Koliivshchyna
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Koliivshchyna rebellion | |
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Part of Braclaw voivodeships) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | |
Result | Russian-Polish victory |
Russian Empire
Mikhail Krechetnikov
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The Koliivshchyna (
Etymology
The origin of the word "Koliivshchyna" is not certain.
The term could also be an adaptation of the Polish words "kolej", "kolejno", "po kolei", which implies "służba kolejna" (patrolling service), designating
Events
The rebellion was simultaneous to the
The rebellion of peasants was fueled by ducats paid by Maxim Zalizniak for every killed Bar Confederate and by the circulation of a fictitious proclamation of support and call to arms by Russian Empress
Preparations for the uprising against the Bar Confederation and the initial raid of the Cossack detachment of Maksym Zalizniak started at the Motronynskyi Holy Trinity Monastery (now a convent in Cherkasy Raion), the hegumen of which was Archimandrite Melkhisedek (Znachko-Yavorsky), who also served as the director of all Orthodox monasteries and churches in Right-bank Ukraine in 1761–1768.[1]
The peasant rebellion quickly gained momentum and spread over the territory from the right bank of the
Crowds of insurgents broke into the city [...] Most of the nobles and Jews gathered in the churches, synagogue and town hall. Catholic priests communicated and gave absolution [...] the slaughter initiated, most likely by vengeful peasants, began. According to modern testimonies, about three thousand Jews died in the synagogue alone. Killed and tormented. Jews had their hands and ears cut off. They were pulled out of cellars, houses and even ditches, where they sought shelter in vain. Catholic and Uniate priests became the next victims of the hatred of the insurgent crowd.
In three weeks of unbridled violence, the rebels slaughtered 20,000 people, according to numerous Polish sources.[citation needed] The leaders of the uprising were Zaporozhian Cossacks, mainly Maksym Zalizniak, and a commander of a private militia of the owner of Uman, Ivan Gonta. The governor and other Polish nobles supporting the Bar Confederation capitulated since they knew that Gonta had been dispatched by Polish Count Franciszek Salezy Potocki to protect Uman by a secret mission. They mistakenly thought that the rebels supported the Polish king, as did Potocki. There were rumours that Don Cossacks participated in fighting against the Bar Confederation supporting Zaporozhian Cossacks. Some were seized by Polish government forces and tried in Kodnya.
Eventually, the uprising was crushed by Russian troops, Ukrainian-registered Cossacks of Left-Bank Ukraine and the Zaporozhian Host, aided by the Polish army. The two leaders were arrested by Russian troops on 7 July 1768.[1] Ivan Gonta was handed over to Polish authorities, who tortured him to death, and Maksym Zalizniak was exiled to Siberia.[15] The rebellion was suppressed by the joint forces of Polish and Russian armies, with numerous hangings, decapitations, quarterings and impalings of Polish subjects and of the Russian subjects who were captured by governmental Polish forces themselves.[7]
In popular culture
Taras Shevchenko's epic poem Haidamaky (The Haidamakas) chronicles the events of the Koliivshchyna. The event also inspired recent artwork during the latest Ukrainian unrest.[16]
Controversy
On 17 May 2018 the Kyiv City Council voted to hold events marking 250 years since Koliivshchyna; the proposal was put forward by two deputies of the ultranationalist Svoboda party. The decision received strong criticism from the Ukrainian Jewish community and the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group.[17][18]
References
- ^ a b c d Koliyivshchyna at Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine
- ^ P.R. Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. pp. 294, 296.
- ^ Franciszek Rawita-Gawroński (1914). Sprawy i rzeczy ukraińskie: materyały do dziejów kozaczyzny i hajdamaczyzny [Ukrainian matters and things: materials for the history of Cossacks and Haidamaks]. Lviv. pp. 146, 147.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Korzon, Tadeusz (1897). Wewnętrzne dzieje Polski za Stanisława Augusta (1764–1794) [The internal history of Poland under Stanisław August (1764–1794)]. Cracow-Warsaw. p. 200.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Kazimierz Karolczak, Franciszek Leśniak (1998). Wielka Historia Polski [The Great History of Poland]. Cracow. p. 111.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Konopczyński, Władysław (1999). Dzieje Polski nowożytnej [History of modern Poland]. Instytut Wydawniczy Pax. p. 619.
- ^ ISBN 0-231-05350-9.
- ^ Stanisław Bogusław Lenard; Ireneusz Wywiał (2000). Historia Polski w datach [History of Poland in dates]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. pp. 274–275.
- Ukrayinska Pravda. 16 December 2015
- ^ "The bridge between west and east. Russian Greek Catholic church".
- ^ "Golden Charter". Encyclopedia of Ukraine.
- ^ "Catherinian Golden Edict". Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine.
- ^ "First New Russia Governorate". Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine.
- ^ Serczyk, Władysław (1972). Hajdamacy. Cracow. pp. 325–326.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Koliivshchyna rebellion". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies.
- ^ "ICONS ON THE BARRICADES: INCREDIBLE UKRAINIAN PROTEST ART". ArtNews. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- ^ Coynash, Halya (29 May 2018). "Ukrainian Jewish associations outraged by Kyiv Council plans for bloodstained anniversary". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group.
- ^ "Заява керівництва основних єврейських об'єднань України з приводу урочистих заходів в ознаменування 250-річчя Коліївщини" [Statement of the leadership of the main Jewish associations of Ukraine regarding the solemn events commemorating the 250th anniversary of the Koliivshchyna]. Асоціація єврейських організацій та общин України (Ваад) - Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities of Ukraine (Vaad) (in Russian). 2018-05-25.
Further reading
- ISBN 0-8020-0830-5.
- Henryk Mościcki, "Z dziejów hajdamacczyzny", Warszawa 1905
- Władysław Andrzej Serczyk, "Koliszczyzna", Kraków 1968
- Władysław Andrzej Serczyk, "Hajdamacy", Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 1972
- Karol Grunberg, Bolesław Sprengel, Trudne sąsiedztwo, Warszawa 2005
- Władysław Wielhorski, Ziemie ukrainne Rzeczypospolitej: Zarys dziejów, Londyn 1959
- Kazimierz Karolczak, Franciszek Leśniak, "Wielka Historia Polski", Kraków 1998
- "Dzieje Polski. Kalendarium", pod red. Andrzeja Chwalby, Kraków 1999
- "Kronika Polski", praca zbiorowa, Warszawa 200
- Stanisław Bogusław Lenard, Ireneusz Wywiał, Historia Polski w datach, wyd. PWN, Warszawa 2000