Kodiak Island

Coordinates: 57°28′N 153°26′W / 57.467°N 153.433°W / 57.467; -153.433
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Kodiak
Nickname: Emerald Isle
Filipino
other Asian and Indigenous peoples,
Hispanics, including Filipino Hispanics
Additional information
Map

Kodiak Island (Alutiiq: Qikertaq, Russian: Кадьяк) is a large island on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska, separated from the Alaska mainland by the Shelikof Strait. The largest island in the Kodiak Archipelago, Kodiak Island is the second largest island in the United States and the 80th largest island in the world, with an area of 3,595.09 sq mi (9,311.2 km2),[2] slightly larger than Cyprus. It is 160 km (99 miles) long and in width ranges from 16 to 97 kilometers (10 to 60 mi). Kodiak Island is the namesake for Kodiak Seamount, which lies off the coast at the Aleutian Trench. The largest community on the island is the city of Kodiak, Alaska.

Kodiak Island is mountainous and heavily forested in the north and east, but fairly treeless in the south. The island has many deep, ice-free bays that provide sheltered anchorages for boats. The southwestern two-thirds of the island, like much of the Kodiak Archipelago, is part of Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge.

Kodiak Island is part of the

Kodiak Island Borough and Kodiak Archipelago of Alaska. The town of Kodiak is one of seven communities on Kodiak Island and is the island's main city. All commercial transportation between the island and the outside world goes through this city either via ferryboat or airline. Other settlements include the villages of Akhiok, Old Harbor, Karluk, Larsen Bay, Port Lions, and an unorganized community near Cape Chiniak. The village of Ouzinkie on nearby Spruce Island
is also part of the island community.

Kodiak is also home to the largest U.S. Coast Guard base, which includes Coast Guard Base Kodiak, Coast Guard Air Station Kodiak, Communications Station Kodiak, and Aids to Navigation Station Kodiak. The island is also home to the Pacific Spaceport Complex.

The

Pacific salmon, Pacific halibut, and crab. The Karluk River is famous for its salmon run
. Logging, ranching, numerous canneries, and some copper mining are also prevalent.

An antenna farm at the summit of Pillar Mountain above the city of Kodiak provides primary communications to and from the island.

History

Native artifacts from the Kodiak Islands, engraving c. 1805 from a Russian journal
Location of Three Saints Bay and St. Paul on Kodiak in 1805
Chart including Kodiak Island

Kodiak is the ancestral land of the

Sugpiaq, an Alutiiq nation of Native Americans. The original inhabitants subsisted by hunting marine mammals, fishing, and gathering. Kodiak Island was explored in 1763 by Russian fur trader Stepan Glotov
.

The first outsiders to settle on the island were Russian explorers under

fur trading
with the Alaska Natives.

In 1793, Grigory Shelikhov, with the help of the governor-general of Irkutsk, was given twenty craftsmen and ten families of farmers with the obligation of paying government taxes for them, for promoting successful development of Russia-America settlements and the establishment of shipyards and factories.[4] The settlers provided to Shelikhov were not serfs in the full sense of the word. It was not possible to sell, mortgage, or give away the settlers; they were owned by the company for as long as the Shelikhov-Golikov Company existed.[4]

The settlement of Grigory Shelikhov on Kodiak Island.

In 1784, Shelikhov, along with 130

Alutiiq men, women and children at Refuge Rock, a tiny stack island off the eastern coast of Sitkalidak Island. In Alutiiq, this sacred place is now known as Awa'uq, "to become numb".[5]

The Alutiiq were conscripted by the Russian occupants for the purpose of hunting, gathering, and processing food and furs.[6] Native labor was commandeered through hostage taking, physical threat, and punishment.[7] The Alutiiq men were forced to obtain quotas of otter pelts and bird skins which were then stitched into waterproof parkas by the Alutiiq women.[7] The waterproof garments, made by the Alutiiq women, were given to the Alutiiq men as payment for the furs brought to the Russian fur traders.[7]

The Orthodox mission in

Russian America was authorized by Catherine II in 1793, and then was established on Kodiak Island in 1794 by a group of monks from the Valaam Monastery in Saint Petersburg.[8]

The Russian fur traders radically expanded sea otter hunting operations and forced the Alutiiq men to hunt for longer periods of time at increasingly distant areas as the local population of fur-bearing animals was extinguished.[7] The Alutiiq suffered starvation and physical separation of families because of the able-bodied men hunting and trapping furs rather than providing food for the women, young, old, and sick as they had done traditionally.[9]

In 1837–1839, a

Russian America territory and destroyed an estimated one-third of the Native population.[7] The remaining Alutiiq on Kodiak Island were then consolidated into seven settlements where they were more readily offered medical, educational, and religious services by the Russian-American Company.[7] The smallpox epidemic was eventually stopped with vaccination of the natives.[9]

Following the 1867

Alaska purchase
by the United States, the island became part of the United States. Gradually Americans settled there, also engaging in hunting and fishing.

1912 Novarupta eruption

Radio communications were disrupted and visibility was nil. Roofs in the village collapsed under the weight of more than a foot of ash. Buildings were destroyed as avalanches of ash rushed down from nearby hillsides.[10][11]

On June 9, Kodiak villagers saw the first clear, ash-free skies in three days, but their environment had changed dramatically. Wildlife on Kodiak Island was devastated by ash and acid rain from the eruption.

salmon-fishing industry was devastated.[12]

1964 earthquake

The island was also hit by the 1964

Good Friday earthquake and tsunami, which destroyed much of the waterfront, the business district, and several villages.[13]

Climate

Snows cling to the mountaintops in summer

The weather of Kodiak is temperate by Alaskan standards. December to March is the cold season while June to August is the summer season.

Cfc
in the Koppen classification.

Climate data for Kodiak, Alaska
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 54
(12) 		60
(16) 		57
(14) 		70
(21) 		80
(27) 		86
(30) 		82
(28) 		84
(29) 		80
(27) 		74
(23) 		60
(16) 		62
(17) 		86
(30)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 35
(2) 		36
(2) 		38
(3) 		43
(6) 		49
(9) 		55
(13) 		60
(16) 		61
(16) 		56
(13) 		46
(8) 		39
(4) 		36
(2) 		46
(8)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 25
(−4) 		24
(−4) 		27
(−3) 		32
(0) 		38
(3) 		44
(7) 		48
(9) 		49
(9) 		43
(6) 		34
(1) 		29
(−2) 		25
(−4) 		35
(2)
Record low °F (°C) −16
(−27) 		−12
(−24) 		−6
(−21) 		7
(−14) 		18
(−8) 		30
(−1) 		35
(2) 		34
(1) 		26
(−3) 		7
(−14) 		0
(−18) 		−9
(−23) 		−16
(−27)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 8.17
(208) 		5.72
(145) 		5.22
(133) 		5.48
(139) 		6.31
(160) 		5.38
(137) 		4.12
(105) 		4.48
(114) 		7.84
(199) 		8.36
(212) 		6.63
(168) 		7.64
(194) 		75.35
(1,914)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 14.5
(37) 		14.7
(37) 		10.3
(26) 		7.5
(19) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1.4
(3.6) 		7.3
(19) 		15.6
(40) 		71.5
(182.11)
Source: [14]

Education

The University of Alaska Anchorage has a 50-acre (20-hectare) campus which opened in 1968, located about 2 miles (3.2 kilometers) northwest of the City of Kodiak.[15]

Parks and protected areas

Kodiak bear cub, perched on a sign

Nearly two-thirds of the island is located within the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge and has no road access. Refuge headquarters are located on the Chiniak Highway, right at the access road for the Buskin River State Recreation Site, which has camping, picnic areas, beaches, and fishing for salmon and trout in the Buskin River.[16]

The Pasagshak River State Recreation Site is a 25 acres (10 ha) park with a small campground and access to some of the island's best salmon and trout fishing.[17] The island is also home to the Fort Abercrombie State Historical Park.

References

  1. ^ "Kodiak". Alaska Magazine. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  2. ^ Dunham, Mike (July 31, 2010). "Turns out Kodiak is largest U.S. island, depending on viewpoint". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on August 2, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
  3. ISBN 9780312616113
  4. ^
    S2CID 143015531
    .
  5. ^ Ben Fitzhugh (2003), The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological Evidence from the North Pacific, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003
  6. S2CID 164846300
    .
  7. ^
    S2CID 162418622
    .
  8. ^ Danver, Steven L. (2017). "The Orthodox Church in Russian America: Colonization and Missions to Alaska's Native Peoples". Journal of the West. 56 (2): 2–8.
  9. ^ a b Bland, Richard L. (2015). "SMALLPOX, ALEUTS, AND KAYAKS: A TRANSLATION EDUARD BLASHKE'S ARTICLE ON HIS TRIP THROUGH THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS IN 1838". Journal of Northwest Anthropology. 49 (1): 71–86.
  10. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Jennifer Adleman (Winter 2002). "The Great Eruption of 1912". Alaska Park Science. National Park Service.
  11. ^ Fierstein, Judy; Hildreth, Wes (2001). "Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Katmai volcanic cluster, Alaska". U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 00-0489: 59.
  12. ^ Fierstein, Judy; Hildreth, Wes; Hendley, J. W. II.; Stauffer, P. H. (1998). "Can another great volcanic eruption happen in Alaska?". U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 0075-98.
  13. ^ "1964 Earthquake & Tidal Wave". Explore Kodiak History & Culture. Kodiak Island Convention & Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on 2015-01-02. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
  14. ^ a b "Intellicast - Kodiak Historic Weather Averages in Alaska (99615)". www.intellicast.com. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  15. ^ Kodiak College
  16. ISBN 9781892154378
  17. ^ Pasagshak River SRS, Alaska Department of Natural Resources

External links

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