Kolkata

Following independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was once the premier centre of Indian commerce, culture, and politics, suffered many decades of political violence and economic stagnation before it rebounded.^[25] The city was also flooded with Hindu refugees from East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) in the decades following the 1947 partition of India, transforming its landscape and shaping its politics.^[26][27] A demographically diverse city, the culture of Kolkata features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively close-knit neighbourhoods (paras) and freestyle conversations (adda). Kolkata is home to venerable institutions of national importance, including the Academy of Fine Arts, the Asiatic Society, the Indian Museum and the National Library of India. It is the centre of the Indian Bengali film industry, which is known as Tollywood. Among scientific institutions, Kolkata hosts the Geological Survey of India, the Botanical Survey of India, the Calcutta Mathematical Society, the Indian Science Congress Association, the Zoological Survey of India, the Horticultural Society, the Institution of Engineers, the Anthropological Survey of India and the Indian Public Health Association. Four Nobel laureates and two Nobel Memorial Prize winners are associated with the city.^[28] Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata stands out in India for being the country's centre of association football. Kolkata is known for its grand celebrations of the Hindu festival of Durga Puja, which is recognized by UNESCO for its importance to world heritage.^[29] Hence, Kolkata is also known as the 'City of Joy'.^[30]

Etymology

The word Kolkata (Bengali: কলকাতা [kolˈkata]) derives from Kôlikata (Bengali: কলিকাতা [ˈkɔliˌkata]), the Bengali language name of one of three villages that predated the arrival of the British; the other two villages were Sutanuti and Govindapur.^[31]

There are several explanations for the etymology of this name:

• Kolikata is thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetrô (Bengali: কালীক্ষেত্র [ˈkaliˌkʰetrɔ]), meaning 'Field of [the goddess] Kali'. Similarly, it can be a variation of Kalikshetra (Sanskrit: कालीक्षेत्र, lit. 'area of Goddess Kali').
• Another theory is that the name derives from Kalighat.^[32]
• Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila (Bengali: কিলকিলা), or 'flat area'.^[33]
• The name may have its origin in the words khal (Bengali: খাল [ˈkʰal]) meaning 'canal', followed by kaṭa (Bengali: কাটা [ˈkaʈa]), which may mean 'dug'.^[34]
• According to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or koli chun (Bengali: কলি চুন [ˈkɔliˌtʃun]) and coir or kata (Bengali: কাতা [ˈkata]); hence, it was called Kolikata).^[33]

Although the city's name has always been pronounced Kolkata or Kôlikata in Bengali, the anglicised form Calcutta was the official name until 2001, when it was changed to Kolkata in order to match Bengali pronunciation.^[35]

History

The discovery and

In 1712, the British completed the construction of Fort William, located on the east bank of the Hooghly River to protect their trading factory.^[45] Facing frequent skirmishes with French forces, the British began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah, condemned the militarisation and tax evasion by the company. His warning went unheeded, and the Nawab attacked; his capture of Fort William led to the killings of several East India company officials in the Black Hole of Calcutta.^[46] A force of Company soldiers (sepoys) and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the following year.^[46] Per the 1765 Treaty of Allahabad following the battle of Buxar, East India company was appointed imperial tax collector of the Mughal emperor in the province of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, while Mughal-appointed Nawabs continued to rule the province.^[47] Declared a presidency city, Calcutta became the headquarters of the East India Company by 1773.^[48]

In 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished, and East India company took complete control of the city and the province. In the early 19th century, the marshes surrounding the city were drained; the government area was laid out along the banks of the Hooghly River.

In 1864, a typhoon struck the city and killed about 60,000 in Kolkata.^[52]

By the 1850s, Calcutta had two areas: White Town, which was primarily British and centred on

The partition of Bengal in 1905 along religious lines led to mass protests, making Calcutta a less hospitable place for the British.^[56][57] The capital was moved to New Delhi in 1911.^[58] Calcutta continued to be a centre for revolutionary organisations associated with the Indian independence movement. The city and its port were bombed several times by the Japanese between 1942 and 1944, during World War II.^[59][60] Millions starved to death during the Bengal famine of 1943 (at the same time of the war) due to a combination of military, administrative, and natural factors.^[61] Demands for the creation of a Muslim state led in 1946 to an episode of communal violence that killed over 4,000.^[62][63][64] The partition of India led to further clashes and a demographic shift—many Muslims left for East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh), while hundreds of thousands of Hindus fled into the city.^[65]

During the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent

Spread roughly north–south along the east bank of the

Kolkata is subject to a tropical wet-and-dry climate that is designated Aw under the Köppen climate classification. According to a United Nations Development Programme report, its wind and cyclone zone is "very high damage risk".^[77]

Temperature

The annual mean temperature is 26.8 °C (80.2 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 19–30 °C (66–86 °F). Summers (March–June) are hot and humid, with temperatures in the low 30s Celsius; during dry spells, maximum temperatures sometime exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in May and June.^[78] Winter lasts for roughly 2+1⁄2 months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9–11 °C (48–52 °F) in December and January. May is the hottest month, with daily temperatures ranging from 27–37 °C (81–99 °F); January, the coldest month, has temperatures varying from 12–23 °C (54–73 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 43.9 °C (111.0 °F), and the lowest is 5 °C (41 °F).^[78] The winter is mild and very comfortable weather pertains over the city throughout this season. Often, in April–June, the city is struck by heavy rains or dusty squalls that are followed by thunderstorms or hailstorms, bringing cooling relief from the prevailing humidity. These thunderstorms are

Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata. As of 2008^[update],

Kolkata, which is under the jurisdiction of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), has an area of 206.08 km² (80 sq mi).^[95] The east–west dimension of the city is comparatively narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in the east—a span of 9–10 km (5.6–6.2 mi).^[96] The north–south distance is greater, and its axis is used to section the city into North, Central, South and East Kolkata. North Kolkata is the oldest part of the city. Characterised by 19th-century architecture and narrow alleyways, it includes areas such as

The

Kolkata is the commercial and financial hub of

Population

The demonym for residents of Kolkata are Calcuttan and Kolkatan.^[123][124] According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, Kolkata district, which occupies an area of 185 km² (71 sq mi), had a population of 4,486,679;^[125] its population density was 24,252/km² (62,810/sq mi).^[125] This represents a decline of 1.88% during the decade 2001–11. The sex ratio is 899 females per 1000 males—lower than the national average.^[126] The ratio is depressed by the influx of working males from surrounding rural areas, from the rest of West Bengal; these men commonly leave their families behind.^[127] Kolkata's literacy rate of 87.14%^[126] exceeds the national average of 74%.^[128] The final population totals of census 2011 stated the population of city as 4,496,694.^[4] The urban agglomeration had a population of 14,112,536 in 2011.^[6]

As of 2003^[update], about one-third of the population, or 15 lakh (1.5 million) people, lived in 3,500 unregistered squatter-occupied and 2,011 registered slums.^{[111]: 4 [129]: 92} The authorised slums (with access to basic services like water, latrines, trash removal by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation) can be broadly divided into two groups—bustees, in which slum dwellers have some long term tenancy agreement with the landowners; and udbastu colonies, settlements which had been leased to refugees from present-day Bangladesh by the government.^{[129][111]: 5} The unauthorised slums (devoid of basic services provided by the municipality) are occupied by squatters who started living on encroached lands—mainly along canals, railway lines and roads.^{[129]: 92 [111]: 5} According to the 2005 National Family Health Survey, around 14% of the households in Kolkata were poor, while 33% lived in slums, indicating a substantial proportion of households in slum areas were better off economically than the bottom quarter of urban households in terms of wealth status.^[130]: 23 Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for founding and working with the Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata—an organisation "whose primary task was to love and care for those persons nobody was prepared to look after".^[131]

Languages

According to the 2011 census, 76.51% of the population is

Kolkata is administered by several government agencies. The

The Kolkata Port Trust, an agency of the central government, manages the city's river port. As of 2023[update], the

Utility services

The Kolkata Municipal Corporation supplies the city with potable water that is sourced from the Hooghly River;^[161] most of it is treated and purified at the Palta pumping station located in North 24 Parganas district.^{[162][failed verification]} Roughly 95% of the 4,000 tonnes of refuse produced daily by the city is transported to the dumping grounds in Dhapa, which is east of the town.^[163][164] To promote the recycling of garbage and sewer water, agriculture is encouraged on the dumping grounds.^[165] Parts of the city lack proper sewerage, leading to unsanitary methods of waste disposal.^[81]

In 1856, the Bengal Government appointed

Electricity is supplied by the privately operated Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation, or CESC, to the city proper; the West Bengal State Electricity Board supplies it in the suburbs.^[166][167] Fire services are handled by the West Bengal Fire Service, a state agency.^[168] As of 2012^[update], the city had 16 fire stations.^[169]

State-owned

The Eastern Command of the Indian Army is based in the city. Being one of India's major city and the largest city in eastern and north-eastern India, Kolkata hosts diplomatic missions of many countries such as Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Canada, People's Republic of China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Thailand, United Kingdom and United States. The U.S Consulate in Kolkata is the US Department of State's second-oldest Consulate and dates from 19 November 1792.^[175] The Diplomatic representation of more than 65 Countries and International Organization is present in Kolkata as Consulate office, honorary Consulate office, Cultural Centre, Deputy High Commission and Economic section and Trade Representation office.^[176]

Transport

Public transport is provided by the

Metro rail

Kolkata Metro is the oldest rapid transit system in India. According to a 2013 survey conducted by the International Association of Public Transport, in terms of a public transport system, Kolkata ranks among the top of the six Indian cities surveyed.^[177][178] The Kolkata Metro, in operation since 1984, is the oldest underground mass transit system in India.^[179] It spans the north–south length of the city. In 2020, part of the Second line was inaugurated to cover part of Salt Lake. This east–west line will connect Salt Lake with Howrah. The two lines cover a distance of 33.02 km (21 mi). As of 2020^[update], four Metro rail lines were under construction.^[180]

Commuter rail

Kolkata has five long-distance railway stations, located at

Buses, which are the most commonly used mode of transport, are run by government agencies and private operators.^[186] Kolkata is the only Indian city with a tram network, which was operated by the Calcutta Tramways Company. It has now renamed to West Bengal Transport Corporation.^[187] The slow-moving tram services are restricted to certain areas of the city. Water-logging, caused by heavy rains during the summer monsoon, sometimes interrupt transportation networks.^[188][189]

Roads and expressways

The city has witnessed a steady increase in the number of registered vehicles; 2002 data showed an increase of 44% over a period of seven years.[190]^[191] As of 2004^[update], after adjusting for population density, the city's "road space" was only 6% compared to 23% in Delhi and 17% in Mumbai.^[192] The Kolkata Metro has somewhat eased traffic congestion, as has the addition of new roads and flyovers. Agencies operating long-distance bus services include the West Bengal Transport Corporation and various private operators. The city's main bus terminals are located at Esplanade and Babughat.^[193] The Kolkata–Delhi and Kolkata–Chennai prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral, and National Highway 12 start from the city.^[194]

At present, Kolkata has two

• Varanasi–Kolkata Expressway: Construction to begin from 2023, to be completed by 2027.^[195]
• Raxaul–Haldia Expressway: Proposed, to be completed by 2028.^[196]

radio taxis are in service as well.^[197][198] In parts of the city, cycle rickshaws and hand-pulled rickshaws are patronised by the public for short trips.^[199]

Air

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport, located in Dum Dum, about 16 km (9.9 mi) north-east of the city centre, operates domestic and international flights. In 2013, the airport was upgraded to handle increased air traffic.^[200][201]

Water

The Port of Kolkata, established in 1870, is India's oldest and the only major river port.^[202] The Kolkata Port Trust manages docks in Kolkata and Haldia.^[203] The port hosts passenger services to Port Blair, capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; freighter service to ports throughout India and around the world is operated by the Shipping Corporation of India.^[202][204] Ferry services connect Kolkata with its twin city of Howrah, located across the Hooghly River.^[205][206]

Healthcare

See also: Healthcare in Kolkata

Calcutta Medical College

As of 2011^[update], the healthcare system in Kolkata consists of 48 government hospitals, mostly under the

Calcutta Medical College, founded in 1835, was the first institution in Asia to teach modern medicine.^[212] However, These facilities are inadequate to meet the healthcare needs of the city.^{[213][214][215]} More than 78% in Kolkata prefer the private medical sector over the public medical sector,^[130]: 109 due to the overburdening of the public health sector, the lack of a nearby facility, and excessive waiting times at government facilities.^[130]

^: 61

According to the Indian 2005 National Family Health Survey, only a small proportion of Kolkata households were covered under any health scheme or

infant mortality rate in Kolkata was 41 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 49 per 1,000 live births.^[130]

^: 48

Among the surveyed cities, Kolkata stood second (5%) for children who had not had any vaccinations under the

anaemic and underweight children in Kolkata was less in comparison to other surveyed cities.^[130]

^: 54–55

About 18% of the men and 30% of the women in Kolkata are

dengue and chikungunya are prevalent in Kolkata, though their incidence is decreasing.^[216][217] Kolkata is one of the districts in India with a high number of people with AIDS; it has been designated a district prone to high risk.^[218][219] As of 2014, because of higher air pollution, the life expectancy of a person born in the city is four years fewer than in the suburbs.^[220]

Education

Kolkata's schools are run by the state government or private organisations, many of which are religious.

La Martiniere Calcutta, Calcutta Boys' School, St. James' School (Kolkata), St. Xavier's Collegiate School and Loreto House, have been ranked amongst the best schools in the country.^[223]

As of 2010[update], the Kolkata urban agglomeration is home to 14 universities run by the state government.

Institute of National Importance, BESU was converted to India's first IIEST. Jadavpur University is known for its arts, science, and engineering faculties.^[228] The Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, which was the first of the Indian Institutes of Management, was established in 1961 at Joka, a locality in the south-western suburbs. Kolkata also houses the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, which was started here in the year 2006.^[229]

The

University of Engineering & Management (UEM)

.

Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in Kolkata include physicists

Prafulla Chandra Roy;^[232] statisticians Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis and Anil Kumar Gain;^[232] physician Upendranath Brahmachari;^[232] educator Ashutosh Mukherjee;^[234] and Nobel laureates Rabindranath Tagore,^[235] C. V. Raman,^[233] and Amartya Sen.^[236]

Kolkata houses many research institutes like

Raman effect

in IACS.

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Kolkata and Durga Puja in Kolkata

See also: Street food of Kolkata

Kolkata is known for its literary, artistic and revolutionary heritage; as the former capital of India, it was the birthplace of modern Indian literary and artistic thought.

addas, or leisurely chats, that often take the form of freestyle intellectual conversation.^[242][243] The city has a tradition of political graffiti depicting everything from outrageous slander to witty banter and limericks, caricatures and propaganda.^[244][245]

Kolkata has many buildings adorned with

place of interest in Kolkata, has a museum documenting the city's history. The National Library of India is the leading public library in the country while Science City is the largest science centre in the Indian subcontinent.^[250]

The popularity of commercial theatres in the city has declined since the 1980s.

Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda and others, this constituted a major part of the Bengal Renaissance.^[260] The middle and latter parts of the 20th century witnessed the arrival of post-modernism, as well as literary movements such as those espoused by the Kallol movement, hungryalists and the little magazines.^[261] Large majority of publishers of the city is concentrated in and around College Street, "... a half-mile of bookshops and bookstalls spilling over onto the pavement", selling new and used books.^[262]

Rabindra sangeet (songs written by Rabindranath Tagore) and Indian classical music, with important concerts and recitals, such as Dover Lane Music Conference, being held throughout the year; Bengali popular music, including baul folk ballads, kirtans and Gajan festival music; and modern music, including Bengali-language adhunik songs.^[267][268] Since the early 1990s, new genres have emerged, including one comprising alternative folk–rock Bengali bands.^[267] Another new style, jibonmukhi gaan ("songs about life"), is based on realism.^[251]

^: 105

Key elements of

mishti dohi. Bengal's large repertoire of seafood dishes includes various preparations of ilish, a fish that is a favourite among Calcuttans. Street foods such as beguni (fried battered eggplant slices), kati roll (flatbread roll with vegetable or chicken, mutton or egg stuffing), phuchka (a deep-fried crêpe with tamarind sauce) and Indian Chinese cuisine from Chinatown are popular.^{[270][271][272][273]}

Though Bengali women traditionally wear the

Kolkata Film Festival, Nandikar's National Theatre Festival, Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally and Gandhi Jayanti

.

Media

See also: Kolkata in the media and List of Bengali-language television channels

The first newspaper in India, the

Asian Age.^[279] As the largest trading centre in East India, Kolkata has several high-circulation financial dailies, including The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Business Line and Business Standard.^[279][280] Vernacular newspapers, such as those in the Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati, Odia, Punjabi and Chinese languages, are read by minorities.^[138][279] Major periodicals based in Kolkata include Desh, Sananda, Saptahik Bartaman, Unish-Kuri, Anandalok and Anandamela.^[279] Historically, Kolkata has been the centre of the Bengali little magazine movement.^[281][282]

Zee 24 Ghanta, TV9 Bangla and Republic Bangla.^[287]

Sports

See also: Football in Kolkata, Kolkata Marathon, and Kolkata Derby

Greater Kolkata) on a matchday of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup

The most popular sports in Kolkata are

Mohammedan Sporting Club.^[289][290] The Calcutta Football League, which is the oldest football league in Asia was started in 1898. Mohun Bagan A.C., one of the oldest football clubs in Asia, is the only organisation to be dubbed as "National Club of India".^[291][292] Two clubs of the city - Mohun Bagan Super Giant and East Bengal FC compete in the Indian Super League (ISL).^[293] Football matches between Mohun Bagan and East Bengal, called as the Kolkata Derby, witness large audience attendance and rivalry between patrons.^[294] The multi-use Salt Lake Stadium, also known as Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan, is India's second largest stadium by seating capacity. Most matches of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup were played in this stadium including both Semi-final matches and the Final match. Kolkata also accounted for 45% of total attendance in 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup with an average of 55,345 spectators.^[295] The Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.^[296][297]

As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Kolkata and is played on various grounds throughout the city.^[298][299] Kolkata is home to Indian Premier League (IPL) franchise Kolkata Knight Riders and also the Cricket Association of Bengal which regulates cricket in West Bengal and the Bengal cricket team. Tournaments, especially those involving cricket, football, badminton and carrom, are regularly organised here on an inter-locality or inter-club basis.^[241] The Maidan, a vast field that serves as the city's largest park, hosts several minor football and cricket clubs and coaching institutes.^[300] Eden Gardens, which has a capacity of 80,000 as of 2017^[update],^[301] hosted the final match of the 1987 Cricket World Cup.

Kolkata's

racquet club in Kolkata. It was founded in 1793, making it one of the oldest rackets clubs in the world, and the first in the Indian subcontinent.^[308][309] The Calcutta South Club is a venue for national and international tennis tournaments; it held the first grass-court national championship in 1946.^[310][311] In the period 2005–2007, Sunfeast Open, a tier-III tournament on the Women's Tennis Association circuit, was held in the Netaji Indoor Stadium; it has since been discontinued.^[312][313]

The

Subrata Bhattacharya

.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Kolkata

Sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in India

• Dhaka, Bangladesh^[323]
• Kunming, China (October 2013)^[323][324]
• Thessaloniki, Greece (January 2005)^[323][325]
• Naples, Italy^[323]
• Karachi, Pakistan^[326]
• Incheon, South Korea^[323][327]
• Odesa, Ukraine^[323][328]
• Jersey City, New Jersey, United States^[323]
• Long Beach, California, United States^[323]
• Dallas, Texas, United States^[323]

See also

• List of children's museums in India
• List of people from Kolkata
• List of tallest buildings in Kolkata
• West Bengal

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Further reading

• Mann, Michael (2022). A British Rome in India. Calcutta – Capital for an Empire. Worms: Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft.
  ISBN 978-3-88462-411-1
  .
• Chaudhuri, S (1990). Calcutta: the living City. Vol. I and II. Kolkata: Oxford University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-19-562585-1
  .
• Dutta, Krishna (2003). Calcutta: a cultural and literary history. Oxford, UK: Signal Books.
  ISBN 978-1-902669-59-5
  .
• Mitra, A (1976). Calcutta diary. London: Frank Cass.
  ISBN 978-0-7146-3082-3
  .
• Mukherjee, SC (1991). The changing face of Calcutta: an architectural approach. Kolkata: Government of West Bengal.
  ASIN B0000D6TXX
  .
• Roy, A (2002). City requiem, Calcutta: gender and the politics of poverty. Minneapolis, US:
  ISBN 978-0-8166-3932-8
  .
• Thomas, Frederic C. (1997). Calcutta poor: elegies on a city above pretense. Armonk, New York City: M.E. Sharpe.
  ISBN 978-1-56324-981-5
  .
• Lapierre, Dominique (1985). La cité de la joie (The City of Joy). Kolkata: Arrow.
  ISBN 978-0-09-914091-7
  .
• Singh, Malvika (2011). Kolkata: A Soul City (Historic and Famed Cities of India). Academic Foundation. p. 110.
  ISBN 978-81-7188-886-3
  .
• Hazra, Indrajit (1 December 2013). Grand Delusions: A Short Biography of Kolkata. Aleph Book Company. p. 156.
  ISBN 978-93-82277-28-6
  .
• Ghosh, Amitav (22 April 2009). Calcutta Chromosome: A Novel of Fevers, Delirium and Discovery. Penguin India. p. 200.
  ISBN 978-0-14-306655-2
  .
• Deb, Binaya Krishna (1905). The Early History and Growth of Calcutta. Harvard University: Romesh Chandra Ghose. p. 278. calcutta.
• Chaudhuri, Sukanta (1990). Calcutta, the Living City: The past. the University of Michigan: Oxford University Press. p. 292.
  ISBN 978-0-19-562718-3
  .
• Roy, Ananya (1 October 2002). City Requiem, Calcutta: Gender and Politics of Poverty. University of Minnesota Press. p. 352.
  ISBN 978-0-8166-3933-5
  .
• Chatterjee, Jayabrato; Khullar, Rupinder (1 January 2004). Kolkata: the dream city. the University of Michigan: UBS Publishers' Distributors. p. 93.
  ISBN 978-81-7476-471-3
  .
• Moorhouse, Geoffrey (1971). Calcutta. Penguin Books India. p. 393.
  ISBN 978-0-14-009557-9
  .
• Chatterjee, Partha (2012). The Black Hole of Empire: History of a Global Practice of Power. Princeton University Press. p. 425.
  ISBN 978-0-691-15201-1
  .
• Chattopadhyay, Swati (2005). Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism, and the Colonial Uncanny. Psychology Press. p. 314.
  ISBN 978-0-415-34359-6
  .
• Dey, Ishita; Samaddar, Ranabir (2016). Beyond Kolkata: Rajarhat and the Dystopia of Urban Imagination. Routledge. p. 304.
  ISBN 978-1-134-93137-8
  .
• Husain, Zakir; Dutta, Mousumi (2013). Women in Kolkata's IT Sector: Satisficing Between Work and Household. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 133.
  ISBN 9788132215936
  .
• Bose, Pablo Shiladitya (2015). Urban Development in India: Global Indians in the Remaking of Kolkata. Routledge. p. 178.
  ISBN 978-1-317-59673-8
  .
• ISBN 978-0-8047-6071-3
  .
• Ghosh, Anindita (2016). Claiming the City: Protest, Crime, and Scandals in Colonial Calcutta, c. 1860–1920. Oxford University Press. p. 340.
  ISBN 978-0-19-946479-1
  .
• Sanyal, Shukla (2014). Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal. Cambridge University Press. p. 219.
  ISBN 978-1-107-06546-8
  .
• Busteed, Henry Elmsley (1888). Echoes from Old Calcutta: Being Chiefly Reminiscences of the Days of Warren Hastings, Francis, and Impey. Asian Educational Services. p. 359.
  ISBN 9788120612952
  .
• Fruzzetti, Lina; Östör, Ákos (2003). Calcutta Conversations. Orient Blackswan. p. 242.
  ISBN 9788180280092
  .
• Richards, E. P. (2014). The Condition, Improvement and Town Planning of the City of Calcutta and Contiguous Areas: The Richards Report. Routledge. p. 492.
  ISBN 978-1-317-61700-6
  .
• Chatterjee, Arnab; Yarlagadda, Sudhakar (2007). Econophysics of Wealth Distributions: Econophys-Kolkata I. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 248.
  ISBN 9788847003897
  .
• Sarkar, Tanika (2015). Calcutta: The Stormy Decades. Social Science Press. p. 486.
  ISBN 978-9383166077
  .
• Choudhury, Ranabir Ray (2016). A City in the Making: Aspects of Calcutta's Early Growth.
  ISBN 978-9385285288
  .
• Banerjee, Sumanta (2016). Memoirs of Roads: Calcutta from Colonial Urbanization to Global Modernization. Oxford University Press. p. 192.
  ISBN 978-0-19-946810-2
  .

External links

• Kolkata Municipal Corporation
• Kolkata at
  Curlie
• Kolkata – Incredible India
• City Mayors: Richest cities in the world in 2020 by GDP

Media related to Kolkata at Wikimedia Commons