Kodachrome
Kodachrome | |
---|---|
35mm movie (exclusively through Technicolor Corp as "Technicolor Monopack"), 35mm still, 120, 110, 126, 828, 4×5, 5×7, 8×10, 11×14, 2.25×3.25, 3.25×4.25, 6.5 cm × 9cm, 9cm × 12cm[1] | |
Introduced | 1935 |
Discontinued | 2002 (ISO 25), 2005 (ISO 40 in 8 mm), 2007 (ISO 200), 2009 (ISO 64) |
Kodachrome is the brand name for a color
Because of its complex processing requirements, the film was initially exclusively sold including the cost of processing; independent photography stores were prohibited from developing Kodachrome. To develop the film, customers had to mail film to Kodak, which then mailed the developed film back as part of the film's purchase price. In 1954, the
Eventually, the growth and popularity of alternative photographic materials, and, much later, the widespread transition to digital photography, led to Kodachrome’s loss of market share. Its manufacture was discontinued in 2009, and processing ended in December 2010.
In early 2017, Kodak announced it was investigating the possibility of re-introducing Kodachrome,[4] but later conceded that this was unlikely to happen.[5]
Background
Kodachrome was the first color film to be successfully mass-marketed that used a
Kodachrome is appreciated in the archival and professional market for its accurate color reproduction and dark-storage longevity. Because of these qualities, it was used by Walton Sound and Film Services in the UK in 1953 for the official 16 mm film of the
History
Before Kodachrome
Before Kodachrome film was marketed in 1935 most color photography had been achieved using films that employed
Rudolf Fischer was granted a patent in 1913 for a proposed color photography process in which three separate emulsions, each sensitive to a different color, would be exposed simultaneously.[11] However, Fischer was unable to implement the idea.[12]: 215
First use of 'Kodachrome' name
The first Kodak product called Kodachrome was invented by John Capstaff in 1913.
In 2012 Capstaff's early film tests were added to the United States Library of Congress National Film Registry under the title Two-Color Kodachrome Test Shots No. III (1922) for being “culturally, historically or aesthetically” significant."[15][16]
Development of modern Kodachrome
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2017) |
This section possibly contains original research. (June 2023) |
The next version of Kodachrome was invented in the early 1930s by two professional musicians, Leopold Godowsky Jr. and Leopold Mannes,[17] who were also university-trained scientists.[18][19]
Mannes and Godowsky first took an interest in color photography as high school pupils in 1917, when they saw a movie called Our Navy,[20] a movie production using a four-color additive process. Both agreed the color was terrible. After reading up on the subject in the library they started to experiment with additive color processes. Their experiments were continued during their college years, eventually producing a camera having two lenses that projected images side by side on a single strip of film. The color rendition of this additive two-color process was not too bad, but aligning the two lenses of the projector was difficult.
Their experiments, which continued after they finished college, turned from multiple lenses that produced multiple, differently colored images that had to be combined to form the final transparency, to multiple layered film in which the different color images were already combined, perfectly aligned. Such a multi-layered film had already been invented and patented in 1912 by the German inventor Rudolph Fischer. Each of the three layers in the proposed film would be sensitive to one of the three primary colors, and each of the three layers would have substances (called "color couplers") embedded in them that would form a dye of the required color when combined with the by-products of the developing silver image. When the silver images were bleached away, the three-color dye image would remain. Fischer, however, failed to find a way to stop the color couplers and color sensitizing dyes from wandering from one layer into the other, where they would produce unwanted colors.
Mannes and Godowsky followed that route, and started experimenting with color couplers, but their experiments were hindered by a lack of money, supplies and facilities. In 1922 Robert Wood, a friend of Mannes, wrote a letter of introduction for Mannes and Godowsky to Kodak chief scientist
By 1924 they were able to patent a two-color process that employed "controlled diffusion". By timing how long it took for an image to form in the top layer ahead of the lower they began to probe the prospects of timed processing as a means of controlling wandering dyes. Some three years later they were still experimenting with such a method in a multi-layer emulsion, but by then they had decided that instead of incorporating the color couplers into the emulsion layers themselves, they could be added to the developing chemicals.
When their money ran out in 1929 Mees decided to help them once more. He knew that the solution to the problem of the wandering dyes had already been found by one of Kodak's own scientists, Leslie Brooker. So he fronted Mannes and Godowsky the money to pay off their loan with Kuhn Loeb and offered them a yearly salary, coupled to a three-year deadline to come up with a finished and commercially viable product.
Not long before time was to expire at the end of 1933 Mannes and Godowsky still had not managed to come up with anything usable, and thought their experiments would be terminated by Kodak. Instead, Mees granted them a one-year extension and, still having technical challenges they needed to solve, they eventually presented Mees with a mere two-color movie process in 1934, just as the original Kodachrome invented by John Capstaff some 20 years earlier had been.
Mees immediately set things in motion to produce and market this film, but just before Kodak was about to do so in 1935 Mannes and Godowsky completed work on the long-awaited but no longer expected, much better, three-color version. On April 15, 1935, this new film, borrowing the name from Capstaff's process, was formally announced.[14]
Launch and later history
Kodachrome was first sold in 1935 as
In 1961 Kodak released Kodachrome II with sharper images and faster speeds at 25 ASA.[24] In 1962, Kodachrome-X at ASA 64 was introduced. In 1974, with the transition to the K-14 process Kodachrome II and Kodachrome-X were replaced by Kodachrome 25 and Kodachrome 64.[25]
In later years, Kodachrome was produced in a wide variety of film formats including 120 and 4 in × 5 in (100 mm × 130 mm), and in ISO-ASA values ranging from 8 to 200.[26]
Until manufacturing was taken over by rival film manufacturer
Decline and discontinuation
Later color transparency films, such as
2017 reintroduction rumors
After announcing the return of Ektachrome at the beginning of 2017, Eastman Kodak CMO Steven Overman told The Kodakery podcast, "we are investigating Kodachrome, looking at what it would take to bring that back".[4] Although the statement generated widespread media interest, it was subsequently conceded by an official at Kodak Alaris (which would be responsible for its production and sale) that the return of Kodachrome was probably impractical (due to the difficulty in restoring the now-dismantled infrastructure needed to support it) and therefore unlikely.[5]
Characteristics
Emulsion
Kodachrome films are non-substantive. Unlike substantive transparency and negative color films, Kodachrome film does not incorporate dye couplers into the emulsion layers. The dye couplers are added during processing.[30] This means that Kodachrome emulsion layers are thinner and less light is scattered upon exposure, meaning that the film could record an image with more sharpness than substantive films.[31] Transparencies made with non-substantive films have an easily visible relief image on the emulsion side of the film.[32] Kodachrome 64 and 200 can record a dynamic range of about 2.3D or 8 stops, as shown in the characteristic curves.[33] Kodachrome 25 transparencies have a dynamic range of around 12 stops, or 3.6–3.8D.[34]
Color
The color rendering of Kodachrome films was unique in color photography for several decades after its introduction in the 1930s.[35] Even after the introduction of other successful professional color films, such as Fuji Velvia, some professionals continued to prefer Kodachrome, and maintain that it still has certain advantages over digital. Steve McCurry told Vanity Fair magazine:[36]
If you have good light and you're at a fairly high shutter speed, it's going to be a brilliant color photograph. It had a great color palette. It wasn't too garish. Some films are like you're on a drug or something. Velvia made everything so saturated and wildly over-the-top, too electric. Kodachrome had more poetry in it, a softness, an elegance. With digital photography, you gain many benefits [but] you have to put in post-production. [With Kodachrome,] you take it out of the box and the pictures are already brilliant.[36]
Contrast
Kodachrome is generally used for direct projection using white light. As such, it possesses a relatively high contrast.
For professional uses, where duplication is expected and required, a special version, Kodachrome Commercial (KCO), was available in a 35 mm BH-perforated base (exclusively through Technicolor) and in a 16 mm base (exclusively through Eastman Kodak's professional products division). In both cases, Eastman Kodak performed the processing.
Kodachrome Commercial has a low-contrast characteristic that complements the various duplication films with which it is intended to be used: silver separation negatives for 35 mm (controlled exclusively by Technicolor) and reversal duplicating and printing stocks for 16 mm (controlled exclusively by Eastman Kodak).
Kodachrome Commercial was available until the mid-1950s, after which Ektachrome Commercial (ECO) replaced it for these specific applications.
After the late 1950s, 16 mm Kodachrome Commercial-originated films (and Ektachrome Commercial-originated films as well) were quite often duplicated onto Eastmancolor internegative film, after which these films were printed on Eastmancolor positive print film, as a cost-reduction measure, thereby yielding relatively low-cost prints for direct projection.
Archival stability
When stored in darkness, Kodachrome's long-term stability under suitable conditions is superior to other types of color film of the same era. While existing Kodachrome materials from before Kodak simplified the development process in 1938[37] are almost always faded, images on Kodachrome slides and motion picture films made after this point retain accurate color and density to this day. It has been calculated that the yellow dye, the least stable, would suffer a 20% loss of dye in 185 years.[38] This is because developed Kodachrome does not retain unused color couplers. Nevertheless, Kodachrome's color stability under bright light, for example during projection, is inferior to substantive slide films. Kodachrome's fade time under projection is about one hour, compared to Fujichrome's two and a half hours.[39]
Unprocessed Kodachrome film may survive long periods between exposure and processing. In one case, several rolls were exposed and then lost in a Canadian forest. Upon discovery 19 years later they were processed and the slides were usable.[40]
Digital scanning and resolution
A 35mm Kodachrome transparency, like other 35mm transparencies on films of comparable
Many scanners use an additional infrared channel to detect defects, as the long wave infrared radiation passes through the film but not through dust particles. Dust, scratches, and fingerprints on the slide are typically detected and removed by a scanner's software. Kodachrome interacts with this infrared channel in two ways. The absorption of the cyan dye extends into the near infrared region, making this layer opaque to infrared radiation.[43] Kodachrome also has a pronounced relief image that can affect the infrared channel. These effects can sometimes cause a slight loss of sharpness in the scanned image when Digital ICE or a similar infrared channel dust removal function is used.[44]
Processing
Kodachrome, and other non-substantive films, unlike most color films, required complex processing that could not practicably be carried out by amateurs.[45] The process underwent four significant alterations since its inception.[46] The final version of the process, designated K-14, was introduced in 1974. The process was complex and exacting, requiring technicians with extensive chemistry training and large, complex machinery. This is because most color films contain dye couplers in the film itself; during development the couplers react with the developer to form the dyes that form the final image. Kodachrome film has no such couplers; instead the dyes are formed on the film by a complex processing sequence that required four different developers; one black and white developer, and three color developers. Normal color film requires just one developer. Also, processing Kodachrome film requires 8 or more tanks of processing chemicals, each of which must be precisely controlled for concentration, temperature and agitation, resulting in very complex processing equipment with precise chemical control, no small feat for small processing companies.[47]
The first step in the process was the removal of the
Prepaid processing
Due to its complex processing requirements, Kodachrome film was initially sold at a price that included processing by Kodak.
Decline
The use of transparency film declined in the 1980s and 1990s, which, combined with competition from Fuji's Velvia slide film, caused a drop in Kodachrome sales.[8] Some business analysts speculated that heavy subsidies by the Japanese government propped up Fuji and may have even allowed dumping of Fuji's films at below the cost to manufacture them.[52] Kodachrome products were gradually discontinued and on June 22, 2009, Kodak announced that the remaining film, Kodachrome 64, would no longer be manufactured.[53][54]
Because of the decline in business, many Kodak-owned and independent Kodachrome processing facilities were closed. The loss of processing availability further accelerated the decline in Kodachrome sales.[8] In 1999,[55] Kodak attempted to increase the availability of K-14 processing through its K-Lab program, where small labs equipped with smaller Kodak processing machines would supplement Kodak's own processing services.[56] This effort did not endure and all the K-labs were closed by 2005.[55]
On July 25, 2006, extensive documentation about Kodak's Lausanne Kodachrome lab's impending closure was sent to the European Parliament by the Dutch office of the European Parliament because, although located in Switzerland, the facility served all of Europe and its closure would affect European photographers. The Parliamentary committees for Culture and Education[57] and for Internal Market and Consumer Protection[58] studied the matter.
Cessation of processing
After its Lausanne processing facility closed, Kodak subcontracted the processing work to Dwayne's Photo, an independent facility in the United States, which became the world's last Kodachrome processing facility.[59] Dwayne's processing of 35 mm films was fully endorsed by Kodak, but its Super-8 process was not endorsed because it required more agitation.[59] Films sent for processing in the USA were mailed directly to Dwayne's, while those in Europe were sent to the Lausanne facility's address and forwarded to Dwayne's.[60]
Dwayne's Photo announced in late 2010 that it would process all Kodachrome rolls received at the lab by December 30, 2010, after which processing would cease.[61][62][63] As Dwayne's final processing deadline approached, thousands of stored rolls of film were sent in for processing.[63][64] Once film received by the deadline had been developed, the world's last K-14 processing machine was taken out of service.[61] The final roll to be processed was exposed by Dwayne Steinle, owner of Dwayne's Photo.[61][65] The cessation of processing by Dwayne's Photo is commemorated in the book Kodachrome – End of the Run: Photographs from the Final Batches, edited by photographers Bill Barrett and Susan Hacker Stang with introductory essays by Time magazine worldwide pictures editor Arnold Drapkin and Dwayne's Photo vice president Grant Steinle. The book presents a year of pictures shot by Webster University photography students on more than 100 rolls of by-then rare Kodachrome film and processed by Dwayne's on the last day (extended to January 18, 2011) before processing chemicals officially ceased production.[66] Kodachrome film can no longer be processed in color, but it can be processed in black and white by some labs that specialize in obsolete processes and old film processing.
Discontinuation
The Kodachrome product range diminished progressively through the 1990s and 2000s.
- Kodachrome 64 film in 120 format was discontinued in 1996.[26]
- Kodachrome 25 was discontinued in 2002.
- Kodachrome 40 in the Super 8 movie format was discontinued in June 2005,[67] despite protests from filmmakers.[68] Kodak launched a replacement color reversal film in the Super 8 format, Ektachrome 64T, which uses the common E-6 processing chemistry.[69]
- Kodachrome 200 was discontinued in November 2006.
- Kodachrome 64 and Kodachrome 64 Professional 135 format were discontinued in June 2009.[70][71]
Product timeline
Film | Date | |
---|---|---|
Kodachrome film | 16 mm, daylight (ASA 10) & Type A (ASA 16) | 1935–1962 |
8 mm, daylight (ASA 10) & Type A (ASA 16) | 1936–1962 | |
35 mm and 828, daylight (ASA 10) & Type A (ASA 16) | 1936–1962 | |
Kodachrome Professional film (sheets) | daylight (ASA 8) and Type B (ASA 10) | 1938–1951 |
K-11 process | ||
Kodachrome film | 35 mm and 828, Type F (ASA 12) | 1955–1962 |
Kodachrome Professional film | 35 mm, Type A (ASA 16) | 1956–1962 |
Kodak Color Print Material | Type D (slide duping film) | 1955–1957 |
K-12 process | ||
Kodachrome II film | 16 mm, daylight (ASA 25) and Type A (ASA 40) | 1961–1974 |
8 mm, daylight (ASA 25) and Type A (ASA 40) | 1961–1974 | |
S-8, Type A (ASA 40) | 1965–1974 | |
35 mm and 828, daylight (ASA 25/early) (ASA 64/late) | 1961–1974 | |
Professional, 35 mm, Type A (ASA 40) | 1962–1978 | |
Kodachrome-X film | 35 mm (ASA 64) | 1962–1974 |
126 format | 1963–1974 | |
110 format | 1972–1974 | |
K-14 process | ||
Kodachrome 25 film | 35 mm, daylight | 1974–2001 |
Movie film, 16 mm, daylight | 1974–2002 | |
Movie film, 8 mm, daylight | 1974–1992 | |
Professional film, 35 mm, daylight | 1983–1999 | |
Kodachrome 40 film | 35 mm, Type A | 1978–1997 |
Movie film, 16 mm, Type A | 1974–2006 | |
Movie film, S-8, Type A | 1974–2005 | |
Sound Movie film, S-8, Type A | 1974–1998 | |
Movie film, 8 mm, Type A | 1974–1992 | |
Kodachrome 64 | 35 mm, daylight | 1974–2009 |
126 format, daylight | 1974–1993 | |
110 format, daylight | 1974–1987 | |
Professional film, 35 mm, daylight | 1983–2009 | |
Professional film, daylight, 120 format | 1986–1996 | |
Kodachrome 200 | Professional film, 35 mm, daylight | 1986–2004 |
35 mm, daylight | 1988–2007 | |
Cine-Chrome 40A | Double Regular 8 mm, tungsten | 2003–2006 |
In popular culture
Kodachrome was the subject of Paul Simon's 1973 song "Kodachrome", and Kodachrome Basin State Park in Utah was named after it, becoming the only park named for a brand of film.[8]
Anticipating the approval of their merger, in 1985, the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe railroad companies repainted hundreds of locomotives into a unified red and yellow livery, which railfans nicknamed "Kodachrome".[72]
In 2017 the film Kodachrome premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and featured a dying photographer, played by Ed Harris, whose son, played by Jason Sudeikis, helps him to get the last of his Kodachrome photography processed.
See also
References
- ^ "Brilliant vintage Hollywood 8 x 10 Kodachromes sell on ebay". Photo.net. February 26, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
- ^ Carma Wadley (June 25, 1999). "Range of Color: Kodachrome Basin Lives up to Name it Got by Accident". Deseret News Publishing Company. Archived from the original on August 13, 2010. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
- ^ Deschin, Jacob (December 26, 1954). "OUTLOOK FOR KODACHROME PROCESSING". The New York Times. Last. p. 175. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
- ^ a b Ottke, Adam (January 11, 2017). "Kodachrome Might Make a Comeback, And You Could Help". Fstoppers. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
- ^ a b "Kodak Wants to Bring Back More Films". Time. January 26, 2017.
[Kodak Alaris' Dennis Olbrich said that] 'it's a very difficult proposition to get that whole [Kodachrome] infrastructure back in place ... It's much more likely that we will be bringing back other films than Kodachrome.'
- ^ "BFI | Film & TV Database | Coronation Regina (1953)". Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk. April 16, 2009. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ a b "Kodak: A Thousand Words – A Tribute to KODACHROME: A Photography Icon". Kodak. June 22, 2009. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Ben Dobbin (September 22, 2008). "The digital age takes Kodachrome away". USA Today. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- ^ "Image Forming Materials – Tint, Tone and Other Colour Processes". National Film and Sound Archive. Archived from the original on September 4, 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2007.
- ^ A.L.M. Sowerby, ed. (1961). Dictionary of Photography: A Reference Book for Amateur and Professional Photographers (19th ed.). London: Iliffe Books Ltd.
- ^ US Patent 1055155A, Rudolf Fischer, "Process of making photographs in natural colors", published March 4, 1913
- ^ Mees, Kenneth (1961). From Dry Plates to Ektachrome Film: A Story of Photographic Research. New York, New York: Ziff-Davis Publishing Company.
- ^ Capstaff, a former portrait photographer and physics and engineering student had already worked on colour photography before he joined C.K. Mees and other former Wratten and Wainright employees in their move to Rochester in 1912–1913 after Eastman had bought that company to persuade Mees to come and work for him.
- ^ a b Douglas Collins (1990). The Story of Kodak (1st ed.). New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
- ^ "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
- ^ "2012 National Film Registry Picks in A League of Their Own". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
- ^ Robert Tomsho (June 23, 2009). "Kodak to Take Kodachrome Away". The Wall Street Journal. p. B6.
- ^ "Leopold Godowsky, Jr". Invent.org. Archived from the original on December 10, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2007.
- ^ "Leopold Mannes". Invent.org. Archived from the original on December 10, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2007.
- ISSN 0032-4558. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
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- ^ Popular Mechanics. 1959. p. 804. Retrieved May 14, 2015 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Kodak: History of Kodak: Milestones 1930–1959". Kodak. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
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- ISSN 0032-4558. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
- ^ a b c Lane, William S. in Buzit-Tragni; et al. (January 25, 2005). "Coatings on Kodachrome and Ektachrome Films: Appendix A – Timeline for the Kodak Kodachrome Films" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2009.
- ^ Jim Axelrod (December 26, 2010). "Kodachrome: The Legendary Film's Last Days". CBS News. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
- ^ a b "Last Kodachrome roll processed in Parsons". The Wichita Eagle. July 14, 2010. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "National Geographic: The Last Roll of Kodachrome". YouTube.com. January 12, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
- ^ "Kodak Color Films" (PDF). Kodak. p. 37. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2012.
- ^ "Presentation to Rochester Photographic Historical Society".[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Kodak announces Kodachrome to be discontinued". Kodak.
- ^ "Kodachrome 64 and 200 films" (PDF). wwwuk.kodak.com. Kodak. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
- ^ a b "LaserSoft Imaging Introduces the Perfect Kodachrome Workflow". Thomson Reuters. March 26, 2009. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- ^ "Eastman Kodak kills its colour-true Kodachrome". Toronto Star. June 23, 2009.
- ^ a b David Friend (February 9, 2011): "The Last Roll of Kodachrome—Frame by Frame!". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on February 9, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Vanity Fair - ISBN 0-9654497-8-5.
- ^ The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs (Chapter5) (PDF). Wilhelm Imaging Research. p. 164. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2006.
- ^ "The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs (Chapter 6)" (PDF). Wilhelm Imaging Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2006. Retrieved December 27, 2006.
- ^ "Long Term Color Stability of Kodachrome". Huennebeck-online.de. August 20, 2009. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ISBN 0-240-51592-7.
- ^ David Brooks (June 2009). "Please Don't Take My Kodachrome Away; New & Better Profiled Kodachrome Scanning". Source Interlink Media. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- ^ "Scanner Technology". Kenrockwell.com. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ "About Digital ICE Processing". Pearsonimaging.com. November 8, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ "Kodachrome: The Legendary Film's Last Days". CBS News. December 26, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Processing Steps – Processing Kodachrome Film (PDF)" (PDF). Eastman Kodak Company. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 20, 2003. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "FindLaw | Cases and Codes". Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ "Kodachrome Slide Dating Guide". Historicphotoarchive.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ "Brief for the United States : U.S. v. Eastman Kodak Co". Usdoj.gov. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ "1930–1959". Kodak.com. May 15, 1950. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ "Fuji accused of unfair trade practices". Retrieved March 28, 2015.
- ^ "Kodak Retires Kodachrome Film". PhotographyBLOG. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
- ^ "Eastman Kodak Company". Kodak. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010.
- ^ a b "75th Anniversary of Kodachrome, Presentation by Bill Lane to Photographic Historical Society". randrews4.com. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
- ^ "K-LAB Processors Improve KODACHROME Film Processing". Kodak.com. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ "Culture and Education Committee". European Parliament. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006.
- ^ "Internal Market and Consumer Protection". European Parliament. Archived from the original on July 18, 2006.
- ^ a b "Slide Film Processing". Dwayne's Photo.
- ^ "KODACRHOME Processing Laboratories". Kodak. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
- ^ a b c Sulzberger, A. G. (December 29, 2010). "For Kodachrome Fans, Road Ends at Photo Lab in Kansas". The New York Times.
- ^ "Kodachrome—The end of an era". dwaynesphoto.com. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
- ^ a b "Kodachrome slide film rolls into history". USA Today. content.usatoday.com. December 30, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
- ^ Adler, Eric (January 9, 2011). "In Kansas town, Kodachrome's last gasps". The Kansas City Star. p. A1.
- ^ "Kodachrome last remaining film roll developed in Kansas – BBC News". BBC News. December 30, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
- ^ See Susan Stang's detailed description of the collaboration in Bill Barrett and Susan Hacker Stang (editors), Kodachrome – End of the Run: Photographs from the Final Batches (St. Louis, Webster University Press, 2011), pages 2–10.
- ^ "Kodak News: Kodachrome 40 Movie film (Type A)/Super 8 Discontinued" (PDF). Kodak. July 2005. Retrieved June 10, 2006.
- ^ "Fans beg: Don't take Kodachrome away". International Herald Tribune. June 1, 2005. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
- ^ Unknown (May 10, 2005). "Kodak Announces New Color Reversal Film Added to Portfolio". Penton Media, Inc. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- ^ "Sorry, Paul Simon, Kodak's axing Kodachrome". NBC News Interactive News LLC. June 22, 2009. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
- ^ "KODACHROME Discontinuation Notice". Kodak. June 22, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- ^ Lawrence, Elrond (July 2021). "SPSF: Shouldn't Paint So Fast". Railfan & Railroad. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
External links
- Two-Color Kodachrome Test Shots No. III essay by James Layton [1] at National Film Registry
- George Eastman House Museum: – "Saying "farewell" while celebrating 75 years of Kodachrome"
- Library of Congress Preservation/Restoration Resources for Kodachrome
- Kodachrome on Timeline of Historical Film Colors with many written resources and many photographs of Kodachrome prints.