
    80% of the city destroyed in 1945
  • Ratuszowy Square, Kołobrzeg in 2019
    Ratuszowy Square, Kołobrzeg in 2019

Post-war Poland

Aerial view of Port of Kołobrzeg

After

Curzon line, the Kresy
, from where they had been displaced by Soviet authorities.

In 2000 the city business council of Kołobrzeg commissioned a monument called the Millennium Memorial as a commemoration of "

Otto III of Germany, at the Congress of Gniezno, in the year 1000. It was designed and built by the artist Wiktor Szostalo in welded stainless steel. The two figures sit at the base of a 5-meter cross, cleft in two and being held together by a dove holding an olive branch
. It is installed outside the Basilica Cathedral in the city center.

Climate

Kołobrzeg has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb).[51][52]

Climate data for Kołobrzeg (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5) 		17.8
(64.0) 		23.2
(73.8) 		28.9
(84.0) 		31.7
(89.1) 		35.9
(96.6) 		35.7
(96.3) 		38.0
(100.4) 		32.3
(90.1) 		26.1
(79.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		14.3
(57.7) 		38.0
(100.4)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 9.1
(48.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		15.9
(60.6) 		22.3
(72.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		28.9
(84.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.2
(86.4) 		24.8
(76.6) 		19.1
(66.4) 		13.2
(55.8) 		9.9
(49.8) 		32.4
(90.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.9
(37.2) 		3.8
(38.8) 		6.8
(44.2) 		11.8
(53.2) 		15.9
(60.6) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.7
(71.1) 		22.0
(71.6) 		18.1
(64.6) 		12.9
(55.2) 		7.5
(45.5) 		4.1
(39.4) 		12.2
(54.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3) 		1.2
(34.2) 		3.4
(38.1) 		7.6
(45.7) 		11.8
(53.2) 		15.6
(60.1) 		17.9
(64.2) 		17.9
(64.2) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		5.1
(41.2) 		2.0
(35.6) 		8.9
(48.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		0.7
(33.3) 		4.2
(39.6) 		8.1
(46.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		14.1
(57.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		6.7
(44.1) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		5.9
(42.6)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −10.4
(13.3) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		2.4
(36.3) 		7.0
(44.6) 		10.1
(50.2) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.2
(41.4) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−13.2
(8.2)
Record low °C (°F) −23.9
(−11.0) 		−25.5
(−13.9) 		−17.7
(0.1) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.4
(39.9) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−13.1
(8.4) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−25.5
(−13.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 48.2
(1.90) 		40.5
(1.59) 		42.9
(1.69) 		34.0
(1.34) 		50.6
(1.99) 		70.4
(2.77) 		77.0
(3.03) 		89.9
(3.54) 		73.2
(2.88) 		64.9
(2.56) 		51.0
(2.01) 		55.0
(2.17) 		697.7
(27.47)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 4.7
(1.9) 		5.0
(2.0) 		3.0
(1.2) 		0.2
(0.1) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.1) 		1.3
(0.5) 		3.4
(1.3) 		5.0
(2.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.67 15.69 14.00 11.07 12.80 13.13 14.00 14.07 13.70 15.60 16.20 18.77 176.69
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 9.3 9.2 3.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.5 5.7 29.8
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		85.1 83.7 81.4 77.0 77.6 77.2 79.3 79.5 81.8 84.3 87.1 86.9 81.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 42.7 66.8 127.8 198.9 255.6 253.0 255.1 236.5 163.3 104.9 47.9 30.6 1,783.1
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[61][62][63]

Demographics

Before the end of World War II the town was predominantly German Protestant with small Polish and Jewish minorities. Almost all of the pre-war German population fled or was expelled so that since 1945, Polish Catholics make up the majority of the population. Around the turn from the 18th to the 19th century an increase of the number of Catholics was observed, because military personnel had been moved from West Prussia to the town.[citation needed]

Lighthouse in Kołobrzeg
Kołobrzeg eastern beach
Number of inhabitants in years
Year Inhabitants
1740 5,027
1782 4,006
1794 4,319
1812 5,597
1816 5,210
1831 6,221
1843 7,528
1852 8,658
1861 10,082
1900 20,200
1925 30,115
1940 36,800
1945 approx. 3,000
1950 6,800
1960 16,700
1975 31,800
1990 45,400
2002 47,500
2004 45,500
2014 46,830

Tourist destination

Kołobrzeg today is a popular tourist destination for Poles, Germans and due to the ferry connection to Bornholm also Danish people. It provides a unique combination of a seaside resort, health resort, an old town full of historic monuments and tourist entertainment options (e.g. numerous "beer gardens").

Panorama of Kołobrzeg

Bike path to Podczele

The town is part of the European Route of Brick Gothic[64] network. A bike path "to Podczele", located along the seaside was commissioned on 14 July 2004. The path extends from Kołobrzeg to Podczele. The path has been financed by the European Union, and is intended to be part of a unique biking path that will ultimately circle the entire Baltic Sea.[65][66] The path was breached on 24 March 2010 due to the encroachment of the sea associated with the draining of the adjacent unique Eco-Park marsh area. The government of Poland has allocated PLN 90,000 to repair the breach, and the path re-opened within a year. It was also extended in 2011 to connected with Ustronie Morskie 8 km (5 mi) to the east.

Oldest oak

South of

Boleslaus the Brave
.

Cultural center

Kołobrzeg is also a regional cultural center. In the summer take place – a number of concerts of popular singers, musicians, and cabarets. Municipal Cultural Center, is located in the Park teatralny. Keep under attachment artistic arts, theater and dance. Patron of youth teams and the vocal choir. Interfolk organizes the annual festival, the International Meeting of the folklore and other cultural events. Cinema is a place for meetings Piast Discussion Film Club.

In Kołobrzeg there are many permanent and temporary exhibitions of artistic and historical interest. In the town hall of Kołobrzeg is located Gallery of Modern Art, where exhibitions are exposed artists from Kołobrzeg, as well as outside the local artistic circles. Gallery also conducts educational activities, including organized by the gallery of art lessons for children and young people from schools.

Pier

Pier by night

The Kołobrzeg Pier is currently the second longest pier in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, after the pier in Międzyzdroje. A jetty positioned on the end of the pier enables small ships to sail for sightseeing excursions.[67]

Museums

ORP Fala, a museum ship in Kołobrzeg

In town, there is a museum of Polish weapons (

Muzeum Oręża Polskiego
), which are presented in the collections of militaria from the early Middle Ages to the present. The palace of Braunschweig include part of museum dedicated to the history of the city. In their collections branch presents a collection of rare and common measurement tools, as well as specific measures of the workshop. The local museum is also moored at the port of ORP Fala patrol ship, built in 1964, after leaving the service transformed into a museum.

Transport

Train connections

Kołobrzeg train station

Kołobrzeg has connections among others to

"Solidarity" Szczecin–Goleniów Airport, Gdańsk, Poznań, Warsaw, Kraków and Lublin
.

Ferry

A seasonal ferry service to Nexø on the Danish island of Bornholm is offered by the catamaran Jantar.[68] The trip takes 15 hours and carries passengers but no cars.

Sport

Notable people

primate of Poland
, in Kołobrzeg
Ryszard Kukliński, Polish colonel who spied for NATO during the Cold War.

19th century

20th century

Famous persons connected with the city

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns – sister cities

Kołobrzeg is

twinned
with:

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ ADIPS Sp. z o.o. "DICT – English Polish Dictionary". Dict.pl. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  2. ^ ADIPS Sp. z o.o. "DICT – English Polish Dictionary". Dict.pl. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  3. ISBN 978-8390618487
    .
  4. ISBN 3-515-07671-9
    .
  5. ISBN 83-210-0072-X
    , p.8
  6. ^ a b c d [1] Archived 27 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine Historic calendar of the city's Official webpage
  7. ^
    ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
  8. ^
    ISBN 3-406-54986-1
  9. ISBN 3-515-07671-9
  10. ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
  11. ^
    ISBN 3-933701-06-6
  12. ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
  13. ^
    ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
  14. ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
  15. ^ a b c [2] Archived 27 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine 'Historical eras' Official webpage of the city: The local Slavic population engaged in fishery, salt trade and various crafts.
  16. ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
  17. ^
    ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Epoki Historyczne". Miasto Kołobrzeg (in Polish). Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  19. ISBN 978-0-521-87616-2
  20. ISBN 978-0-7190-4926-2
  21. ISBN 978-3-05-003749-3
  22. ISBN 978-3-515-07498-8
  23. ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
  24. ^
    ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
  25. ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
  26. ^ Joachim Herrmann, Die Slawen in Deutschland, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, pp.386
  27. ^ Nazwa Kołobrzeg Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Official website of the city
  28. ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  29. ^
    ISBN 3-11-017061-2
  30. ISBN 3-515-07671-9
  31. ^ Copy of the charter (in Latin), printed in Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler, Codex juris Municipalis Germaniae Medii Aevi: Regesten und Urkunden zur Verfassungs- und Rechtsgeschichte der deutschen Städte im Mittelalter, F. Enke, 1863, p.609, free view Archived 30 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ISBN 3-406-54986-1
    :"1255 erhielt die deutsche Siedlung nördlich der slawischen Siedlung Stadtrect von Lübeck."
  33. ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
  34. ^ Franz Manthey: Polnische Kirchengeschichte. Hildesheim 1965, p. 31.
  35. ^
    ISBN 3-406-54986-1
  36. ^ "Kalendarium 750 lat Koszalina, Muzeum w Koszalinie" (in Polish). Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  37. ISBN 83-210-0072-X
    , p.27 (in Polish)
  38. ISBN 3-8258-7150-9
    .
  39. ISBN 3-8258-7150-9
    .
  40. ISBN 3-932565-25-8
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  42. ^ a b Na stolicy prymasowskiej w Gnieźnie i w Poznaniu: szkice o prymasach Polski w okresie niewoli narodowej i w II Rzeczypospolitej : praca zbiorowa Feliks Lenort Księgarnia Św. Wojciecha, 1984, pages 139–146
  43. ^ Hieronym Kroczyński: Dawny Kołobrzeg, Wydawnictwo Le Petit Café, page 52, Kołobrzeg 1999
  44. ^ "Związki Pomorza Zachodniego z Polską" page 100 Szymon Pałkowski, Wyższa Szkoła Inżynierska w Koszalinie 1996
  45. ISBN 978-3-89876-365-3
  46. ^ "Jewish community before 1989 Kołobrzeg". Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  47. ^ "Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Pommern, Kreis Kolberg". Verwaltungsgeschichte.de. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
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  49. ^ Kołobrzeg – Historia Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Wirtualny Sztetl-Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich
  50. ^ Kołobrzeg: zarys dziejówb Tadeusz Gasztold, Hieronim Kroczyński, Hieronim Rybicki – 1979 – page 72
  51. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130
    .
  52. ISSN 1027-5606
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Bibliography

External links

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