Košice
Košice | |
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State Theater ; Center of Hlavná street; Coat of Arms StatueSuperimposed: Coat of Arms | |
Nominal :
€18,100PPP: $16,300 | |
Website | https://www.kosice.sk |
Košice (UK: /ˈkɒʃɪtsə/ KOSH-it-sə,[3] Slovak: [ˈkɔʂitse] ⓘ)[a] is the largest city in eastern Slovakia. It is situated on the river Hornád at the eastern reaches of the Slovak Ore Mountains, near the border with Hungary. With a population of approximately 230,000, Košice is the second-largest city in Slovakia, after the capital Bratislava.
Being the economic and cultural centre of eastern Slovakia, Košice is the seat of the Košice Region and Košice Self-governing Region, and is home to the Slovak Constitutional Court, three universities, various dioceses, and many museums, galleries, and theatres. In 2013 Košice was the European Capital of Culture, together with Marseille, France. Košice is an important industrial centre of Slovakia, and the U.S. Steel Košice steel mill is the largest employer in the city. The town has extensive railway connections and an international airport.
The city has a preserved historical centre which is the largest among Slovak towns. There are heritage protected buildings in Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and Art Nouveau styles with Slovakia's largest church: the Cathedral of St. Elizabeth. The long main street, rimmed with aristocratic palaces, Catholic churches, and townsfolk's houses, is a thriving pedestrian zone with boutiques, cafés, and restaurants. The city is known as the first settlement in Europe to be granted its own coat-of-arms.[4]
Etymology
The first written mention of the city was in 1230 as "Villa Cassa".[5] The name probably comes from the Slavic personal name Koš, Koša → Košici (Koš'people) → Košice (1382–1383) with the patronymic Slavic suffix "-ice" through a natural development in Slovak (similar place names are also known from other Slavic countries).[6][7] In Hungarian Koša → Kasa, Kassa with a vowel mutation typical for the borrowing of old Slavic names in the region (Vojkovce → Vajkócz, Sokoľ → Szakalya, Szakál, Hodkovce → Hatkóc, etc.).[8] The Latinized form Cassovia became common in the 15th century.[7]
Another theory is a derivation from Old Slovak kosa, "clearing", related to modern Slovak kosiť, "to reap".[9] Though according to other sources the city name may derive from an old Hungarian[10] the first name which begins with "Ko".[11]
Historically, the city has been known as Kaschau in
Year | Name | Year | Name |
---|---|---|---|
1230 | Villa Cassa | 1420 | Caschowia |
1257 | Cassa | 1441 | Cassovia, Kassa, Kaschau, Košice |
1261 | Cassa, Cassa-Superior | 1613–1684 | Cassovia, Kassa, Kaşa, Kossicze |
1282 | Kossa | 1773 | Cassovia, Kassa, Kaschau, Kossicze |
1300 | Cossa | 1786 | Cassovia, Kascha, Kaschau, Kossice |
1307 | Cascha | 1808 | Cassovia, Kaschau, Kassa, Kossice |
1324 | Casschaw | 1863–1913 | Kassa |
1342 | Kassa | 1918–1938 | Košice |
1388 | Cassa-Cassouia | 1938–1945 | Kassa |
1394 | Cassow | 1945– | Košice |
History
Kingdom of Hungary 1000 – 1526
John Zápolya's Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1526 – 1551 (Ottoman vassal)
István Bocskai 1604 – 1606 (Ottoman-backed)
Principality of Transylvania (Ottoman vassal) 1619 – 1629, 1644 – 1648
Kuruc rebellion 1672 – 1682 (Ottoman-backed)
Imre Thököly's Principality of Upper Hungary (Ottomanvassal) 1682 – 1686
Francis II Rákóczi's insurrection 1703 – 1711
Kingdom of Hungary (crownland of the Austrian Empire) 1804 – 1867
Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867 – 1918
Czechoslovakia 1918–1938
Kingdom of Hungary1938 – 1945
Czechoslovakia 1945–1992
Slovakia 1993–present
The first evidence of habitation can be traced back to the end of the
There were two independent settlements, Lower Kassa and Upper Kassa, which were amalgamated in the 13th century around the long lens-shaped ring, of today's Main Street. The first known town privileges come from 1290.[16] The town proliferated because of its strategic location on an international trade route from agriculturally rich central Hungary to central Poland, itself part of a longer route connecting the Balkans and the Adriatic and Aegean seas to the Baltic Sea. The privileges given by the king were helpful in developing crafts, business, increasing importance (seat of the royal chamber[clarification needed] for Upper Hungary), and for building its strong fortifications.[5] In 1307, the first guild regulations were registered here; they were the oldest in the Kingdom of Hungary.[17]
As a Hungarian
The significance and wealth of the city at the end of the 14th century were mirrored by the decision to build an entirely new church on the grounds of the previously destroyed smaller St. Elisabeth Church. The construction of
The history of Košice was heavily influenced by the dynastic disputes over the Hungarian throne which, together with the decline of the continental trade, brought the city into stagnation.
17th century
In 1604, Catholics seized the Lutheran church in Košice.
For some decades during the 17th century Košice was part of the Principality of Transylvania, and consequently a part of the Ottoman Empire and was referred to as Kaşa in Turkish.[15] On September 5, 1619, the prince of Transylvania, Gabriel Bethlen captured Košice with the assistance of the future George I Rákóczi in another anti-Habsburg insurrection. By the Peace of Nikolsburg in 1621, the Habsburgs restored the religious toleration agreement of 1606 and recognized Transylvanian rule over the seven Partium counties: Ugocsa County, Bereg County, Zemplén County, Borsod County, Szabolcs County, Szatmár County and Abaúj County (including Košice).[24] Bethlen married Catherine von Hohenzollern, of Johann Sigismund Kurfürst von Brandenburg, in Košice in 1626.[25]
After Bethlen's death in 1629, Košice and the rest of the Partium was returned to the Habsburgs.[24]
On January 18, 1644, the Diet in Košice elected George I Rákóczi the prince of Hungary. He took the whole of Upper Hungary and joined the Swedish army besieging Brno for a projected march against Vienna. However, his nominal overlord, the Ottoman Sultan, ordered him to end the campaign, though he did so with gains. In the Treaty of Linz (1645), Košice returned to Transylvania again as the Habsburgs recognized George's rule over the seven counties of the Partium.[24] He died in 1648, and Košice was returned to the Habsburgs once more.[26]
Subsequently, Košice became a centre of the
Another rebel leader,
When not under Ottoman suzerainty, Košice was the seat of the Habsburg "Captaincy of Upper Hungary" and the seat of the Chamber of
From 1657, it was the seat of the historic Royal University of Kassa (Universitas Cassoviensis), founded by
In 1723, the
In 1828, there were three manufacturers and 460 workshops.
After
Fate of Košice Jews
Jews had lived in Košice since the 16th century but were not allowed to settle permanently. There is a document identifying the local coiner in 1524 as a Jew and claiming that his predecessor was a Jew as well. Jews were allowed to enter the city during the town fair, but were forced to leave it by night, and lived mostly in nearby Rozunfaca. In 1840 the ban was removed, and, a few Jews were living in the town, among them a widow who ran a small Kosher restaurant for the Jewish merchants passing through the town.
Košice was ceded to Hungary, by the First Vienna Award, from 1938 until early 1945. The town was bombarded on June 26, 1941, by a still unidentified aircraft,[36] in what became a pretext for the Hungarian government to declare war on the Soviet Union a day later.
The German occupation of Hungary led to the deportation of Košice's entire
In 1946, after the war, Košice was the site of an orthodox festival, with a Mizrachi convention and a Bnei Akiva Yeshiva (school) for Jews, which, later that year, moved with its students to Israel.[37]
A memorial plaque in honor to the 12,000 deported Jews from Košice and the surrounding areas in Slovakia was unveiled at the pre-war Košice Orthodox synagogue in 1992.[38]
Soviet occupation
The Soviet Union captured the town in January 1945, and for a short time, it became a temporary capital of the restored Czechoslovak Republic until the Red Army had reached Prague. Among other acts, the Košice Government Programme was declared on April 5, 1945.[35]
A large population of ethnic Germans in the area was expelled and sent on foot to Germany or to the Soviet border.[39]
After the
Under Slovakia
Following the Velvet Divorce and creation of the Slovak Republic, Košice became the second-largest city in the country and became a seat of a constitutional court. Since 1995, it has been the seat of the Archdiocese of Košice.
After
Geography
Košice lies at an altitude of 206 metres (676 ft)
Košice is on the
Climate
Košice has a
Climate data for Košice, Slovakia (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1951−present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 13.2 (55.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
25.4 (77.7) |
28.7 (83.7) |
32.0 (89.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
38.5 (101.3) |
37.4 (99.3) |
34.1 (93.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
22.4 (72.3) |
13.4 (56.1) |
38.5 (101.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.0 (33.8) |
3.7 (38.7) |
9.9 (49.8) |
16.5 (61.7) |
21.2 (70.2) |
24.8 (76.6) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.8 (80.2) |
21.2 (70.2) |
14.8 (58.6) |
8.2 (46.8) |
1.8 (35.2) |
14.7 (58.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.9 (28.6) |
0.0 (32.0) |
4.7 (40.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
15.5 (59.9) |
19.2 (66.6) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.5 (68.9) |
15.2 (59.4) |
9.7 (49.5) |
4.5 (40.1) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
9.9 (49.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.8 (23.4) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
0.0 (32.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
9.6 (49.3) |
13.2 (55.8) |
14.8 (58.6) |
14.6 (58.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
5.3 (41.5) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
5.2 (41.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −26.9 (−16.4) |
−22.3 (−8.1) |
−17.1 (1.2) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
4.2 (39.6) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−21.3 (−6.3) |
−26.9 (−16.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 25.7 (1.01) |
26.8 (1.06) |
23.6 (0.93) |
42.4 (1.67) |
69.4 (2.73) |
87.5 (3.44) |
93.5 (3.68) |
66.5 (2.62) |
50.1 (1.97) |
51.1 (2.01) |
40.2 (1.58) |
36.1 (1.42) |
613.0 (24.13) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.7 | 10.8 | 9.0 | 10.8 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 12.9 | 9.7 | 10.7 | 11.0 | 11.9 | 14.2 | 140.4 |
Average snowy days | 14.0 | 10.9 | 5.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 4.8 | 12.7 | 50.4 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
84.5 | 78.7 | 68.4 | 61.7 | 66.0 | 66.8 | 67.0 | 66.3 | 71.6 | 78.1 | 83.5 | 86.0 | 73.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 57.0 | 83.9 | 155.5 | 200.5 | 239.9 | 253.4 | 258.9 | 264.7 | 189.4 | 131.0 | 66.7 | 41.0 | 1,941.9 |
Source 1: | |||||||||||||
Source 2: SHMI (extremes, 1951-present)[45] |
Demographics
Košice has a population of 228,249 (mid year, 2021). According to the 2021 census, 84% of inhabitants are of Slovak nationality, 2% are each Hungarians and additional 2% Roma. There are also modestly sized Czech, Ruthenian, Ukrainian and Vietnamese communities. In terms of religion, 51% of inhabitants are Catholic and 28% had no religious affiliation, with smaller Protestant denominations also present. [46][47]
Historical demographics
According to the researchers the town had a German majority until the mid-16th century,[48] and by 1650, 72.5% of the population may have been Hungarians,[49] 13.2% was German, 14.3% was Slovak or of uncertain origin.[48] The Ottoman Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi mentioned that the city was inhabited by "Hungarians, Germans, Upper Hungarians" in 1661 when the city was under the suzerainty of Ottoman Empire and under Turkish control.[48]
The linguistic makeup of the town's population underwent historical changes that alternated between the growth of the ratio of those who claimed
By the 1910 census, which is sometimes accused of being manipulated by the ruling Hungarian bureaucracy,[52] 75.4% of the 44,211 inhabitants claimed Hungarian, 14.8% Slovak, 7.2% German and 1.8% Polish.[53] The Jews were split among other groups by the 1910 census, as only the most frequently-used language, not ethnicity, was registered.[54] The population around 1910 was multidenominational and multiethnic, and the differences in the level of education mirror the stratification of society.[55] The town's linguistic balance began to shift towards Slovak after World War I by Slovakization in the newly established Czechoslovakia.[citation needed]
According to the 1930 census, the city had 70,111, with 230 Gypsies (today
As a consequence of the
Culture
Performing arts
There are several theatres in Košice. The
Košice is the home of the State Philharmonic Košice (Štátna filharmónia Košice), established in 1968 as the second professional symphonic orchestra in Slovakia. It organizes festivals such as the Košice Music Spring Festival, the International Organ Music Festival, and the Festival of Contemporary art.[60]
Museums and galleries
Some of the museums and galleries based in the city include the East Slovak Museum (Vychodoslovenské múzeum), originally established in 1872 under the name of the Upper Hungarian Museum. The Slovak Technical Museum (Slovenské technické múzeum) with a planetarium, established in 1947, is the only museum in the technical category in Slovakia that specializes in the history and traditions of science and technology.[61] The East Slovak Gallery (Východoslovenská galéria) was established in 1951 as the first regional gallery with the aim to document artistic life in present-day eastern Slovakia.[62]
European Capital of Culture
In 2008 Košice won the competition among Slovak cities to hold the prestigious title European Capital of Culture 2013. Project Interface aims at the transformation of Košice from a centre of heavy industry to a postindustrial city with creative potential and new cultural infrastructure. Project authors bring Košice a concept of the creative economy – merging of economy and industry with arts, where transformed urban space encourages development of certain fields of creative industry (design, media, architecture, music and film production, IT technologies, creative tourism). The artistic and cultural program stems from a conception of sustained maintainable activities with long-lasting effects on cultural life in Košice and its region. The main project venues are:
- Kasárne Kulturpark – 19th-century military barracks turned into new urban space with a centre of contemporary art, exhibition and concert halls and workshops for the creative industry.[63]
- Kunsthalle Košice – a 1960s disused swimming pool turned into the first Kunsthalle in Slovakia.[64]
- SPOTs – the 1970s and 1980s disused heat exchangers turned into cultural "spots" in Communist-Era-block-of-flats districts.[65]
- City park, Park Komenského and Mojzesova – revitalisation of urban spaces.
- Castle of Košice, Amfiteáter, Mansion of Krásna, Handicrafts Street – reconstruction.
- Tabačka – a 19th-century tobacco factory turned into a centre of independent culture. The Tabačka Kulturfabrik, DIG gallery, Kotolňa and several artistic residents are located in the area of the former tobacco factory.
Media
The first and the oldest international festival of local TV broadcasters (founded in 1995) – The Golden Beggar, takes place every year in June in Košice.
The oldest evening newspaper is the Košický večer. The daily paper in Košice is Korzár. Recently, the daily paper Košice:Dnes (Košice: Today) came into existence.
TV stations based in Košice: TV Naša, TV Region and public TV broadcaster RTVS Televízne štúdio Košice.
Radio stations based in Košice:
Economy
Košice is the economic hub of eastern Slovakia. It accounts for about 9% of the Slovak gross domestic product.[citation needed] The steel mill, U.S. Steel Košice with 13,500 employees, is the largest employer in the city and the largest private employer in the country.[66] The second-largest employer in the east of the country is Deutsche Telekom IT Solutions Slovakia. It was established and has been based in Košice since 2006. Deutsche Telekom IT Solutions Slovakia had 4,545 employees in Košice in Q4 of 2020, which makes it the second-largest shared service center in Slovakia and one of the top fifteen largest employers in Slovakia. As part of the growing ICT field, Košice IT Valley association was established in 2007 as a joint initiative of educational institutions, government and leading IT companies. In 2012 it was transformed into the cluster. In 2018 the cluster was for the second time certified for “Cluster Management Excellence Label GOLD” as the first in central Europe and is one of three certified clusters in the area of information and communication technologies. Volvo Cars has invested $1.2 billion euros ($1.25 billion USD) in a new plant which is set to start construction in 2023, for opening in 2026. Other major sectors include mechanical engineering, food industry, services, and trade.[67] GDP per capita in 2001 was €4,004, which was below Slovakia's average of €4,400.[67] The unemployment rate was 8.32% in November 2015, which was below the country's average 10.77% at that time.[68]
The city has a balanced budget of 224 million euros, as of 2019[update]).[69]
Sights
The city centre, and most historical monuments, are located in or around the Main Street (Hlavná ulica) and the town has the largest number of protected historical monuments in Slovakia.[70] The most dominant historical monument of the city is Slovakia's largest church, the 14th century
The
Places of worship
- Cathedral of St. Elizabeth
- Dominican Church
- Franciscan Church
- Hospital Church of Holy Spirit
- Plague Chapel of St. Rosalie
- Premonstratensian Church, former Jesuit Church
- Calvinist Church
- Evangelical Church
- Synagogue at Puškinová Street
Government
Košice is the seat of the Košice Region, and since 2002 it is the seat of the autonomous Košice Self-governing Region. Additionally, it is the seat of the Slovak Constitutional Court. The city hosts a regional branch of the National Bank of Slovakia (Národná banka Slovenska) and consulates of Belgium, Greece, Hungary, Russia, Spain and Turkey.
The local government is composed of a mayor (
In 2021, the municipality recycled 24.64% of its municipal waste.[73]
Administratively, the city of Košice is divided into four districts: Košice I (covering the center and northern parts), Košice II (covering the southwest), Košice III (east), and Košice IV (south) and further into 22 boroughs (wards):
District | Boroughs |
---|---|
Košice I | Džungľa, Kavečany, Sever, Sídlisko Ťahanovce, Staré Mesto, Ťahanovce |
Košice II | Lorinčík, Luník IX, Myslava, Pereš, Poľov, Sídlisko KVP, Šaca, Západ |
Košice III | Dargovských hrdinov, Košická Nová Ves |
Košice IV | Barca, Juh, Krásna, Nad jazerom, Šebastovce, Vyšné Opátske |
Education
Košice is the second
There are 38 public elementary schools, six private elementary schools, three religious elementary schools, and one International Baccalaureate (IB) Primary Years Programme (PYP) candidate international school.[78] Overall, they enroll 20,158 pupils.[78] The city's system of secondary education (some middle schools and all high schools) consists of 20 gymnasia with 7,692 students,[79] 24 specialized high schools with 8,812 students,[80] and 13 vocational schools with 6,616 students.[81][82]
Kosice International School (KEIS) is the first international primary school in Eastern Slovakia. It will be an International Baccalaureate (IB) Primary Years Programme (PYP) international school. Opening in September 2020.[83]
Notable personalities
Transport
Public transport in Košice is managed by Dopravný podnik mesta Košice[84] ("Public Transport Company of the City of Košice"). The municipal mass transit system is the oldest one in present-day Slovakia, with the first horse-car line beginning operation in 1891 (electrified in 1914).[33] Today, the city's public transportation system is composed of buses (in use since the 1950s), trams, and trolleybuses (since 1993).
Sports
The Košice Peace Marathon (founded in 1924) is the oldest annual marathon in Europe and the third oldest in the entire world, after the Boston Marathon and the Yonkers Marathon. It is run in the historic part of the city and is organized every year on the first Sunday of October.
Košice, along with Bratislava hosted the 2011 and 2019 IIHF World Championship in ice hockey.
Košice became the 2016 European City of Sport[88] by the European Capitals of Sports Association (ACES Europe). The sporting events in 2016 included "the International Peace Marathon, several urban runs, a swimming relay contest, the Košice-Tatry- Košice cycling race, the dancesport world championships, the Basketball Euroleague, Volleyball World League and Water Polo World League".[89]
Twin towns – sister cities
- Abaújszántó, Hungary (2007)
- Budapest, Hungary (1997)
- Bursa, Turkey (2000)
- Cottbus, Germany (1992)
- Da Nang, Vietnam (2015)
- Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (2016)
- Katowice, Poland (1991)
- Krosno, Poland (1991)
- Miskolc, Hungary (1997)
- Mobile, United States (2000)
- Niš, Serbia (2000)
- Ostrava, Czech Republic (2001)
- Plovdiv, Bulgaria (2000)
- Raahe, Finland (1987)
- Rzeszów, Poland (1991)
- Uzhhorod, Ukraine (1993)
- Vysoké Tatry, Slovakia (2006)
- Wuhan, China (2012)
- Wuppertal, Germany (1980)
Former twin cities
As a result of the
- Vitebsk, Belarus (2015)
- Saint Petersburg, Russia (1995)
See also
- Košice Peace Marathon
- List of people from Košice
- List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
- Zlaty dukat
Notes
References
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Bibliography
- Dreisziger, Nándor F. (1972). "New Twist to an Old Riddle: The Bombing of Kassa (Košice), June 26, 1941". Journal of Modern History. 44 (2): 232–42. S2CID 143124708.
- Kinselbaum, Stanislav J. (2006). The A to Z of Slovakia. A to Z Guide Series, 236. Toronto, Canada: The Scarecrow Press.
External links
Official sites
- Media related to Košice at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website of the town of Košice
- Official Tourism and Travel Guide to Košice
- DPMK – Public Transport Office Site
Tourism and living information
- Košice travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Tourist guide
- Cassovia Digitalis The Digital City Library (German/Slovak/Hungarian/English)
- Košice at funiq.eu