Konkani language
Konkani | |
---|---|
कोंकणी | |
Ethnicity | Konkani |
Native speakers | 2.26 million (2011 census)[3] |
| |
Dialects |
|
Official status | |
Official language in | |
Maharashtrian Konkani | |
Glottolog | goan1235 Goan Konkanikonk1267 Konkan Marathi |
Distribution of native Konkani speakers in India |
Konkani
Konkani is a member of the Southern Indo-Aryan language group. It retains elements of Vedic structures and shows similarities with both Western and Eastern Indo-Aryan languages.[11] The first Konkani inscription is dated 1187 AD.[12]
There are many Konkani dialects spoken along and beyond the Konkan region, from
Classification
Konkani belongs to the Indo-Aryan language branch. It is part of the Marathi-Konkani group of the southern Indo-Aryan languages.[20] It is inflexive, and less distant from Sanskrit as compared to other modern Indo-Aryan languages. Linguists describe Konkani as a fusion of variety of Prakrits. This could be attributed to the confluence of immigrants that the Konkan coast has witnessed over the years.[21]
Names and their etymology
It is quite possible that Old Konkani was just referred to as Prakrit by its speakers.
Konkani was commonly referred to as Língua Canarim by the Portuguese
There are different views as to the origin of the word Konkan and hence Konkani:
- V. P. Chavan states that the etymology of Konkan and hence Konkani is derived from the Kannada word konku meaning 'uneven ground'. The Kannada origin suggests that Konkana might have included Kannada territory and 'uneven ground' suggests the hilly nature of the territory.[29] Konku in Kannada also means that which is 'not straight' and is 'crooked'.[30]
- The word Konkan comes from the Kukkana (Kokna) tribe, who were the original inhabitants of the land where Konkani originated.[31]
- According to some texts of Puranas, Parashurama shot his arrow into the sea and commanded the Sea God to recede up to the point where his arrow landed. The new piece of land thus recovered came to be known as Konkan meaning piece of earth or corner of earth, kōṇa (corner) + kaṇa (piece). This legend is mentioned in Sahyadrikhanda of the Skanda Purana.
History
Proposed substrate influences
This section needs attention from an expert in linguistics. The specific problem is: The Kurukh and Oraon tribes speak Dravidian languages, not Austroasiatic.(October 2017) |
The
The grammatical impact of the Dravidian languages on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is difficult to fathom. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian
Prehistory and early development
Migrations of Indo-Aryan vernacular speakers have occurred throughout the history of the Indian west coast. Around 1100-700 BC the first wave of Indo-Aryans dialect speakers might have occurred, with the second wave appearing around 700-500 BC.
Goa and Konkan were ruled by the
Maharashtri Prakrit is the ancestor of Marathi and Konkani,[47] it was the official language of the Satavahana Empire that ruled Goa and Konkan in the early centuries of the Common Era. Under the patronage of the Satavahana Empire, Maharashtri became the most widespread Prakrit of its time. Studying early Maharashtri compilations, many linguists have called Konkani "the first-born daughter of Maharashtri".[48] This old language that was prevalent contemporary to old Marathi is found to be distinct from its counterpart.[48]
The Sauraseni impact on Konkani is not as prominent as that of Maharashtri. Very few Konkani words are found to follow the Sauraseni pattern. Konkani forms are rather more akin to Pali than the corresponding Sauraseni forms.
Although most of the stone inscriptions and copper plates found in Goa (and other parts of Konkan) from the 2nd century BC to the 10th century AD are in Prakrit-influenced Sanskrit (mostly written in early Brahmi and archaic Dravidian Brahmi), most of the places, grants, agricultural-related terms, and names of some people are in Konkani. This suggests that Konkani was spoken in Goa and Konkan.[51]
Though it belongs to the Indo-Aryan group, Konkani was influenced by a language of the Dravidian family. A branch of the
The Kols, Kharwas, Yadavas, and
- Konkani and Gujarati have many words in common, not found in Marathi.[57]
- The Konkani O (as opposed to the Marathi A, which is of different Prakrit origin), is similar to that in Gujarati.[57]
- The case terminations in Konkani, lo, li, and le, and the Gujarati no, ni, and ne have the same Prakrit roots.[57]
- In both languages the present indicatives have no gender, unlike Marathi.[57]
Early
An inscription at the foot of the colossal Jain monolith
Another inscription in Nāgarī, of Shilahara King Aparaditya II of the year 1187 AD in Parel reportedly contains Konkani words, but this has not been reliably verified.[61]
Many stone and copper-plate inscriptions found in Goa and Konkan are written in Konkani. The grammar and the base of such texts is in Konkani, whereas very few verbs are in Marathi.[62] Copper plates found in Ponda dating back to the early 13th century, and from Quepem in the early 14th century, have been written in Goykanadi.[35] One such stone inscription or shilalekh (written Nāgarī) is found at the Nageshi temple in Goa (dating back to the year 1463 AD). It mentions that the (then) ruler of Goa, Devaraja Gominam, had gifted land to the Nagueshi Maharudra temple when Nanjanna Gosavi was the religious head or Pratihasta of the state. It mentions words like, kullgga, kulaagra, naralel, tambavem, and tilel.[63]
A piece of hymn dedicated to Lord
A hymn from the later 16th century goes
vaikuṇṭhācē̃ jhāḍa tu gē phaḷa amṛtācē̃, jīvita rākhilē̃ tuvē̃ manasakuḷācē̃.[64]
Early Konkani was marked by the use of pronouns like dzo, jī, and jẽ. These are replaced in contemporary Konkani by koṇa. The conjunctions yedō and tedō ("when" and "then") which were used in early Konkani are no longer in use.[65] The use of -viyalẽ has been replaced by -aylẽ. The pronoun moho, which is similar to the Brajbhasha word mōhē has been replaced by mākā.
Medieval
This era was marked by several invasions of Goa and subsequent exodus of some Konkani families to Canara (today's coastal Karnataka), and Cochin.
- Exodus (between 1312–1327) when General Kadambas
- Exodus subsequent to 1470 when the Bijapur
- Exodus of converted Muslims to Bijapur-held territory due to the Portuguese conquest of Goa in 1510
- Migration of Hindu converts to Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein.
These events caused the Konkani language to develop into multiple dialects with multiple scripts. The exodus to coastal Karnataka and Kerala required Konkani speakers in these regions to learn the local languages. This caused penetration of local words into the dialects of Konkani spoken by these speakers. Examples include dār (door) giving way to the word bāgil. Also, the phoneme "a" in the Salcette dialect was replaced by the phoneme "o".
Other Konkani communities came into being with their own dialects of Konkani. The
Contemporary
Contemporary Konkani is written in Devanagari, Kannada, Malayalam, Persian, and Roman scripts. It is written by speakers in their native dialects. The Goan Antruz dialect in the Devanagari script has been promulgated as Standard Konkani.
Revival
Konkani language was in decline, due to the use of Portuguese as the official and social language among the Christians, the predominance of Marathi over Konkani among Hindus, and the Konkani Christian-Hindu divide. Seeing this, Vaman Raghunath Varde Valaulikar set about on a mission to unite all Konkanis, Hindus as well as Christians, regardless of caste or religion. He saw this movement not just as a nationalistic movement against Portuguese rule, but also against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani. Almost single-handedly he crusaded, writing a number of works in Konkani. He is regarded as the pioneer of modern Konkani literature and affectionately remembered as Shenoi Goembab.[68] His death anniversary, 9 April, is celebrated as World Konkani Day (Vishwa Konkani Dis).[69]
Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag, an advocate by profession from Karwar, who with a few like-minded companions travelled throughout all the Konkani speaking areas, sought to unite the fragmented Konkani community under the banner of "one language, one script, one literature". He succeeded in organising the first All India Konkani Parishad in Karwar in 1939.[70] Successive Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad were held at various places in subsequent years. 27 annual Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad have been held so far.
Pandu Putti Kolambkar an eminent social worker of Kodibag, Karwar was a close associate of Shri Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar, strove hard for the upliftment of Konkani in Karwar (North Kanara) and Konkan Patti.
Post-independence period
Following India's independence and its subsequent annexation of Goa in 1961, Goa was absorbed into the Indian Union as a Union Territory, directly under central administration.
However, with the reorganisation of states along linguistic lines, and growing calls from Maharashtra, as well as Marathis in Goa for the merger of Goa into Maharashtra, an intense debate was started in Goa. The main issues discussed were the status of Konkani as an independent language and Goa's future as a part of Maharashtra or as an independent state. The
Recognition as an independent language
With the continued insistence of some Marathis that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language, the matter was finally placed before the Sahitya Akademi. Suniti Kumar Chatterji, the president of the Akademi appointed a committee of linguistic experts to settle the dispute. On 26 February 1975, the committee came to the conclusion that Konkani was indeed an independent and literary language, classified as an Indo-European language, which in its present state was heavily influenced by the Portuguese language.
Official language status
All this did not change anything in Goa. Finally, fed up with the delay, Konkani activists launched an agitation in 1986, demanding official status for Konkani. The agitation turned violent in various places, resulting in the death of six agitators from the Catholic community: Floriano Vaz from Gogol Margao, Aldrin Fernandes, Mathew Faria, C. J. Dias, John Fernandes, and Joaquim Pereira, all from Agaçaim. Finally, on 4 February 1987, the Goa Legislative Assembly passed the Official Language Bill, making Konkani the official language of Goa.[6]
Konkani was included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India as per the Seventy-First Amendment on 20 August 1992, adding it to the list of official languages.
Geographical distribution
The Konkani language originated and is spoken widely in the western coastal region of India known as
According to the 2001 estimates of the Census Department of India, there were 2,489,016 Konkani speakers in India.
During the days of
Current status and issues
This article contains statements that are encyclopedic style. (October 2021) ) |
The Konkani language has been in danger of dying out over the years for many of the following reasons:
- The fragmentation of Konkani into various, sometimes mutually unintelligible, dialects.
- The Portuguese influence in Goa, especially on Catholics.[how?][citation needed]
- The dominance of Damaon and the Konkan division of Maharashtra.[additional citation(s) needed]
- Progressive inroads made by Konkani Muslim community.[verification needed]
- Mutual animosity among various religious sects and caste groups; including a secondary status of Konkani culture to religion.
- The migration of Konkanis to various parts of India and around the world.
- The lack of opportunities to study Konkani in schools and colleges. Even until recently there were few Konkani schools in Goa. Populations outside the native Konkani areas have absolutely no access to Konkani language studies, literature and media.
- The preference among Konkani parents to speak to their children in potaachi bhaas (language of the stomach) over maai bhaas (mother tongue). They sometimes speak primarily in English to help their children gain a grip on English in schools.[5]
Efforts have been made to stop this downward trend of usage of Konkani, starting with Shenoi Goembab's efforts to revive Konkani. The recognition granted by Sahitya Akademi to Konkani and the institution of an annual award for Konkani literature has helped to a certain extent.
Some organisations, such as the Konkan Daiz Yatra organised by Konkani Bhasha Mandal, World Konkani Centre and the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis.
Opposition
Marathi dispute
José Pereira, in his 1971 work Konkani – A Language: A History of the Konkani Marathi Controversy, pointed to an essay on Indian languages written by John Leyden in 1807, wherein Konkani is called a "dialect of Maharashtra" as an origin of the language controversy.[5]
Another linguist to whom this theory is attributed is Grierson. Grierson's work on the languages of India, the Linguistic Survey of India, was regarded as an important reference by other linguists. In his book, Grierson had distinguished between the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra (then, part of Bombay) and the Konkani spoken in Goa as two different languages. He regarded the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra as a dialect of Marathi and not as a dialect of Goan Konkani itself. In his opinion, Goan Konkani was also considered a dialect of Marathi because the religious literature used by the Hindus in Goa was not in Konkani itself, but in Marathi.
S. M. Katre's 1966 work, The Formation of Konkani, which utilised the instruments of modern historical and comparative linguistics across six typical Konkani dialects, showed the formation of Konkani to be distinct from that of Marathi.[5][74] Shenoi Goembab, who played a pivotal role in the Konkani revival movement, rallied against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani amongst Hindus and Portuguese amongst Christians.
Goa's accession to India in 1961 came at a time when Indian states were being reorganised along linguistic lines. There were demands to merge Goa with Maharashtra. This was because Goa had a sizeable population of Marathi speakers and Konkani was also considered to be a dialect of Marathi by many. Konkani Goans were opposed to the move. The status of Konkani as an independent language or as a dialect of Marathi had a great political bearing on Goa's merger, which was settled by a plebiscite in 1967 (the
The Sahitya Akademi (a prominent literary organisation in India) recognised it as an independent language in 1975, and subsequently Konkani (in Devanagari script) was made the official language of Goa in 1987.
Karnataka
MLC Ivan D'Souza attempted to speak in Konkani at the Karnataka state's Legislative Council, but was urged not to by the Chairman D H Shankaramurthy as most of the audience did not know Konkani. Even though Mr D'Souza pleaded that Konkani was amongst the 22 official languages recognised by the Indian Constitution, he was not given permission to continue in Konkani.[75]
Even though there are substantial Konkani Catholics in Bengaluru, efforts to celebrate Holy Mass in Konkani have met with opposition by
Multilingualism
According to the Census Department of India, Konkani speakers show a very high degree of multilingualism. In the 1991 census, as compared to the national average of 19.44% for bilingualism and 7.26% for trilingualism, Konkani speakers scored 74.20% and 44.68% respectively. This makes the Konkans the most multilingual community of India.
This has been due to the fact that in most areas where Konkans have settled, they seldom form a majority of the population and have to interact with others in the local tongue. Another reason for bilingualism has been the lack of schools teaching Konkani as a primary or secondary language.
The bilingualism of Konkanis with Marathi in Daman Goa and Maharashtra has been a source of great discontent because it has led to the belief that Konkani is a dialect of Marathi[5][74] and hence has no bearing on the future of Goa.
Scripts and dialects
The problems posed by multiple scripts and varying dialects have come as an impediment in the efforts to unite Konkani people. The Goa state's decision to use
In Karnataka, which has the largest number of Konkani speakers after Goa, leading organisations and activists have similarly demanded that Kannada script be made the medium of instruction for Konkani in local schools instead of Devanagari.[79] The government of Karnataka has given its approval for teaching of Konkani as an optional third language from 6th to 10th standard students either in Kannada or Devanagari scripts.[80]
Phonology
The Konkani language has 16 basic vowels (excluding an equal number of long vowels), 36 consonants, 5 semi-vowels, 3 sibilants, 1 aspirate, and many diphthongs. Like the other Indo-Aryan languages, it has both long and short vowels and syllables with long vowels may appear to be stressed. Different types of nasal vowels are a special feature of the Konkani language.[81]
- The alveopalatal.[82]
- The sonorants are all voiced.[82]
- The initial vowel-syllable is shortened after the aspirates and fricatives. Many speakers substitute unaspirated consonants for aspirates.[82]
- Aspirates in a non-initial position are rare and only occur in careful speech. Palatalisation/non-palatisation is found in all obstruents, except for palatal and alveolars. Where a palatalised alveolar is expected, a palatal is found instead. In the case of sonorants, only unaspirated consonants show this contrast, and among the glides only labeo-velar glides exhibit this. Vowels show a contrast between oral and nasal ones[82]
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i ĩ | u ũ | |
Close-mid | e ẽ | ɵ ɵ̃ | o õ |
Open-mid | ɛ ɛ̃ | ʌ | ɔ ɔ̃ |
Open | (æ) | a ã |
One of the most distinguishing features of Konkani phonology is the use of /ɵ/, the close-mid central vowel, instead of the schwa found in Hindustani and Marathi.
Whereas many Indian languages use only one of the three front vowels, represented by the Devanagari grapheme ए, Konkani uses three: /e/, /ɛ/ and /æ/.
Nasalizations exist for all vowels except for /ʌ/.
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | (Alveolo-)
palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | plain | m | n
|
ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
murmured | mʱ | nʱ | ɳʱ | |||||
Affricate
|
voiceless | p | t
|
t͡s | ʈ | t͡ɕ | k | |
aspirated
|
(pʰ) | tʰ | t͡sʰ | ʈʰ | t͡ɕʰ | kʰ | ||
voiced | b | d
|
d͡z | ɖ | d͡ʑ | ɡ | ||
murmured | bʱ | dʱ | d͡zʱ | ɖʱ | d͡ʑʱ | ɡʱ | ||
Fricative
|
f | s
|
ɕ | h | ||||
Approximant
|
plain | ʋ | l
|
j | ||||
murmured | ʋʱ | lʱ | ||||||
Flap/Trill
|
plain | ɾ | ɽ | |||||
murmured | ɾʱ | 𝼈[83]
|
The consonants in Konkani are similar to those in Marathi.
Grammar
Konkani grammar is similar to other Indo-Aryan languages. Notably, Konkani grammar is also influenced by Dravidian languages. It cannot be described as a
- Speech can be classified into any of the following parts:[85]
- naam (noun)
- sarvanaam (pronoun)
- visheshan (adjective)
- kriyapad (verb)
- kriyavisheshana (adverb)
- ubhayanvayi avyaya
- shabdayogi avyaya
- kevalaprayogi avyaya (interjection)
Like most of the Indo-Aryan languages, Konkani is an
- Almost all the verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and the avyayas are either tatsama or tadbhava.[85]
Verbs
Verbs are either tatsama or tadbhava:[85]
Konkani verbs | Sanskrit/Prakrit Root | Translation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
वाच vaach (tatsama) | वच् vach | read | ||
आफय, आपय aaphay, aapay (tatsama) | आव्हय् aavhay | call, summon | ||
रांध raandh (tatsama) | रांध् raandh | cook | ||
बरय baray (tadbhav) | वर्णय् varnay | write | ||
व्हर vhar (tadbhav) | हर har | take away | ||
भक bhak (tadbhav) | भक्ष् bhaksh | eat | ||
हेड hedd (tadbhav) | अट् att | roam | ||
ल्हेव lhev (tadbhav) | लेह् leh | lick | ||
शीन sheen (tadbhav) | छिन्न chinna | cut | ||
Source: Koṅkaṇî Dhatukosh[85] |
- Present indefinite of the auxiliary is fused with dialects spoken in Karnatakawhereas Goan Konkani still retains the original form.
For example, "I eat" and "I am eating" sound similar in Goan Konkani, due to loss of auxiliary in colloquial speech. "Hāv khātā" corresponds to "I am eating". On the other hand, in Karnataka Konkani "hāv khātā" corresponds to "I eat", and "hāv khātoāsā" or "hāv khāter āsā" means "I am eating". However the word "jito" (living) is universal, "to jitoāsā" (he is living).
- Out of eight grammatical cases, Konkani has totally lost the dative, the locative, and the ablative.[85] It has partially lost the accusative and the instrumental cases too.[85] So the preserved cases are: the nominative, the genitive, and the vocative case.[85]
Apabhramsha and metathesis
- Like Marathi and Gujarati, the Konkani language has three genders. During the Middle Ages, most of the Indo-Aryan languages lost their neuter gender, except Maharashtri, in which it is retained much more in Marathi than Konkani.[85] Gender in Konkani is purely grammatical and unconnected to sex.[85]
Metathesis is a characteristic of all the middle and modern Indo-Aryan languages including Konkani. Consider the Sanskrit word "स्नुषा" (daughter-in law). Here, the ष is dropped, and स्नु alone is utilised, स्नु-->स/नु and you get the word सुन (metathesis of ukar).[87]
- Unlike Sanskrit, , is totally lost and is assimilated with उ and/or ओ. For example, in Sanskrit दीपः becomes दिवो and दुःख becomes दुख.
- Konkani retains the pitch accent, which is a direct derivative of Vedic accent, which probably would account for "nasalism" in Konkani.[85] The "breathed" accent is retained in most of the tatsamas than the tadbhavas.[85] Declension also affects the accent.[85]
- Konkani has lost its passive voice, and now the transitive verbs in their perfects are equivalent to passives.
- Konkani has rejected ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ॡ, ष, and क्ष, which are assimilated with र, ख, ह, श and स.[85]
- Sanskrit compound letters are avoided in Konkani. For example, in Sanskrit द्वे, प्राय, गृहस्थ, उद्योत become बे, पिराय, गिरेस्त, and उज्जो respectively in Konkani.[85]
Vocabulary
The vocabulary from Konkani comes from a number of sources. The main source is Prakrits. So Sanskrit as a whole has played a very important part in Konkani vocabulary. Konkani vocabulary is made of tatsama (Sanskrit loanwords without change), tadhbhava (evolved Sanskrit words), deshya (indigenous words) and antardeshya (foreign words). Other sources of vocabulary are Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Finally, Kannada, Marathi, and Portuguese have enriched its lexical content.[86]
Loanwords
Since Goa was a major trade centre for visiting Arabs and Turks, many Arabic and Persian words infiltrated the Konkani language.[53] A large number of Arabic and Persian words now form an integral part of Konkani vocabulary and are commonly used in day-to-day life; examples are karz (debt), fakt (only), dusman (enemy), and barik (thin).[53] Single and compound words are found wherein the original meaning has been changed or distorted. Examples include mustaiki (from Arabic mustaid, meaning "ready"), and kapan khairo ("eater of one's own shroud", meaning "a miser").
Most of the old Konkani Hindu literature does not show any influence from Portuguese. Even the dialects spoken by the majority of Goan Hindus have a very limited Portuguese influence. On the other hand, dialects spoken by the Catholics from Goa (as well as the Canara to some extent) and their religious literature show a strong Portuguese influence. They contain a number of Portuguese lexical items, but these are almost all religious terms. Even in the context of religious terminology, the missionaries adapted native terms associated with Hindu religious concepts. (For example, krupa for grace, Yamakunda for hell, Vaikuntha for paradise and so on). The syntax used by
Sanskritisation
Konkani is not highly Sanskritised like
Writing systems
Konkani has been compelled to become a language using a multiplicity of scripts, and not just one single script used everywhere. This has led to an outward splitting up of the same language, which is spoken and understood by all, despite some inevitable dialectal convergences.[90]
Past
The Brahmi script for Konkani fell into disuse.[91] Later, some inscriptions were written in old Nagari. However, owing to the Portuguese conquest in 1510 and the subsequent various restrictions imposed by the Inquisition, some early forms of Devanagari fell out of use in Goa.[90] The Portuguese promulgated a law banning the use of non-Roman scripts for Konkani in Goa.[25]
Another script, called Kandevi or Goykandi, was used for Konkani since the times of the
Present
Konkani is written in five scripts:
Alphabet/vaṇamāḷha
The vowels, consonants, and their arrangement are as follows:[97]
अ | a /ɐ/ |
आ | ā /ɑː/ |
इ | i /i/ |
ई | ī /iː/ |
उ | u /u/ |
ऊ | ū /uː/ |
ए | e /eː/ |
ऐ | ai /aːi/ |
ओ | o /oː/ |
औ | au /aːu/ |
अं | aṃ /ⁿ/ |
अः | aḥ /h/ |
क | ka /k/ |
ख | kha /kʰ/ |
ग | ga /ɡ/ |
घ | gha /ɡʱ/ |
ङ | ṅa /ŋ/ |
च | ca /c, t͡ʃ/ |
छ | cha /cʰ, t͡ʃʰ/ |
ज | ja /ɟ, d͡ʒ/ |
झ | jha /ɟʱ, d͡ʒʱ/ |
ञ | ña /ɲ/ |
ट | ṭa /ʈ/ |
ठ | ṭha /ʈʰ/ |
ड | ḍa /ɖ/ |
ढ | ḍha /ɖʱ/ |
ण | ṇa /ɳ/ |
त | ta /t̪/ |
थ | tha /t̪ʰ/ |
द | da /d̪/ |
ध | dha /d̪ʱ/ |
न | na /n/ |
प | pa /p/ |
फ | pha /pʰ/ |
ब | ba /b/ |
भ | bha /bʱ/ |
म | ma /m/ |
य | ya /j/ |
र | ra /r/ |
ल | la /l/ |
व | va /ʋ/ | ||
ष | ṣa /ʂ/ |
श | śa /ɕ, ʃ/ |
स | sa /s/ |
ह | ha /ɦ/ | ||
ळ | ḷa //ɭ// |
क्ष | kṣa /kʃ/ |
ज्ञ | jña /ɟʝɲ/ |
Dialects
Konkani, despite having a small population, shows a very high number of dialects. The dialect tree structure of Konkani can easily be classified according to the region, religion, caste, and local tongue influence.[5]
Based on the historical events and cultural ties of the speakers, N. G. Kalelkar has broadly classified the dialects into three main groups:[5]
- Northern Konkani: Dialects spoken in the Sindhudurga district of Maharashtra with strong cultural ties to Marathi; i.e. Malvani
- Central Konkani: Dialects in Goa and Northern Karnataka, where Konkani came in close contact with Portuguese language and culture.
- Southern Konkani: Dialects spoken in the South Canara region (Mangalore, Udupi) of Karnataka and Kasaragod of Kerala, which came in close contact with Tulu. Southern Konkani is very similar to Marathi, with few loanwords from Tulu, and slight differences in pronunciation.
Goan Konkani
Goan Konkani refers to all the central dialects of the Konkani
gom
under the ISO 639-3In common usage, Goan Konkani refers collectively only to those dialects of Konkani spoken primarily in the state of
Organisations
There are organisations working for Konkani but, primarily, these were restricted to individual communities. The All India Konkani Parishad founded on 8 July 1939, provided a common ground for Konkani people from all regions.[98] A new organisation known as Vishwa Konkani Parishad, which aims to be an all-inclusive and pluralistic umbrella organisation for Konkanis around the world, was founded on 11 September 2005.
Mandd Sobhann is the premier organisation that is striving hard to preserve, promote, propagate, and enrich the Konkani language and culture. It all began with the experiment called 'Mandd Sobhann' – a search for a Konkani identity in Konkani music on 30 November 1986 at Mangalore. What began as a performance titled 'Mandd Sobhann', grew into a movement of revival and rejuvenation of Konkani culture; and solidified into an organization called Mandd Sobhann. Today, Mandd Sobhann boasts of all these 3 identities namely - a performance, a movement and an organization.https://www.manddsobhann.org/
The Konkan Daiz Yatra, started in 1939 in
The Konkani Triveni Kala Sangam is one more famed Konkani organisation in Mumbai, which is engaged in the vocation of patronising Konkani language through the theatre movement. The government of Karnataka established the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademy on 20 April 1994.[101] The Konkani Ekvott is an umbrella organisation of the Konkani bodies in Goa.
The First World Konkani Convention was held in Mangalore in December 1995. The Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation came into being immediately after the World Konkani Convention in 1995.[102]
The World Konkani Centre built on a three-acre plot called Konkani Gaon (Konkani Village) at Shakti Nagar, Mangalore was inaugurated on 17 January 2009,[103] "to serve as a nodal agency for the preservation and overall development of Konkani language, art, and culture involving all the Konkani people the world over."
The North American Konkani Association (NAKA) serves to unite Konkanis across the United States and Canada. It serves as a parent organization for smaller Konkani associations in various states. Furthermore, the Konkani Young Adult Group serves as a platform under NAKA to allow young adults across America (18+) of Konkani descent to meet each other and celebrate their heritage. Every 2–4 years, a Konkani Sammelan, where Konkanis from across the continent attend, is held in a different city in the US. A Konkani Youth Convention is held yearly. Past locations have included NYC and Atlanta; the upcoming youth convention is slated to be held in Chicago, IL in June.
Literature
During the Goa Inquisition which commenced in 1560, all books found in the Konkani language were burnt, and it is possible that old Konkani literature was destroyed as a consequence.[104]
The earliest writer in the history of Konkani language known today is Krishnadas Shama from Quelossim in Goa. He began writing 25 April 1526, and he authored Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Krishnacharitrakatha in prose style. The manuscripts have not been found, although transliterations in Roman script are found in Braga in Portugal. The script used by him for his work is not known.[105]
The first known printed book in Konkani was written by an English
Media
Radio
In Manglore and Udupi, many weekly news magazines are published in Konkani. Rakno, Daize, and a few others are very famous among the Christian community. Every Roman Catholic parish will publish three or four magazines in a year.
Udentichem Sallok was the first Konkani periodical published in 1888, from Poona, by Eduardo Bruno de Souza. It started as a monthly and then as a fortnightly. It closed down in 1894.[106]
Dailies
Sanjechem Nokhetr was started in 1907 by B. F. Cabral in
Weeklies
O Luzo-Concanim was a Concanim (Konkani)- Portuguese bilingual weekly, begun in 1891, by Aleixo Caitano José Francisco. From 1892 to 1897, A Luz, O Bombaim Esse, A Lua, "O Intra Jijent and O Opinião Nacional were bilingual Concanim- Portuguese weeklies published. In 1907, O Goano was putblished from Bombay by Honorato Furtado and Francis Xavier Furtado. It was a trilingual weekly in Portuguese, Konkani and English.
The Society of the Missionaries of Saint Francis Xavier, publish the Konkani weekly (satollem) named Vauraddeancho Ixtt. from Pilar. It was started in 1933 by Fr. Arsencio Fernandes and Fr. Graciano Moraes.
Fortnightly
There is a fortnightly published newspaper since 2007 called Kodial Khaber, edited by Venkatesh Baliga Mavinakurve and published by Baliga Publications, Mangalore.
Monthlies
Katolik Sovostkai was started in 1907 by Roldão Noronha. It later became a fortnightly before ceasing publication.
Gulab is a monthly from Goa. It was started by late Fr. Freddy J. da Costa in 1983, and was printed in colour, then uncommon.
Konkani periodicals published in Goa include Vauraddeancho Ixtt (Roman script, weekly), Gulab (Roman script, monthly), Bimb (Devanagari script, monthly), Panchkadayi (Kannada script, monthly) and Poddbimb (Roman script, monthly). Konkani periodicals published in Mangalore include "Raknno" (Kannada script, weekly), "DIVO" (Kannada Script, weekly from Mumbai), "Kutmacho Sevak" (Kannada script, monthly), "Dirvem" (Kannada script, monthly),"Amcho Sandesh" (Kannada script, monthly) and "Kajulo" (Kannda script, children's magazine, monthly). Konkani periodical published in Udupi include "Uzwad" (Kannada script, monthly) and Naman Ballok Jezu (Kannada script, monthly). Ekvottavorvim Uzvadd (Devanagari Script, monthly) is published from Belgaum since 1998. Panchkadayi Konkani Monthly magazine from Manipal since 1967.
Digital and audible
The first complete literary website in Konkani started in 2001 using Kannada script was www.maaibhaas.com by Naveen Sequeira of Brahmavara. In 2003 www.daaiz.com started by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, this literary portal was instrumental in creating a wider range of readers across the globe, apart from various columns, literary contests, through Ashawadi Prakashan, he published several books in Konkani, including the first e-book 'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' released by Gerry DMello Bendur in 2005 at Karkala.
www.poinnari.com is the first literary webportal in Konkani using three scripts (Kannada, Nagari and Romi), started in 2015, is also conducted the first National level literary contest in dual scripts in Konkani in 2017.
'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' is the first e-book in Konkani, a compilation of 100 poems digitally published by www.daaiz.com and digitally published in 2005 by Ashawadi Prakashan in Karkala.
'Kathadaaiz' is the first digital audio book digitally published in 2018 by www.poinnari.com. This audio book is also available in the YouTube channel of Ashawari Prakashan.
'Pattim Gamvak' is the first e-Novel written in Kannada script Konkani in 2002 by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, published in www.maaibhaas.com in 2002-3.
'Veez' is the first digital weekly in Konkani, started in 2018 by Dr.Austine D'Souza Prabhu in Chicago, USA. Veez is the only magazine publishing Konkani in 4 scripts; Kannada, Nagari, Romi and Malayalam.
Television
The Doordarshan centre in Panjim produces Konkani programs, which are broadcast in the evening. Many local Goan channels also broadcast Konkani television programs. These include: Prudent Media, Goa 365, HCN, RDX Goa, and others.
Film
Music
on 1st feb 2024 song 'Addicted' by EZD and Chrystal Farrell entered
In popular culture
Many Konkani songs of the Goan fisher-folk appear recurrently in a number of
An international ad campaign by Nike for the 2007 Cricket World Cup featured a Konkani song "Rav Patrao Rav" as the background theme. It was based on the tune of an older song "Bebdo", composed by Chris Perry and sung by Lorna Cordeiro. The new lyrics were written by Agnello Dias (who worked in the ad agency that made the ad), recomposed by Ram Sampat, and sung by Ella Castellino.
A Konkani cultural event, Konkani Nirantari, organised by Mandd Sobhann, was held in
See also
- Canara Konkani
- Konkani in the Roman script
- Konkani Language Agitation
- Konkani people
- Konkani phonology
- Konkani Poets
- Konkani Script
- List of loanwords in Konkani
- Languages of India
- Languages with official status in India
- List of languages by number of native speakers in India
- Maharashtri
- Malvani dialect
- Malvani people
- Marathi–Konkani languages
- Paisaci
- Sahitya Akademi Award to Konkani Writers
- World Konkani Centre
- World Konkani Hall of Fame
Footnotes
- ^ Roman script is not mandated as an official script by law. However, an ordinance passed by the government of Goa allows the use of Roman script for official communication. This ordinance has been put into effect by various ministries in varying degrees. For example, the 1996 Goa Panchayat Rules stipulate that the various forms used in the election process must be in both the Roman and Devanagari script. "Panchayat Raj Act And Rules" (PDF). panchayatsgoa.gov.in. 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2022.
- ^ The use of Kannada script is not mandated by any law or ordinance. However, in the state of Karnataka, Konkani is used in the Kannada script instead of the Devanagari script.
- ^ Konkani is a name given to a group of several cognate dialects spoken along the narrow strip of land called Konkan, on the western coast of India. Geographically, Konkan is defined roughly as the area between the Daman Ganga River to the north and the Kali River to the south; the north–south length is about 650 km and the east–west breadth is about 50 km. The dialect spoken in Goa, coastal Karnataka and in some parts of Northern Kerala has distinct features and is rightly identified as a separate language called Konkani.[8]
- ^ Chavundaraya was the military chief of the Ganga dynasty-era King Gangaraya. This inscription on the Bahubali statue draws attention to a Basadi (Jain Temple) initially built by him and then modified by Gangaraya in the 12th century AD. Ref: S. Settar in Adiga (2006), p256
- ^ The above inscription has been quite controversial, and is touted as old-Marathi. But the distinctive instrumental viyalem ending of the verb is the hallmark of the Konkani language, and the verb sutatale or sutatalap is not prevalent in Marathi. So linguists and historians such as S.B. Kulkarni of Nagpur University, Dr V.P. Chavan (former vice-president of the Anthropological Society of Mumbai), and others have thus concluded that it is Konkani.
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- ^ Mariano Saldanha, "História de Gramática Concani," Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 8 (1935–37) 715. See also M. L. SarDessai, A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992 (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2000) 42–43.
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- ^ a b Sardessai, Manohar Rai (2000). "Missionary period". A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 9–10.
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Further reading
- Malli, Karthik (25 April 2019). "Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline". Firstpost.
External links
- Vauraddeancho Ixtt, Konkani language site
- Konkani News, Konkani language site
- Kital Archived 15 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Konkani language site
- Chilume.com, Konkani Literature
- Niz Goenkar, Konkani-English bilingual site
- Learn Goan Konkani online
- Read Konkani News online Archived 23 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- Learn Mangalorean GSB Konkani online
- Learn Mangalorean Catholic Konkani online
- An excellent article on Konkani history and literature by Goa Konkani Academi
- Online Manglorean Konkani Dictionary Project
- Online Konkani (GSB) dictionary
- World Konkani Centre, Mangalore
- Konkanverter-Konkani script conversion utility