Kodava language
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Kodava | |
---|---|
Coorg, Kodagu | |
ಕೊಡವ ತಕ್ಕ್ | |
Native to | Kodagu |
Ethnicity | Kodava |
Native speakers | 113,857 (2011 census)[1] |
| |
Official status | |
Regulated by | Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | kfa |
Glottolog | koda1255 |
ELP | Kodagu |
Kodava is classified as Definitively Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger [3] |
Person | Koḍavanï |
---|---|
People | Koḍavarï |
Language | Koḍava takkï |
Country | Koḍagï |
Part of Culture of Karnataka |
The Kodava (Kodava:
Historically, it has been referred to as a dialect of Centmil, in some Tamil texts the Kodagu language is referred to as Kudakan Tamil.
It is traditionally written using the thirke script which is an abugida.[6][7] The 2011 Census of India reports 96,918 persons who returned Kodava as their mother tongue and 16,939 who returned Coorgi/Kodagu, for a total of 113,857 persons coming under the parent group which is again identified as Coorgi/Kodagu (another name for Kodava) as the mother tongue.[8]
History
In Kannada, the region was called Kodagu and the people Kodaga. Natively, the people were called Kodava and the land was called Kodavu in the folksongs. Comparative Dravidian studies show that the Kodava language belongs to the South Dravidian language group.[9][10]
Grammar
The grammar of Kodagu has been systematically studied and documented since at least around 1867 when Captain R.A. Cole published the seminal work An Elementary Grammar of the Coorg Language.[11]
Phonology
Vowels
Dravidian vowel systems contain five vowel qualities i.e. those usually corresponding to a, e, i, o and u., with a short and long variants for each. However, Kodava has two more: the mid and high (close) back unrounded vowels, with corresponding long variants.[12]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɨ | u |
Close-mid | e | ə | o |
Open | a |
Consonants
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex
|
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n̪
|
ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | |||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪
|
ʈ | c | k | ||
voiced | b | d̪
|
ɖ | ɟ | g | |||
Fricative | s | ʂ | ʃ | h | ||||
Approximant | ʋ | l
|
ɭ | j | ||||
Trill | r
|
Kodava and Kannada share a lack of palatalization of word-initial *k-, which is a feature found in the Tamil-Malayalam branch.[14]
Writing system
Dr. IM Muthanna, developed a script to Kodava Thakk in 1971, and as of 2022, Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy, a government body for the development of Kodava Language, accepted the script developed by Dr IM Muthanna as the official script of Kodava Language. It is also widely used across Kodagu, Although around 7 scripts were developed over a period from 1889 to 2008, Only Dr. IM Muthanna's script is considered as the most acceptable script for Kodava Language.
The Coorgi is an
The script uses a combination of 26
The script was developed out of the request by a group of Kodava individuals to have a distinct script for Kodava Takk, to distinguish the language. Kodava Takk is generally written in the Kannada script, but can also be found written in the Malayalam script, especially along the borders with Kerala. The new script is intended as a unified writing system for all Kodava Takk speakers.[18]Recently an old Kodava script from the 14th century was discovered, it is now called the Thirke script.[19]
Comparisons
Linguistically, Kodava/Kodagu language belongs to the South Dravidian subfamily of the Dravidian family. Further within the South Dravidian subfamily, it belongs to the subgroup Tamil-Malayalam-Kodagu-Kota-Toda. Muslims and Kodava Thiyyar communities. Kodava is also closely related to the Kasaragod and Kannur dialects of Malayalam, which are in turn related to Beary.
Literature
Family histories, rituals and other records were scripted on palm leaves called Pattole (patt=palm, ole=leaf) by astrologers in the ancient times. When Kodava was written, it was usually with
The
Cinema
The Kodava Cinema industry is very small. A few movies portraying the native culture and traditions of the Kodavas have been produced in this language. The first Kodava film 'Nada Mann Nada Kool' was directed by S.R.Rajan and produced in the year 1972.
Kodava words
Kodava | Kannada | Tamil | Malayalam | Tulu | English |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moodi | Hudugi | Peṇ/Peḍai/Ponnŭ | Penkutti | Ponnu | Girl |
Kinha | Huduga | Aan/Peḍiyan/Paiyan/Chiruvan | Aankutti | Aan/Kinni | Boy |
Po(Singular); Poyi(Plural) | Hogu | Pō(y) | Poyko | Poyi | Go |
Kanni | Saaru/ganji | Kañji/Kūṭṭŭ/Chārŭ | Chaar | Kajipu | Stew (lentils, vegetables, etc.) |
Koole | Anna/Koolu | Chōr/Kūḻ | Chor | Nuppu | Cooked Rice |
Id | Idu | Iḍŭ/Vai | Ide | Dee | Put |
Thimbak | Tinnakke | Thinnŭ/Uṇṇŭ/Sāppiḍŭ | Tinnuka/Kazhikkuka | Thinere | To Eat |
kuLi | snana | kuLi | kuLi | Meela | To Bath |
Unda? | Unta/ideya? | Uṇḍā?/Irukkuthā? | Undo? | Unda? | Is There? |
Bappi | Bartini | Var(uk)iṟēn/Varuvēn | Varam | Barpe | I will Come (Farewell Greeting) |
Ullo | iddene/ulle | irukkiṟēn/uḷḷēn | Ulle | Ulle | Am There |
Bandand Ullo | Baruta iddene | Var(uk)iṟēn | Varunnund | Barond ulle | Am coming |
Yenene Ulliya? | Hege iddiya? | Eppaḍi/Enneṇdŭ (uḷḷ-/irukkiṟ-)(-ai/-āi/-īrgaḷ) | Engane und? | Encha ulla/ya? | How are you? |
Māṅge | Maavu | Māṅgā(y)/Māmpaḻam | Māṅga/Māmpaḻam | Mudi/Kukku | Mango |
Kaḷḷa | Kaḷla | Kaḷḷan/Kaḷvan/Thiruḍan | Kaḷḷan | Kalva | Thief |
Suroole /Minyathele | Modalu/Suroonalli | Mudal(il) | Adyam | Suru | First |
Kere Pamb | Kere Haavu | Chārai Pāmbŭ | Chēra Pamb | Keri | Rat Snake |
Mūle | Mūle | Mūlai | Mūla | Mudye/mūle | Corner |
Āme | Āme | Āmai | Āma | Eme | Tortoise |
Bēli | Bēli | Vēli | Vēli | Bēli | Fence |
Bithe/Kuru | Beeja/bitha | Vitthŭ/Vithai | Vitth/Kuru | Bitth | Seed |
Bādege | Bādige | Vādakai | Vādaka | Badige | Rent |
Chaththe | Sante | Chanthai | Chantha | Santhe | Market |
Ēni | Ēni | Ēṇi | Ēṇi | Ēni | Ladder |
Pulunja Puḷi | Hunase Huli | PuLi | PuLi | Punke puli | Tamarind |
Gaali/Kaath | Gaali | Kāṟṟŭ/Kāththŭ | Kaatt | Gaali | Wind |
Thaari | Kodu/tha | Tharŭ/Koḍŭ | Tharu | Koru | give |
Kaapi | Kaapi | Kaapi | Kaapi | Kaapi | Coffee |
Paaduvo | Haadu | Paadŭ | Paaduka | Pada paad | to sing |
Words for family members
Mother | Avvo |
Father | Appo |
Grandfather | Ajjo |
Grandmother | Ajjavo Thaayi |
Maternal Uncle / Paternal Aunt's husband | Thammaavo / Maavo |
Maternal Uncle's wife / Paternal Aunt | Maavi / Thammaavi |
Eldest Paternal Uncle / Eldest Maternal Aunt's husband | Baliappo |
Eldest Paternal Uncle's wife / Eldest Maternal Aunt | Baliavvo |
Elder Paternal Uncle / Elder Maternal Aunt's husband | Bojappo |
Elder Paternal Uncle's wife / Elder Maternal Aunt | Bojavvo |
Younger Paternal Uncle / Younger Maternal Aunt's husband | Kunjappo |
Younger Paternal Uncle's wife/ Younger Maternal Aunt | Kunjavvo |
Youngest Paternal Uncle / Youngest Maternal Aunt's husband | Cheriappo |
Youngest Paternal Uncle's wife/ Youngest Maternal Aunt | Cheriavvo |
Father-in-law | Maavo |
Mother-in-law | Maavi |
brother-in-law (elder) / cross-cousin (elder, brother) / lineal cousin (elder, sister)'s husband | Baavo |
sister-in-law (elder)/ cross-cousin (elder, sister) / lineal-cousin (elder, brother)'s wife | Mammo |
brother (elder) / lineal cousin (elder brother) / cross-cousin (elder, sister)'s husband | Anno / Annaiah |
sister (elder) / lineal-cousin (elder, sister) / cross-cousin (elder, brother)'s wife | Akko / Akkaiah |
brother (younger) | Thammanno |
sister (younger) | Thange |
Wife | Ponne |
Husband | Wadiyye |
Son | Movo |
Daughter | Mova |
Recent developments
Since 2021, the Mangalore University teaches an MA degree in the Kodava language.[23]
References
- ^ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "Dravidian". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017.
- ^ "Kodava in India | UNESCO WAL".
- ^ "Five Languages in Karnataka, Including Tulu Vanishing: Unesco". www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-107-60068-3.
- ^ Kushalappa, Mookonda (24 January 2022). "Discovering alphabets of old Kodava script". Star of Mysore. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ Kushalappa, Mookonda (4 February 2022). "The discovery of an old alphabet". Deccan Herald. Mysore Printers. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ "Census of India 2011" (PDF). Census of India : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ Rajyashree, K S. "Language in India: Kodava speech community - an ethnolinguistic study". www.languageinindia.com. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ "KODAVA THAKK , AN INDEPENDENT LANGUAGE , NOT A DIALECT – Kodavas". Kodavas.in. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ "Coorg Grammar". 11 August 1867 – via Internet Archive.
- JSTOR 598436.
- ^ a b Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003), p. 64.
- JSTOR 597585.
- ^ a b Pandey, Anshuman (22 June 2012). Introducing the Coorgi-Cox Alphabet (PDF) (Report).
- ^ "Debate on Kodava script continues". The Hindu. 12 March 2006. Archived from the original on 1 December 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
- ^ The Coorgi-Cox handbook, Feb. 2005. [full citation needed]
- ^ Gregg Cox, April 2005. [full citation needed]
- ^ "Discovering alphabets of old Kodava script". 24 January 2022.
- ^ Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003), p. 21.
- ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
- ^ "Official Website of Kodava Community". Kodava.org. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
- ^ "Mangalore University to offer MA in Kodava language". Deccan Herald. 17 December 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
Bibliography
- Cole, R A (1867). An Elementary Grammar of the Coorg Language. Bangalore: Wesleyan Mission Press. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
- ISBN 0-521-77111-0.
Further reading
- Government of Coorg (1953), Handbook of Coorg Census-1951 (PDF), Assistant Commissioner and District Census Officer, Coorg